CN113921851A - Fuel cell thermal management system capable of efficiently cold starting and control method - Google Patents
Fuel cell thermal management system capable of efficiently cold starting and control method Download PDFInfo
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04007—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids related to heat exchange
- H01M8/04052—Storage of heat in the fuel cell system
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
- B60L58/00—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles
- B60L58/30—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling fuel cells
- B60L58/32—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling fuel cells for controlling the temperature of fuel cells, e.g. by controlling the electric load
- B60L58/33—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling fuel cells for controlling the temperature of fuel cells, e.g. by controlling the electric load by cooling
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04007—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids related to heat exchange
- H01M8/04029—Heat exchange using liquids
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04082—Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration
- H01M8/04201—Reactant storage and supply, e.g. means for feeding, pipes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04223—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids during start-up or shut-down; Depolarisation or activation, e.g. purging; Means for short-circuiting defective fuel cells
- H01M8/04268—Heating of fuel cells during the start-up of the fuel cells
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T90/00—Enabling technologies or technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02T90/10—Technologies relating to charging of electric vehicles
- Y02T90/16—Information or communication technologies improving the operation of electric vehicles
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T90/00—Enabling technologies or technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02T90/40—Application of hydrogen technology to transportation, e.g. using fuel cells
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- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
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- Fuel Cell (AREA)
Abstract
A fuel cell heat management system capable of high-efficiency cold start and a control method thereof comprise a fuel cell stack, an air supply unit, a cooling liquid circulation unit and a heat management controller, wherein the heat management controller is electrically connected with the air supply unit and the cooling liquid circulation unit, an air loop of the air supply unit is communicated with the fuel cell stack, a cooling loop of the cooling liquid circulation unit is communicated with the fuel cell stack, a compressed air ejector is arranged in the air loop, the cooling loop is also communicated with a solid adsorption type heat reservoir in the air loop, the air at the inlet of an air compressor is subjected to heat supplementing and temperature rising by using adsorption heat, the heat energy generated by the fuel cell in the power generation process is fully utilized in the regeneration process to realize the desorption of adsorbate on an adsorbent, the waste heat generated by the fuel cell in the working process is stored in a solid heat storage material, the energy consumption is low, and long-time heat insulation and heat preservation are not needed, low cost, high utilization rate of fuel cell and long endurance mileage.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of fuel cells, and relates to a fuel cell thermal management system capable of realizing efficient cold start and a control method.
Background
The large-scale commercialization of fuel cell vehicles, which is one of the solutions for motorization of vehicles, also has problems of high cost, short life, weak hydrogen infrastructure, and the like. Among them, the cold start problem of fuel cell is one of the key technical bottlenecks that hinder the commercialization of fuel cell, and is the biggest challenge in the winter operation of fuel cell vehicles.
When the fuel cell is cold started in a low-temperature environment lower than 0 ℃ without taking any protective measures, water generated by the reaction can be frozen in the catalytic layer firstly, so that the reactive active sites of the catalytic layer are covered, the oxygen transmission is blocked, and the voltage drops suddenly; when the catalytic layer is completely covered with ice and the temperature of the stack has not risen above 0 ℃, ice may form in the diffusion layer and the flow channels, resulting in a failed cold start. On the other hand, the icing process of the catalyst layer can cause gaps between the catalyst layer and the proton exchange membrane, and meanwhile, the icing/melting cycle can cause the collapse and densification of the microporous structure of the catalyst layer and the coarsening of platinum particles in the catalyst layer, so that the electrochemical active surface area is reduced and difficult to recover, thereby causing permanent damage to the power generation performance of the fuel cell, and the damage to the cell is larger when the cold start temperature is lower as the cycle times are larger.
Current solutions to cold start of fuel cells fall into two categories: one is that gas purging is used to reduce the water content of the membrane electrode of the fuel cell when the electric pile is shut down, so as to reduce the formation of solid ice, but when the temperature of the electric pile is not raised to be above 0 ℃, the electric pile is only started to generate water and the water freezes, and firstly, ice is generated on the contact part of the platinum particle surface and the Nafion resin, once the temperature is raised to room temperature, the ice on the platinum and Nafion interface is melted, so that the interface is separated, and irreversible electrochemical active area loss is caused; the other type is that the electric pile and the internal polar plate and the membrane electrode thereof are preheated by the modes of electric heating of the vehicle-mounted power battery or catalytic combustion heat release of the vehicle-mounted hydrogen, and the like, wherein the electric pile can consume a part of electric quantity of the vehicle-mounted power battery, the power battery is difficult to cold start and greatly reduced in discharge capacity in a low-temperature environment, and the power battery can consume a part of the vehicle-mounted hydrogen, so that the electric pile and the internal polar plate and the membrane electrode thereof can shorten the endurance mileage of the fuel cell automobile.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention provides a fuel cell heat management system capable of high-efficiency cold start and a control method, wherein a heat management controller is electrically connected with an air supply unit and a cooling liquid circulation unit, an air loop of the air supply unit is communicated with a fuel cell stack, a cooling loop of the cooling liquid circulation unit is communicated with the fuel cell stack, a compressed air ejector is arranged in the air loop, the cooling loop is also communicated with a solid adsorption type heat reservoir in the air loop, the air at the inlet of an air compressor is subjected to heat compensation and temperature rise by using adsorption heat, the desorption of adsorbate on an adsorbent is realized by fully using the heat energy generated by the fuel cell in the power generation process in the regeneration process, the waste heat generated by the fuel cell in the working process is stored in a solid heat storage material, the energy consumption is lower, long-time heat insulation and heat preservation are not needed, the cost is low, and the utilization rate of the fuel cell is improved, the endurance mileage of the fuel cell is prolonged.
In order to solve the technical problems, the technical scheme adopted by the invention is as follows: a fuel cell heat management system capable of realizing high-efficiency cold start comprises a fuel cell stack, an air supply unit, a cooling liquid circulation unit and a heat management controller; the heat management controller is electrically connected with the air supply unit and the cooling liquid circulation unit, an air loop of the air supply unit is communicated with an air inlet and an air outlet of the fuel cell stack, a compressed air ejector is arranged in the air loop, a cooling loop of the cooling liquid circulation unit is communicated with the liquid inlet and the liquid outlet of the fuel cell stack, and the cooling loop is also communicated with a solid adsorption type heat reservoir in the air loop.
An air filter, an air proportional valve, an air compressor, a three-way electromagnetic valve І, a three-way electromagnetic valve II, a humidifier and a three-way electromagnetic valve III are sequentially connected in series in the air loop, and the three-way electromagnetic valve III is communicated with an air inlet of the fuel cell stack; and a branch led out from a pipeline for communicating the air inlet of the fuel cell stack with the three-way electromagnetic valve III is communicated with the three-way electromagnetic valve II.
And a branch led out from a pipeline between the three-way electromagnetic valve II and the humidifier is communicated with a three-way electromagnetic valve IV in an air tail discharge pipeline of the fuel cell stack.
And a branch led out by a pipeline between the air proportional valve and the air compressor is communicated with a three-way electromagnetic valve III, and a three-way electromagnetic valve V and a solid adsorption type heat reservoir are sequentially connected in series in the branch.
And a branch led out from a pipeline between the three-way electromagnetic valve І and the three-way electromagnetic valve II is communicated with the three-way electromagnetic valve V, and the compressed air ejector is positioned in the branch and is communicated with the three-way electromagnetic valve І.
