CN113899784B - Method for measuring content of complex icing cloud mist water in large icing wind tunnel - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention is suitable for the field of cloud and mist calculation in an icing wind tunnel, and particularly relates to a method for measuring the content of complex icing cloud and mist water in a large icing wind tunnel, wherein a multi-hot-wire water content measuring instrument is arranged in the icing wind tunnel, and comprises a first hot-wire unit W1 and a second hot-wire unit W2; the first hot wire unit W1 is a semicircular tube structure, the inner surface of the semicircular tube structure is opposite to the airflow, and the unfolding direction of the semicircular tube structure is vertical to the airflow direction; the second hot wire unit W2 is a cylindrical structure, and the extending direction of the second hot wire unit is perpendicular to the airflow direction; and deducing formulas for calculating the liquid water content LWC and the solid water content IWC of the cloud mist. Aiming at the icing cloud mist in the large icing wind tunnel, the invention establishes the multi-phase water content calculation method based on the multi-heat-ray principle, and can realize the refined calculation of the water content of various complex icing clouds (the icing cloud mist of supercooled water drops, the icing cloud of solid ice crystals and the icing cloud mist of mixed phase (simultaneously comprising liquid water drops and solid ice crystals)).
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of cloud and mist calculation in an icing wind tunnel, in particular to a method for measuring the content of water in complex icing cloud and mist in a large icing wind tunnel.
Background
When an airplane flies in a cloud layer, supercooled water drops (namely liquid water drops with the temperature lower than the freezing point) in the cloud layer continuously impact the windward side of the airplane, so that the icing phenomenon of the surface of the airplane is caused. Aircraft icing is widespread in flight practice and poses a serious threat to flight safety.
The icing wind tunnel is an important ground test device for developing airplane icing research and verifying an airplane component ice prevention and removal system, and plays an important role in airplane icing airworthiness examination. The icing cloud and fog environment simulation capability is the core content of the performance of the icing wind tunnel. Accurate measurement and evaluation of icing cloud mist micro physical characteristics are the key of an icing wind tunnel for accurately simulating an icing cloud mist environment, wherein the Mean Volume Diameter (MVD) of icing cloud mist is one of important icing cloud mist micro physical characteristics needing to be simulated in the icing wind tunnel. The MVD is defined as: and dividing the liquid water content of the cloud into two parts according to the diameter parameter, wherein the total volume of the liquid drops larger than the diameter is equal to the total volume of the liquid drops smaller than the diameter.
Domestic icing wind tunnels usually adopt an onboard liquid drop measuring instrument (such as a phase Doppler interferometer, a liquid drop imager and the like) to measure the MVD of icing cloud mist. Although the instruments can better measure the size parameters of the freezing cloud and mist liquid drops, the problems of complex experiment installation, long test period, complex post-data processing and the like exist, the cloud and mist calibration period of the freezing wind tunnel is obviously increased, and the experiment efficiency is reduced. Therefore, a method for quickly and efficiently measuring and calculating the size characteristic parameters of the icing mist droplets for the large icing wind tunnel is urgently needed to be developed.
At present, a multi-heat-line water content measuring instrument is a measuring instrument for measuring the water content of complex ice cloud mist, and although the measuring instrument has great potential in the field of complex cloud mist multi-phase water content measurement, an effective and reliable refined multi-phase water content calculation method is still lacked at present.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve the defects of the prior art, the invention aims to provide a method for measuring the water content of the complex icing cloud fog in a large icing wind tunnel, which is based on the constant-temperature multi-heat-line principle and establishes a multi-phase water content calculation method, and the method specifically comprises the following steps:
a method for measuring the water content of complex icing cloud fog in a large icing wind tunnel is characterized in that a multi-hot-wire water content measuring instrument is arranged in the icing wind tunnel, and comprises a first hot-wire unit W1 and a second hot-wire unit W2; the first hot wire unit W1 is a semicircular tube structure, the inner surface of the semicircular tube structure is opposite to the airflow, and the unfolding direction of the semicircular tube structure is vertical to the airflow direction; the second hot wire unit W2 is of a cylindrical structure, and the spread direction of the second hot wire unit is perpendicular to the airflow direction; calculating the liquid water content LWC and the solid water content IWC of the cloud mist by adopting the following formulas:
wherein, Pwet,W1And Pwet,W2Wet air power of the first and second hot wire units W1 and W2, respectively; elc,W1And Elc,W2Liquid water droplet impact coefficients of the first and second hot wire units W1 and W2, respectively; eic,W1And Eic,W2Solid ice crystal impact coefficients of the first and second hot wire units W1 and W2, respectively; rlc,W1And Rlc,W2Liquid water droplet evaporation ratios of the first and second hot wire units W1 and W2, respectively; ric,W1And Ric,W2Solid ice crystal evaporation ratios for W1 and W2 hot wire units, respectively; SVW1And SVW2A sampling volume of the hot wire unit of the first and second hot wire units W1 and W2, respectively; elAnd EiThe evaporation heat of liquid water drops and the evaporation heat of solid ice crystals are respectively unit mass.
Further, the multi-hot wire water content measuring instrument further includes a third hot wire unit W3, the third hot wire unit W3 being a cylindrical structure having a spanwise direction parallel to the gas flow direction;
dry power P of first and second hot wire units W1 and W2dry,W1And Pdry,W2Power P through the third hotline element W3total,W3And (3) calculating:
wherein S isW1And OffW1Is the fitted slope and intercept of the first hotline element W1; sW2And OffW2Is the fitted slope and intercept of the second hot-wire element W2;
the wet air power of the first and second hot wire units W1 and W2 is:
wherein, Ptotal,W1And Ptotal,W2Measured power of the first and second hotline elements W1 and W2, respectively.
Further, the sampling volumes SV of the hot wire units of the first and second hot wire units W1 and W2W1And SVW2Calculated by the following formula:
Vais the speed of the air flow, dW1And lW1Respectively, the diameter and length of the first hot wire unit W1, dW2And lW2Respectively, the diameter and length of the second hot wire unit W2.
Further, the heat of vaporization E per unit mass of the liquid water dropletslAnd heat of vaporization E of solid ice crystalsiRespectively as follows:
in the formula, LeAnd LmRespectively latent heat of evaporation of the droplets and latent heat of melting of the ice crystals, ClAnd CiSpecific heat of liquid water and specific heat of solid ice, TeAnd TfRespectively the droplet evaporation temperature and the droplet freezing temperature, TdAnd TpThe droplet initiation temperature and the ice crystal initiation temperature.
Compared with the prior art, the method for measuring the content of the complex