A water pump, a thermostat and a three-way electromagnetic valve VI are sequentially connected in series in the cooling loop, and a liquid inlet and a liquid outlet of the fuel cell stack are respectively communicated with the water pump and the three-way electromagnetic valve VI; and a temperature sensor III and a temperature sensor IV are respectively arranged in pipelines communicated with the liquid inlet and the liquid outlet of the fuel cell stack.
A bypass led out from the thermostat is communicated with the liquid inlet side of the water pump, and the radiator is positioned in the bypass; and a branch led out by the three-way electromagnetic valve VI is communicated with a cooling liquid inlet of the solid adsorption type heat reservoir, and a cooling liquid outlet of the solid adsorption type heat reservoir is communicated in a pipeline between the thermostat and the three-way electromagnetic valve VI.
The solid adsorption type heat reservoir comprises a cooling liquid heat exchange pipe in a solid adsorption type heat reservoir shell and a heat insulation layer positioned between the inner wall of the solid adsorption type heat reservoir shell and the outer wall of the cooling liquid heat exchange pipe, and the solid adsorption type heat storage pipe axially penetrates through the solid adsorption type heat reservoir shell; and a cooling liquid outlet and a cooling liquid inlet at two ends of the cooling liquid heat exchange tube are respectively led out of the shell of the solid adsorption type heat reservoir.
Solid adsorption heat storage material particles are filled between the two round steel meshes at the two ends in the cooling liquid heat exchange tube; fins distributed in a radial shape are arranged between the outer wall of the solid adsorption type heat storage tube and the inner wall of the cooling liquid heat exchange tube; a temperature sensor І is arranged in the solid adsorption heat storage material particles; and a temperature sensor II is arranged at an air outlet of the solid adsorption type heat storage pipe.
The control method of the fuel cell thermal management system capable of efficiently cold starting comprises the following steps:
s1, the thermal management controller reads the current temperature T of the fuel cell stackFThen comparing TFAnd cold startDynamic threshold temperature TCNormal start threshold temperature TSThe size of (A) to (B): if T isF＜TCProceed to S2 if TC≤TF≤TSProceed to S3 if TF＞TSProceed to S4;
s2, opening the air proportional valve, starting the air compressor, conducting the air compressor by the three-way electromagnetic valve І, conducting the three-way electromagnetic valve І and the humidifier by the three-way electromagnetic valve II, conducting the humidifier and the fuel cell stack by the three-way electromagnetic valve III, and conducting the three-way electromagnetic valve III and the air compressor by the three-way electromagnetic valve V; starting a water pump, and conducting the solid adsorption type heat reservoir by a three-way electromagnetic valve VI;
s2-1, air in the environment is adiabatically compressed under the action of an air compressor to carry out primary temperature rise, and heat is directly transferred to a membrane electrode of a fuel cell stack when the air enters the fuel cell stack;
s2-2, humidifying the air flowing out of the fuel cell stack by a humidifier, carrying a large amount of water vapor into a solid adsorption type heat storage pipe of a solid adsorption type heat storage device, and enabling the solid adsorption type heat storage material to start physical adsorption of the water vapor, so that the freedom degree of water molecules is reduced, and a large amount of adsorption heat is released to supplement heat for air flow and raise the temperature;
s2-3, the air flow after heat supplement enters an air compressor to be heated again and transfers more heat to the fuel cell stack to accelerate the preheating;
s2-4, driving a cooling liquid to flow through a cooling liquid heat exchange tube of the solid adsorption type heat reservoir by a water pump, absorbing adsorption heat released from the solid adsorption type heat reservoir tube, and entering a fuel cell stack to preheat a bipolar plate in the fuel cell stack;
s2-5, closing the air proportional valve to enable air to form a closed circulation loop among the air compressor, the fuel cell stack, the humidifier and the solid adsorption heat reservoir, continuously and progressively preheating the fuel cell stack, and monitoring and comparing T in real timeFAnd TC、TSThe size change in between;
s3, continuing the on-off state in S2, starting the fuel cell stack with low power and large current to generate electric energyAccelerated warming of the engine up to T in the form of heat of polarization of meF＞TSCompleting the cold start of the fuel cell; in the process, the opening degree of the air proportional valve is adjusted, and the three-way electromagnetic valve IV is opened intermittently to conduct the air tail exhaust pipeline so as to supply oxygen consumed in the self-heating process;
s4, opening an air proportional valve, starting an air compressor, conducting a three-way electromagnetic valve II, a three-way electromagnetic valve І and a humidifier, conducting a solid adsorption type heat reservoir through a three-way electromagnetic valve III, conducting an air tail discharge pipeline through a three-way electromagnetic valve IV, and closing a three-way electromagnetic valve V; the water pump is started, the three-way electromagnetic valve VI is communicated with the thermostat, the fan of the radiator sends pulse width modulation signals to the water pump and the radiator respectively through a PWM control mechanism, and the rotating speeds of the water pump and the radiator are regulated to control the temperature of the fuel cell stack to be in an optimal working temperature range;
and S5, when the fuel cell vehicle is running at a constant speed or the fuel cell vehicle is outputting high power,
s5-1, opening an air proportional valve, starting an air compressor, conducting a compressed air ejector through a three-way electromagnetic valve І, conducting a humidifier through a three-way electromagnetic valve II, conducting a fuel cell stack through a three-way electromagnetic valve III, conducting an air tail discharge pipeline through a three-way electromagnetic valve IV, and conducting a compressed air ejector through a three-way electromagnetic valve V; starting a water pump or a radiator, and conducting the solid adsorption type heat reservoir by a three-way electromagnetic valve VI;
s5-2, when the high-pressure air from the air compressor flows through the compressed air ejector, a certain suction force is generated at the air suction port of the compressed air ejector so that a negative pressure environment is formed in the solid adsorption heat storage pipe communicated with the compressed air ejector;
s5-3, driving a cooling liquid by a water pump to carry heat generated by the fuel cell in the power generation process to a cooling liquid heat exchange pipe, transferring the heat to a solid adsorption heat storage material through heat exchange to heat, evaporating adsorbed water after being heated, rapidly desorbing the water from an adsorbent in a negative pressure environment, immediately pumping the water out of the solid adsorption heat storage pipe, entering a compressed air ejector, and converging the water with high-pressure air flow to enter a fuel cell stack;
s5-4, the thermal management controller monitors the temperature T displayed by the temperature sensor І and the temperature sensor II in real timeiAnd ToIf T is detectedi=ToAnd then, firstly closing the three-way electromagnetic valve V, and then returning to S4 to carry out normal thermal management operation, finishing desorption and regeneration of the solid adsorption heat storage material, and preparing for the next cold start of the fuel cell.
The invention has the main beneficial effects that:
the principle of solid adsorption type energy storage is utilized to release a large amount of adsorption heat to preheat a fuel cell stack in the process of adsorbing adsorbate by the adsorbent so as to realize cold start of the fuel cell.
The energy storage density is much higher than that of sensible heat and latent heat, so that the using amount and volume of the material can be reduced, and particularly, the zeolite or water-based working medium pair has relatively high energy storage density and energy density, strong absorption capacity, large adsorption heat value and high adsorption speed.
The heating speed is high, and the adsorption heat is utilized to perform heat supplementing heating on the air at the inlet of the air compressor, so that the defect that the heating is slow in the high-cold environment by adopting an air compressor compressed air preheating mode in the prior art is overcome.
The adsorption type heat storage device has strong environmental adaptability, no air flow passes through the adsorption bed as long as the adsorption bed is closed, namely the electromagnetic valves at the air inlet and the air outlet of the adsorption type heat storage device are closed, the adsorption bed is always in an energy storage state and is not limited by time and environmental temperature, and long-time heat insulation is not needed, so that the cost of the device is reduced.
The energy utilization rate is high, and the cold start preheating process does not need external power supply heating or hydrogen combustion heating; the regeneration process fully utilizes the heat energy generated by the fuel cell in the power generation process to realize the desorption process of the adsorbate on the adsorbent, so that the waste heat generated by the fuel cell during working is stored in the solid heat storage material, the extra energy consumption required by the radiator during cooling the fuel cell is effectively reduced, and the cruising mileage of the fuel cell automobile is further prolonged.
Drawings
The invention is further illustrated by the following examples in conjunction with the accompanying drawings:
FIG. 1 is a system diagram of the present invention.
Fig. 2 is a schematic structural diagram of the solid adsorption heat reservoir of the present invention.
Fig. 3 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a cooling liquid inlet of the solid adsorption heat reservoir of the present invention.
Fig. 4 is a schematic cross-sectional view of the middle part of the solid adsorption heat reservoir of the present invention.
Fig. 5 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a cooling liquid outlet of the solid adsorption heat reservoir of the present invention.
Fig. 6 is a schematic structural diagram of a solid adsorption heat storage tube according to the present invention.
FIG. 7 is a system diagram of the preheat mode prior to cold start according to the present invention.
FIG. 8 is a system diagram of the present invention in a normal thermal management mode.
FIG. 9 is a system diagram of the desorption regeneration mode of the present invention.
FIG. 10 is a schematic flow chart of the present invention.
In the figure: the system comprises a fuel cell stack 1, an air supply unit 2, an air filter 201, an air proportional valve 202, a compressor 203, a three-way electromagnetic valve І 204, a three-way electromagnetic valve II 205, a humidifier 206, a three-way electromagnetic valve III 207, a three-way electromagnetic valve IV 208, a solid adsorption type heat reservoir 209, a temperature sensor І 210, a temperature sensor II 211, a compressed air ejector 213, a three-way electromagnetic valve V212, a solid adsorption type heat reservoir shell 2091, a heat insulation layer 2092, a cooling liquid heat exchange tube 2093, a solid adsorption type 2094, a material particle heat reservoir 2095, a round steel mesh 2096, fins 2097, a cooling liquid circulation unit 3, a water pump 301, a radiator 302, a thermostat 303, a three-way electromagnetic valve VI 304, a temperature sensor III 305, a temperature sensor IV 306 and a thermal management controller 4.
Detailed Description
As shown in fig. 1 to 10, a fuel cell thermal management system capable of efficient cold start includes a fuel cell stack 1, an air supply unit 2, a coolant circulation unit 3, and a thermal management controller 4; the heat management controller 4 is electrically connected with the air supply unit 2 and the cooling liquid circulation unit 3, an air loop of the air supply unit 2 is communicated with an air inlet and an air outlet of the fuel cell stack 1, a compressed air ejector 213 is arranged in the air loop, a cooling loop of the cooling liquid circulation unit 3 is communicated with the liquid inlet and the liquid outlet of the fuel cell stack 1, and the cooling loop is further communicated with a solid adsorption type heat reservoir 209 in the air loop. When the solid heat storage type air compressor is used, the air at the inlet of the air compressor is subjected to heat supplementing and temperature rising by utilizing adsorption heat, the heat energy generated by the fuel cell in the power generation process is fully utilized in the regeneration process to realize the desorption of adsorbate on the adsorbent, the waste heat generated by the fuel cell in the working process is stored in the solid heat storage material, the energy consumption is low, long-time heat insulation is not needed, the cost is low, the utilization rate of the fuel cell is improved, and the endurance mileage of the fuel cell is prolonged.
Preferably, the solid adsorption heat reservoir 209 is used for preheating the fuel cell stack 1 by the adsorption heat released by the adsorbent adsorption material during the cold start of the vehicle fuel cell to help the fuel cell stack to quickly realize the cold start.
Preferably, the thermal management controller 4 is configured to receive the temperature signal, send a switch instruction to the water pump 301 and the radiator 302, regulate and control the rotation speeds of the air compressor, the water pump, and the radiator through a PWM control mechanism, and control the opening degree of the air proportional valve 202.
In a preferable scheme, an air filter 201, an air proportional valve 202, an air compressor 203, a three-way electromagnetic valve І 204, a three-way electromagnetic valve II 205, a humidifier 206 and a three-way electromagnetic valve III 207 are sequentially connected in series in the air loop, and the three-way electromagnetic valve III 207 is communicated with an air inlet of the fuel cell stack 1; and a branch led out from a pipeline for communicating the air inlet of the fuel cell stack 1 with the three-way electromagnetic valve III 207 is communicated with the three-way electromagnetic valve II 205.
In a preferable scheme, a branch led out from a pipeline between the three-way electromagnetic valve II 205 and the humidifier 206 is communicated with a three-way electromagnetic valve IV 208 in an air tail exhaust pipeline of the fuel cell stack 1.
In a preferable scheme, a branch led out from a pipeline between the air proportional valve 202 and the air compressor 203 is communicated with a three-way electromagnetic valve III 207, and a three-way electromagnetic valve V212 and a solid adsorption heat reservoir 209 are sequentially connected in series in the branch.
In a preferable scheme, a branch led out from a pipeline between the three-way electromagnetic valve І 204 and the three-way electromagnetic valve II 205 is communicated with the three-way electromagnetic valve V212, and the compressed air ejector 213 is positioned in the branch and is communicated with the three-way electromagnetic valve І 204.
In the preferable scheme, a water pump 301, a thermostat 303 and a three-way electromagnetic valve VI 304 are sequentially connected in series in the cooling loop, and a liquid inlet and a liquid outlet of the fuel cell stack 1 are respectively communicated with the water pump 301 and the three-way electromagnetic valve VI 304; and a temperature sensor III 305 and a temperature sensor IV 306 are respectively arranged in pipelines communicated with the liquid inlet and the liquid outlet of the fuel cell stack 1. In use, temperature sensor iii 305 and temperature sensor iv 306 determine the temperature inside the fuel cell using the detected temperatures.
In a preferable scheme, a bypass led out from the thermostat 303 is communicated with the liquid inlet side of the water pump 301, and the radiator 302 is positioned in the bypass; and a branch led out by the three-way electromagnetic valve VI 304 is communicated with a cooling liquid inlet of the solid adsorption type heat reservoir 209, and a cooling liquid outlet of the solid adsorption type heat reservoir 209 is communicated in a pipeline between the thermostat 303 and the three-way electromagnetic valve VI 304.
In a preferred embodiment, the solid adsorption heat reservoir 209 includes a cooling liquid heat exchange tube 2093 inside a solid adsorption heat reservoir housing 2091, and an insulating layer 2092 located between an inner wall of the solid adsorption heat reservoir housing 2091 and an outer wall of the cooling liquid heat exchange tube 2093, and the solid adsorption heat storage tube 2094 axially penetrates through the solid adsorption heat reservoir housing 2091; a cooling liquid outlet and a cooling liquid inlet at two ends of the cooling liquid heat exchange tube 2093 are respectively led out of the solid adsorption type heat reservoir shell 2091.
In a preferable scheme, solid adsorption heat storage material particles 2095 are filled between two round steel meshes 2096 at two ends in the cooling liquid heat exchange tube 2093; fins 2097 distributed in a radial shape are arranged between the outer wall of the solid adsorption type heat storage tube 2094 and the inner wall of the cooling liquid heat exchange tube 2093; a temperature sensor І 210 is disposed within the solid adsorbent heat storage material particles 2095; and a temperature sensor II 211 is arranged at an air outlet of the solid adsorption type heat storage pipe 2094. When in use, the pores inside the solid adsorption heat storage material particles 2095 and the gaps between the particles are flow channels of air; the fins 2097 provide mechanical support to the coolant heat exchange tubes 2093 and enhance heat transfer to the coolant; the temperature sensor І 210 is used for monitoring the temperature inside the solid sorption heat reservoir 209, and the temperature sensor ii 211 is used for monitoring the temperature of the air outlet of the solid sorption heat reservoir 209.
Preferably, the solid adsorption heat storage material particles 2095 are particles formed by silica gel, activated carbon, activated alumina, metal organic frameworks MOFs, natural zeolite, artificial zeolite molecular sieves, and porous adsorption solid materials with abundant micropores, mesopores, and macropores.
Preferably, the artificial zeolite molecular sieve is a 3A, 4A, 5A, 13X spherical, 13X stripe artificial zeolite molecular sieve, and zeolite molecular sieve/CaCl2Zeolite molecular sieves/MgCl2Zeolite molecular sieves/MgSO4Zeolite and hydrated salt composite adsorbent materials.
In a preferred embodiment, the control method of the fuel cell thermal management system capable of efficient cold start includes the following steps:
s1, the thermal management controller 4 reads the current temperature T of the fuel cell stack 1FThen comparing TFAnd a cold start threshold temperature TCNormal start threshold temperature TSThe size of (A) to (B): if T isF＜TCProceed to S2 if TC≤TF≤TSProceed to S3 if TF＞TSProceed to S4;
s2, the air proportional valve 202 is opened, the air compressor 203 is started, the three-way electromagnetic valve І 204 conducts the air compressor 203, the three-way electromagnetic valve II 205 conducts the three-way electromagnetic valve І 204 and the humidifier 206, the three-way electromagnetic valve III 207 conducts the humidifier 206 and the fuel cell stack 1, and the three-way electromagnetic valve V212 conducts the three-way electromagnetic valve III 207 and the air compressor 203; the water pump 301 is started, and the three-way electromagnetic valve VI 304 is communicated with the solid adsorption type heat reservoir 209;
s2-1, the air in the environment is adiabatically compressed under the action of the air compressor 203 to carry out primary temperature rise, and the heat is directly transferred to the membrane electrode of the fuel cell stack 1 when entering the fuel cell stack 1;
s2-2, humidifying the air flowing out of the fuel cell stack 1 by the humidifier 206, and then carrying a large amount of water vapor into the solid adsorption heat storage tube 2094 of the solid adsorption heat storage 209, wherein the solid adsorption heat storage material starts to physically adsorb the water vapor, so that the freedom degree of water molecules is reduced, and a large amount of adsorption heat is released to supplement heat for heating the air flow;
s2-3, the air flow after heat supplement enters the air compressor 203 to be heated again and transfers more heat to the fuel cell stack 1 to accelerate the preheating;
s2-4, the water pump 301 drives the cooling liquid to flow through the cooling liquid heat exchange tube 2093 of the solid adsorption heat reservoir 209, and absorbs the adsorption heat released from the solid adsorption heat storage tube 2094, and enters the fuel cell stack 1 to preheat the bipolar plate therein;
s2-5, closing the air proportional valve 202 to make the air form a closed circulation loop among the air compressor 203, the fuel cell stack 1, the humidifier 206 and the solid adsorption heat reservoir 209, continuously and progressively preheating the fuel cell stack 1, and monitoring and comparing T in real timeFAnd TC、TSThe size change in between;
s3, continuing the on-off state in S2, starting the fuel cell stack 1 with small power and large current to generate electric energy, and accelerating the warming up to T in the form of ohmic polarization heatF＞TSCompleting the cold start of the fuel cell; in the process, the opening degree of the air proportional valve 202 is adjusted, and the three-way electromagnetic valve IV 208 is opened intermittently to conduct the air tail exhaust pipeline to replenish oxygen consumed in the self-heating process;
s4, the air proportional valve 202 is opened, the air compressor 203 is started, the three-way electromagnetic valve II 205 conducts the three-way electromagnetic valve І 204 and the humidifier 206, the three-way electromagnetic valve III 207 conducts the solid adsorption type heat reservoir 209, the three-way electromagnetic valve IV 208 conducts the air tail discharge pipeline, and the three-way electromagnetic valve V212 is closed; the water pump 301 is started, the three-way electromagnetic valve VI 304 is communicated with the thermostat 303, the fan of the radiator 302 respectively sends pulse width modulation signals to the water pump 301 and the radiator 302 through a PWM control mechanism, and the rotating speeds of the water pump 301 and the radiator 302 are regulated to control the temperature of the fuel cell stack 1 to be in an optimal working temperature range;
and S5, when the fuel cell vehicle is running at a constant speed or the fuel cell vehicle is outputting high power,
s5-1, opening the air proportional valve 202, starting the air compressor 203, conducting the compressed air ejector 213 through the three-way electromagnetic valve І 204, conducting the humidifier 206 through the three-way electromagnetic valve II 205, conducting the fuel cell stack 1 through the three-way electromagnetic valve III 207, conducting the air tail discharge pipeline through the three-way electromagnetic valve IV 208, and conducting the compressed air ejector 213 through the three-way electromagnetic valve V212; the water pump 301 or the radiator 302 is started, and the three-way electromagnetic valve VI 304 is communicated with the solid adsorption heat reservoir 209;
s5-2, when the high pressure air from the air compressor 203 flows through the compressed air ejector 213, a certain suction force is generated at the air suction port to form a negative pressure environment in the solid adsorption heat storage tube 2094 connected to the air suction port;
s5-3, the water pump 301 drives the cooling liquid to carry the heat generated by the fuel cell in the power generation process to the cooling liquid heat exchange tube 2093, and the heat is transferred to the solid adsorption heat storage material for heating through heat exchange, the adsorbed water is evaporated by heat and is quickly desorbed from the adsorbent in a negative pressure environment, and then is pumped out of the solid adsorption heat storage tube 2094 to enter the compressed air ejector 213, and is converged with high-pressure air flow to enter the fuel cell stack 1;
s5-4, the thermal management controller 4 monitors the temperature T displayed by the temperature sensor І 210 and the temperature sensor II 211 in real timeiAnd ToIf T is detectedi=ToAnd then, firstly closing the three-way electromagnetic valve V212, and then returning to S4 to carry out normal thermal management operation, finishing desorption and regeneration of the solid adsorption heat storage material, and preparing for the next cold start of the fuel cell.
Specifically, as shown in FIGS. 1-6,
a liquid outlet of a water pump 301 in a cooling liquid circulation unit 3 is connected with a cooling liquid inlet of a fuel cell stack 1 through a pipeline, a cooling liquid outlet of the fuel cell stack 1 is connected with a liquid inlet of a three-way electromagnetic valve VI 304 through a pipeline, a first liquid outlet of the three-way electromagnetic valve VI 304 is connected with a liquid inlet of a thermostat 303 through a pipeline, a second liquid outlet of the three-way electromagnetic valve VI 304 is connected with a cooling liquid inlet of a solid adsorption type heat reservoir 209 through a pipeline, a cooling liquid outlet of the solid adsorption type heat reservoir 209 is connected with a liquid inlet of the thermostat 303 through a pipeline, a first liquid outlet of the thermostat 303 is connected with a cooling liquid inlet of a radiator 302 through a pipeline, and a second liquid outlet of the thermostat 303 and a cooling liquid outlet of the radiator 302 are connected with a liquid inlet of the water pump 301 through pipelines, so that a cooling liquid circulation passage of the fuel cell stack 1 is formed.
Wherein, the three-way electromagnetic valves are all three-position three-way electromagnetic valves; an expansion water tank for constant-pressure liquid supplement is also arranged on the liquid inlet and outlet pipeline of the water pump 301. The expansion tank is not shown.
Specifically, as shown in fig. 1, the thermal management controller 4 is connected to the temperature sensor І 210 and the temperature sensor ii 211 in the air supply unit 2 and the temperature sensor iii 305 and the temperature sensor iv 306 in the coolant circulation unit 3 through low-voltage signal lines, respectively, and receives temperature signals of the temperature sensors; the opening degree of the air proportional valve is controlled by connecting the low-voltage switch control line with the air proportional valve 202 in the air supply unit 2; the low-voltage switch control line is respectively connected with a three-way electromagnetic valve І 204, a three-way electromagnetic valve II 205, a three-way electromagnetic valve III 207, a three-way electromagnetic valve IV 208, a three-way electromagnetic valve V212 in the air supply unit 2 and a three-way electromagnetic valve VI 304 in the cooling liquid circulation unit 3, and the low-voltage switch control line sends instructions of switching and opening directions to the three-way electromagnetic valves; the air compressor 203 in the air supply unit 2 and the water pump 301 and the radiator 302 in the cooling liquid circulation unit 3 are respectively connected through low-voltage switch control lines, switch instructions are sent to the air compressor 203 and the water pump 301, and pulse width modulation signals are sent to the air compressor 203, the water pump 301 and the radiator 302 through a PWM control mechanism so as to regulate and control the rotating speeds of the air compressor motor, the water pump motor and the radiator fan motor.
A fuel cell thermal management system capable of being efficiently started in a cold mode works in a preheating mode before cold start, a cold start mode, a normal thermal management mode and a desorption regeneration mode:
in one embodiment, the thermal management controller 4 performs subsequent comparison and processing using the temperature of the coolant at the temperature sensor iii 305 or the temperature sensor iv 306 in the coolant circulation unit 3 as a reference temperature;
in another embodiment, the thermal management controller 4 uses the average of the coolant temperatures of the temperature sensor iii 305 and the temperature sensor iv 306 as a parameter for subsequent comparison and processing.
The reference coolant temperature of the temperature sensor iii 305 or the temperature sensor iv 306 in the above-described embodiment will be collectively referred to as "fuel cell stack coolant temperature T" hereinafterF", and the temperature shown by the temperature sensor І 210 in the air supply unit 2 is denoted as" Ti"and the temperature indicated by the temperature sensor II 211 is represented by" To”。
In one embodiment, the thermal management controller 4 reads the cold start threshold temperature TCNormal start threshold temperature TS(ii) a Wherein the cold start threshold temperature TCSetting the temperature to be within the range of-5 ℃ to 0 ℃; normal start threshold temperature TSSet to a temperature greater than 0 ℃.
The thermal management controller 4 compares the current temperature T of the fuel cell stack coolantFAnd a cold start threshold temperature TCNormal start threshold temperature TSThe size of (A) to (B): when T isF＜TCWhen the fuel cell is started, the heat management system of the fuel cell enters a preheating mode before cold start; when T isC≤TF≤TSWhen the fuel cell is started, the thermal management system of the fuel cell enters a cold starting mode; when T isF＞TSWhen the fuel cell is in the normal thermal management mode, the fuel cell thermal management system enters the normal thermal management mode; after the fuel cell heat management system enters the normal heat management mode from the cold start mode, if the fuel cell automobile runs at a constant speed or the fuel cell outputs high power, the fuel cell heat management system can enter the regeneration desorption mode until Ti=ToAnd again switches back to normal thermal management mode.
In the pre-warm-up before cold start mode, as shown in fig. 7, the thermal management controller 4 opens the air proportional valve 202, the air compressor 203, and the first valve of the three-way electromagnetic valve І 204, the second valve of the three-way electromagnetic valve ii 205, the second valve of the three-way electromagnetic valve iii 207, the second valve of the three-way electromagnetic valve iv 208, and the first valve of the three-way electromagnetic valve v 212 in the air supply unit 2, respectively, so that the circulation delivery path of the air is: air cleaner 201 → air proportional valve 202 → air compressor 203 → three-way solenoidThe valve І 204 → the three-way electromagnetic valve II 205 → the fuel cell stack 1 → the three-way electromagnetic valve IV 208 → the humidifier 206 → the three-way electromagnetic valve III 207 → the solid adsorption type heat reservoir 209 → the three-way electromagnetic valve V212 → the air compressor 203; and respectively opening a water pump 301 in the cooling liquid circulating unit 3 and a second valve of a three-way electromagnetic valve VI 304 to ensure that a circulation path of the cooling liquid is as follows: the water pump 301 → the fuel cell stack 1 → the three-way electromagnetic valve VI 304 → the solid adsorption type heat reservoir 209 → the thermostat 303 → the water pump 301; in the process, air in the environment is purified by an air filter 201 and then is subjected to adiabatic compression under the action of an air compressor 203 to carry out primary temperature rise, heat is directly transferred to membrane electrodes of a fuel cell stack 1 when the air enters the fuel cell stack, air flowing out of the fuel cell stack is humidified by a humidifier 206 and then enters a solid adsorption type heat storage tube 2094 of a solid adsorption type heat reservoir 209 with a large amount of water vapor, a solid adsorption type heat storage material 2095 in the solid adsorption type heat storage tube 2094 starts to physically adsorb the water vapor, so that the degree of freedom of water molecules is reduced, a large amount of adsorption heat is released, the air flow is subjected to heat compensation and temperature rise, the air flow subjected to heat compensation enters the air compressor 203 to carry out temperature rise again, more heat is transferred to the fuel cell stack 1 to accelerate and preheat, and meanwhile, a water pump 301 drives cooling liquid to flow through a cooling liquid heat exchange tube 2093 of the solid adsorption type heat reservoir 209, absorbing the adsorption heat released from the solid adsorption heat storage tube 2094, entering the fuel cell stack 1, and preheating the bipolar plate inside the fuel cell stack 1; during the process, the thermal management controller 4 is closed, the air proportional valve 202 enables the air to form a closed circulation loop among the air compressor 203, the fuel cell stack 1, the humidifier 206 and the solid adsorption heat reservoir 209, the fuel cell stack is continuously and progressively preheated, and the T is monitored and compared in real timeFAnd TC、TSThe size of which varies.
In the cold start mode, the thermal management controller 4 first makes the air proportional valve 202, the three-way electromagnetic valves І -VI, the air compressor 203 and the water pump 301 in the air supply unit 2 and the coolant circulation unit 3 in the states described in the preheating mode before cold start, and then starts the fuel cell stack 1 with a small power and a large current to make it in the preheating mode before cold startThe generated electric energy accelerates the warming-up in the form of ohmic polarization heat until TF＞TSThe fuel cell cold start operation is completed; during the process, the opening degree of the air proportional valve 202 is properly adjusted, and the first valve of the three-way electromagnetic valve IV 208 is intermittently opened to replenish the oxygen consumed by the thermal process.
In the normal thermal management mode, as shown in fig. 8, the thermal management controller 4 opens the air proportional valve 202 and the air compressor 203 in the air supply unit 2, and opens the first valves of the three-way electromagnetic valve І (204), the three-way electromagnetic valve ii (205), the three-way electromagnetic valve iii (207), and the three-way electromagnetic valve iv (208), and closes the three-way electromagnetic valve v 212, so that the delivery path of the air is: air cleaner 201 → air proportional valve 202 → air compressor 203 → three-way solenoid valve І 204 → three-way solenoid valve II 205 → humidifier 206 → three-way solenoid valve III 207 → fuel cell stack 1 → three-way solenoid valve IV 208 → air exhaust line; the water pump 301 in the cooling liquid circulating unit 3 and the first valve of the three-way electromagnetic valve VI 304 are respectively opened, so that the circulation path of the cooling liquid is as follows: water pump 301 → fuel cell stack 1 → three-way electromagnetic valve VI 304 → thermostat 303 → radiator 302 → water pump 301; in this process, the thermal management controller 4 sends pulse width modulation signals to the water pump 301 and the radiator 302 through a PWM control mechanism to regulate the rotation speed of the water pump motor and the radiator fan motor to control the temperature of the fuel cell stack 1 to be in the optimal operating temperature range.
In the desorption regeneration mode, as shown in fig. 9, the thermal management controller 4 opens the second valves of the air proportional valve 202, the air compressor 203, and the three-way solenoid valve І 204 in the air supply unit 2, the first valves of the three-way solenoid valve ii (205), the three-way solenoid valve iii (207), and the three-way solenoid valve iv (208), and the second valve of the three-way solenoid valve v 212, respectively, so that the air delivery paths are: air cleaner 201 → air proportional valve 202 → air compressor 203 → three-way solenoid valve І 204 → compressed air ejector 213 → three-way solenoid valve II 205 → humidifier 206 → three-way solenoid valve III 207 → fuel cell stack 1 → three-way solenoid valve IV 208 → air exhaust line; the water pump 301 or the radiator in the coolant circulation unit 3 is turned on, respectively302 fan, and open the second valve of three-way solenoid valve VI 304, make the circulation path of the coolant liquid: water pump 301 → fuel cell stack 1 → three-way electromagnetic valve vi 304 → solid adsorption type heat reservoir 209 → thermostat 303 (→ radiator 302) → water pump 301; when the high-pressure air from the air compressor 203 flows through the compressed air ejector 213, a certain suction force is generated at the air suction port of the air compressor, so that a negative pressure environment is formed in the solid adsorption heat storage tube 2094 communicated with the air compressor, the water pump 301 in the coolant circulation unit 3 drives the coolant to carry the heat generated by the fuel cell in the power generation process to the coolant heat exchange tube 2093 of the solid adsorption heat reservoir 209, the heat is transferred to the solid adsorption heat storage tube 2094 through heat exchange, the solid adsorption heat storage material 2095 in the coolant circulation unit is heated, the adsorbed water is evaporated by heat and is rapidly desorbed from the adsorbent in the negative pressure environment, and then the water is pumped out of the solid adsorption heat storage tube 2094 to enter the compressed air ejector 213 and is merged with the high-pressure air flow to enter the fuel cell stack 1; in the process, the thermal management controller 4 regulates and controls the rotating speed of the radiator fan motor through a PWM control mechanism, controls the temperature of the fuel cell stack 1 to be in an optimal working temperature range, and simultaneously monitors the temperature T displayed by the temperature sensor І 210 and the temperature sensor II 211 in the air supply unit 2 in real timeiAnd ToIf T is detectedi=ToThen, the three-way electromagnetic valve v 212 is first closed, and then the normal thermal management mode is returned, so that the desorption and regeneration of the solid adsorption heat storage material 2095 is completed to prepare for the next cold start of the fuel cell.
The invention skillfully utilizes the principle of solid adsorption type energy storage to release a large amount of adsorption heat to preheat the fuel cell stack in the process of adsorbing adsorbate, namely water by the adsorbent, so as to realize the cold start of the fuel cell, and has the advantages that:
the energy storage density is large and far higher than that of a sensible heat and latent heat energy storage mode, so that the using amount and the volume of materials can be reduced, and particularly, the zeolite/water working medium pair has the advantages of relatively high energy storage density and energy density, strong absorption capacity, large adsorption heat value, high adsorption speed and the like;
the temperature rise speed is high, and the adsorption heat is utilized to perform heat compensation and temperature rise on the air at the inlet of the air compressor, so that the defect that the temperature rise is slow in the high and cold environment by adopting an air compressor compressed air preheating mode in the prior art is overcome;
the adsorption heat storage device has strong environmental adaptability, no air flow passes through the adsorption bed as long as the adsorption bed is closed, namely the electromagnetic valves at the air inlet and the air outlet of the adsorption heat storage device are closed, the adsorption bed is always in an energy storage state and is not limited by time and environmental temperature, and long-time heat insulation is not needed, so that the cost of the device is reduced;
the energy utilization rate is high, and the cold start preheating process does not need external power supply heating or hydrogen combustion heating; the regeneration process fully utilizes the heat energy generated by the fuel cell in the power generation process to realize the desorption process of the adsorbate on the adsorbent, so that the waste heat generated by the fuel cell during working is stored in the solid heat storage material, the extra energy consumption required by the radiator during cooling the fuel cell is effectively reduced, and the endurance mileage of the fuel cell automobile is further prolonged.
Example (b):
an embodiment of the present invention further provides a control method of a fuel cell thermal management system capable of efficient cold start, as shown in fig. 10, the method is implemented by the following steps:
in step 800, the thermal management controller 4 reads the current temperature T of the fuel cell stack 1FThen comparing TFAnd a cold start threshold temperature TCAnd a normal start threshold temperature TSAnd proceeds to step 801.
In step 801, thermal management controller 4 if it detects TF＜TCStep 802 is entered if T is detectedC≤TF≤TSStep 803 is entered if T is detectedF＞TSStep 804 is entered.
In step 802, the thermal management controller 4 opens the first valves of the three-way solenoid valve І 204 and the three-way solenoid valve v 212, opens the second valves of the three-way solenoid valve ii 205, the three-way solenoid valve iii 207, the three-way solenoid valve iv 208, and the three-way solenoid valve vi 304, and opens the air proportional valve 202, and then starts the air proportional valve 202, respectivelyThe gas compressor 203 and the water pump 301, and the opening degree of the air proportional valve 202 is properly adjusted, and the membrane electrode and the bipolar plate of the fuel cell stack are preheated by using the adsorption heat released by the solid adsorption heat storage material 2095 in the solid adsorption heat storage tube 2094 when absorbing water vapor; after a certain time interval, the thermal management controller 4 closes the air proportional valve 202, so that air forms a closed circulation loop among the air compressor 203, the fuel cell stack 1, the humidifier 206 and the solid adsorption heat reservoir 209, the fuel cell stack is continuously and progressively preheated, and then the process returns to step 801 to monitor and compare T in real timeFAnd TC、TSThe size of which varies.
In step 803, the thermal management controller 4 first puts the air proportional valve 202, the three-way electromagnetic valve І 204, the three-way electromagnetic valve v 212, the three-way electromagnetic valve ii 205, the three-way electromagnetic valve iii 207, the three-way electromagnetic valve iv 208, the three-way electromagnetic valve vi 304, the air compressor 203, and the water pump 301 in the air supply unit 2 and the coolant circulation unit 3 in the states described in step 802; then, the fuel cell stack 1 is started by low power and large current, the electric energy generated by the fuel cell stack 1 is accelerated to warm up in the form of ohmic polarization heat, the opening degree of the air proportional valve 202 is properly adjusted, the first valve of the three-way electromagnetic valve IV 208 is opened intermittently to replenish oxygen consumed in the self-heating process, and then the step 801 is returned to monitor and compare T in real timeFAnd TC、TSThe size of which varies.
In step 804, the thermal management controller 4 opens the first valves of the three-way electromagnetic valve І 204, the three-way electromagnetic valve v 212, the three-way electromagnetic valve ii 205, the three-way electromagnetic valve iii 207, the three-way electromagnetic valve iv 208, and the three-way electromagnetic valve vi 304, closes the three-way electromagnetic valve v 212, then starts the air compressor 203, the water pump 301, and the radiator 302, sends pulse width modulation signals to the water pump 301 and the radiator 302 through the PWM control mechanism, and controls the rotation speeds of the water pump motor and the radiator fan motor to control the temperature of the fuel cell stack 1 to be in the optimal operating temperature range; and then receiving the real-time driving state of the fuel cell vehicle transmitted by the vehicle controller in real time and entering step 810.
In step 810, the thermal management controller 4 starts to detect whether the fuel cell vehicle is in a steady driving state, or whether the fuel cell vehicle is in a high power output state and the solid adsorption heat reservoir 209 needs desorption regeneration; if yes, go to step 811, otherwise return to step 804.
In step 811, the thermal management controller 4 respectively opens the second valves of the three-way electromagnetic valve І 204, the three-way electromagnetic valve v 212, and the three-way electromagnetic valve vi 304, opens the first valves of the three-way electromagnetic valve ii 205, the three-way electromagnetic valve iii 207, and the three-way electromagnetic valve iv 208, and opens the air proportional valve 202, then respectively starts the air compressor 203, the water pump 301, or the heat sink 302, fully utilizes the waste heat generated by the fuel cell during the operation process, especially during high power output, to heat the solid adsorption heat storage material 2095 in the solid adsorption heat storage tube 2094, heats and evaporates the moisture adsorbed in the solid adsorption heat storage material 2095 in the negative pressure environment caused by the compressed air ejector 213, and is immediately pumped out of the solid adsorption heat storage tube 2094, thereby realizing desorption and regeneration of the solid adsorption heat storage material 2095; during which the thermal management controller 4 monitors T in real timeoAnd TiThen step 812 is entered.
In step 812, thermal management controller 4 detects whether there is a Ti=ToThe case (2) is as follows: if yes, go to step 813; otherwise, go back to step 811.
In step 813, the thermal management controller 4 closes the three-way solenoid valve v 212 to complete the desorption and regeneration of the solid adsorption heat storage material 2095, prepare for the next cold start of the fuel cell, and then return to step 804 to perform the control operation of normal thermal management.
The above-described embodiments are merely preferred embodiments of the present invention, and should not be construed as limiting the present invention, and features in the embodiments and examples in the present application may be arbitrarily combined with each other without conflict. The protection scope of the present invention is defined by the claims, and includes equivalents of technical features of the claims. I.e., equivalent alterations and modifications within the scope hereof, are also intended to be within the scope of the invention.
Claims (10)
1. A fuel cell thermal management system capable of high-efficiency cold start is characterized in that: the system comprises a fuel cell stack (1), an air supply unit (2), a cooling liquid circulation unit (3) and a thermal management controller (4); the heat management controller (4) is electrically connected with the air supply unit (2) and the cooling liquid circulation unit (3), an air loop of the air supply unit (2) is communicated with an air inlet and an air outlet of the fuel cell stack (1), a compressed air ejector (213) is arranged in the air loop, a cooling loop of the cooling liquid circulation unit (3) is communicated with the liquid inlet and the liquid outlet of the fuel cell stack (1), and the cooling loop is also communicated with a solid adsorption type heat reservoir (209) in the air loop.
2. The cold-startable fuel cell thermal management system according to claim 1, wherein: an air filter (201), an air proportional valve (202), an air compressor (203), a three-way electromagnetic valve І (204), a three-way electromagnetic valve II (205), a humidifier (206) and a three-way electromagnetic valve III (207) are sequentially connected in series in the air loop, and the three-way electromagnetic valve III (207) is communicated with an air inlet of the fuel cell stack (1); and a branch led out from a pipeline for communicating an air inlet of the fuel cell stack (1) with the three-way electromagnetic valve III (207) is communicated with the three-way electromagnetic valve II (205).
3. The cold-startable fuel cell thermal management system according to claim 2, wherein: and a branch led out from a pipeline between the three-way electromagnetic valve II (205) and the humidifier (206) is communicated with a three-way electromagnetic valve IV (208) in an air tail discharge pipeline of the fuel cell stack (1).
4. The cold-startable fuel cell thermal management system according to claim 2, wherein: and a branch led out by a pipeline between the air proportional valve (202) and the air compressor (203) is communicated with a three-way electromagnetic valve III (207), and a three-way electromagnetic valve V (212) and a solid adsorption heat reservoir (209) are sequentially connected in series in the branch.
5. The cold-startable fuel cell thermal management system according to claim 2, wherein: and a branch led out from a pipeline between the three-way electromagnetic valve І (204) and the three-way electromagnetic valve II (205) is communicated with the three-way electromagnetic valve V (212), and the compressed air ejector (213) is positioned in the branch and is communicated with the three-way electromagnetic valve І (204).
6. The cold-startable fuel cell thermal management system according to claim 1, wherein: a water pump (301), a thermostat (303) and a three-way electromagnetic valve VI (304) are sequentially connected in series in the cooling loop, and a liquid inlet and a liquid outlet of the fuel cell stack (1) are respectively communicated with the water pump (301) and the three-way electromagnetic valve VI (304); and a temperature sensor III (305) and a temperature sensor IV (306) are respectively arranged in a pipeline communicated with a liquid inlet and a liquid outlet of the fuel cell stack (1).
7. The cold-startable fuel cell thermal management system according to claim 6, wherein: a bypass led out from the thermostat (303) is communicated with the liquid inlet side of the water pump (301), and the radiator (302) is positioned in the bypass; and a branch led out by the three-way electromagnetic valve VI (304) is communicated with a cooling liquid inlet of the solid adsorption type heat reservoir (209), and a cooling liquid outlet of the solid adsorption type heat reservoir (209) is communicated in a pipeline between the thermostat (303) and the three-way electromagnetic valve VI (304).
8. The cold-startable fuel cell thermal management system according to claim 1, wherein: the solid adsorption type heat reservoir (209) comprises a cooling liquid heat exchange tube (2093) in a solid adsorption type heat reservoir shell (2091) and a heat preservation layer (2092) positioned between the inner wall of the solid adsorption type heat reservoir shell (2091) and the outer wall of the cooling liquid heat exchange tube (2093), and the solid adsorption type heat storage tube (2094) axially penetrates through the solid adsorption type heat reservoir shell (2091); and a cooling liquid outlet and a cooling liquid inlet at two ends of the cooling liquid heat exchange tube (2093) are respectively led out of the solid adsorption type heat reservoir shell (2091).
9. The cold-startable fuel cell thermal management system according to claim 8, wherein: solid adsorption heat storage material particles (2095) are filled between the two round steel meshes (2096) at the two ends in the cooling liquid heat exchange tube (2093); fins (2097) distributed in a radial shape are arranged between the outer wall of the solid adsorption type heat storage pipe (2094) and the inner wall of the cooling liquid heat exchange pipe (2093); a temperature sensor І (210) is arranged in the solid adsorption heat storage material particles (2095); and a temperature sensor II (211) is arranged at an air outlet of the solid adsorption type heat storage pipe (2094).
10. The control method of the fuel cell thermal management system capable of efficient cold start according to any one of claims 1 to 9, characterized by comprising the steps of:
s1, the thermal management controller (4) reads the current temperature T of the fuel cell stack (1)FThen comparing TFAnd a cold start threshold temperature TCNormal start threshold temperature TSThe size of (A) to (B): if T isF＜TCProceed to S2 if TC≤TF≤TSProceed to S3 if TF＞TSProceed to S4;
s2, opening an air proportional valve (202), starting an air compressor (203), conducting the air compressor (203) by a three-way electromagnetic valve І (204), conducting a three-way electromagnetic valve І (204) and a humidifier (206) by a three-way electromagnetic valve II (205), conducting the humidifier (206) and a fuel cell stack (1) by a three-way electromagnetic valve III (207), and conducting the three-way electromagnetic valve III (207) and the air compressor (203) by a three-way electromagnetic valve V (212); starting a water pump (301), and conducting the solid adsorption type heat reservoir (209) by a three-way electromagnetic valve VI (304);
s2-1, air in the environment is adiabatically compressed under the action of an air compressor (203) to carry out primary temperature rise, and heat is directly transferred to a membrane electrode of the fuel cell stack (1) when the air enters the fuel cell stack (1);
s2-2, humidifying the air flowing out of the fuel cell stack (1) by a humidifier (206), and then carrying a large amount of water vapor into a solid adsorption type heat storage pipe (2094) of the solid adsorption type heat storage device (209), wherein the solid adsorption type heat storage material starts to physically adsorb the water vapor, the freedom degree of water molecules is reduced, and a large amount of adsorption heat is released to supplement heat for the air flow and raise the temperature;
s2-3, the air flow after heat supplement enters an air compressor (203) to be heated again and transfers more heat to the fuel cell stack (1) to accelerate the preheating;
s2-4, driving cooling liquid to flow through a cooling liquid heat exchange pipe (2093) of the solid adsorption heat reservoir (209) by a water pump (301), absorbing adsorption heat released in the solid adsorption heat storage pipe (2094), and entering a fuel cell stack (1) to preheat a bipolar plate in the fuel cell stack;
s2-5, closing the air proportional valve (202) to enable air to form a closed circulation loop among the air compressor (203), the fuel cell stack (1), the humidifier (206) and the solid adsorption heat reservoir (209), continuously and progressively preheating the fuel cell stack (1), and monitoring and comparing T in real timeFAnd TC、TSThe size change in between;
s3, continuing the on-off state in S2, starting the fuel cell stack (1) with small power and large current to generate electric energy, and accelerating the warming up to T in the form of ohmic polarization heatF＞TSCompleting the cold start of the fuel cell; in the process, the opening degree of the air proportional valve (202) is adjusted, and the three-way electromagnetic valve IV (208) is opened intermittently to conduct the air tail exhaust pipeline so as to replenish oxygen consumed in the self-heating process;
s4, opening the air proportional valve (202), starting the air compressor (203), conducting the three-way electromagnetic valve II (205) with the three-way electromagnetic valve І (204) and the humidifier (206), conducting the solid adsorption heat reservoir (209) with the three-way electromagnetic valve III (207), conducting the air tail discharge pipeline with the three-way electromagnetic valve IV (208), and closing the three-way electromagnetic valve V (212); the method comprises the following steps that a water pump (301) is started, a three-way electromagnetic valve VI (304) is communicated with a thermostat (303), a fan of a radiator (302) sends pulse width modulation signals to the water pump (301) and the radiator (302) respectively through a PWM control mechanism, and the rotating speeds of the water pump (301) and the radiator (302) are regulated to control the temperature of a fuel cell stack (1) to be in an optimal working temperature range;
and S5, when the fuel cell vehicle is running at a constant speed or the fuel cell vehicle is outputting high power,
s5-1, opening an air proportional valve (202), starting an air compressor (203), conducting a compressed air ejector (213) by a three-way electromagnetic valve І (204), conducting a humidifier (206) by a three-way electromagnetic valve II (205), conducting a fuel cell stack (1) by a three-way electromagnetic valve III (207), conducting an air tail discharge pipeline by a three-way electromagnetic valve IV (208), and conducting a compressed air ejector (213) by a three-way electromagnetic valve V (212); starting a water pump (301) or a radiator (302), and conducting a solid adsorption type heat reservoir (209) by a three-way electromagnetic valve VI (304);
s5-2, when the high-pressure air from the air compressor (203) flows through the compressed air ejector (213), a certain suction force is generated at the air suction port of the high-pressure air so as to form a negative pressure environment in the solid adsorption heat storage pipe (2094) communicated with the high-pressure air;
s5-3, a water pump (301) drives cooling liquid to carry heat generated by the fuel cell in the power generation process to a cooling liquid heat exchange tube (2093), the heat is transferred to a solid adsorption heat storage material through heat exchange to be heated, adsorbed water is evaporated when meeting heat and is quickly desorbed from an adsorbent in a negative pressure environment, and then is pumped out of a solid adsorption heat storage tube (2094) to enter a compressed air ejector (213) and is converged with high-pressure air flow to enter a fuel cell stack (1);
s5-4, the thermal management controller (4) monitors the temperature T displayed by the temperature sensor І (210) and the temperature sensor II (211) in real timeiAnd ToIf T is detectedi=ToWhen the solid adsorption storage tank is used, the three-way electromagnetic valve V (212) is firstly closed, and then the operation returns to S4 for normal heat management operation to finish the solid adsorption storage tankThe desorption of the hot material is regenerated in preparation for the next cold start of the fuel cell.
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| CN112701317A (en) * | 2019-10-23 | 2021-04-23 | 银隆新能源股份有限公司 | Vehicle fuel cell air system with cold start function and control method thereof |
| CN112701321A (en) * | 2019-10-23 | 2021-04-23 | 银隆新能源股份有限公司 | Fuel cell air management device, system and method |
| CN112701316A (en) * | 2019-10-23 | 2021-04-23 | 银隆新能源股份有限公司 | Fuel cell device and fuel cell control system and method |
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| CN112701317A (en) * | 2019-10-23 | 2021-04-23 | 银隆新能源股份有限公司 | Vehicle fuel cell air system with cold start function and control method thereof |
| CN112701321A (en) * | 2019-10-23 | 2021-04-23 | 银隆新能源股份有限公司 | Fuel cell air management device, system and method |
| CN112701316A (en) * | 2019-10-23 | 2021-04-23 | 银隆新能源股份有限公司 | Fuel cell device and fuel cell control system and method |
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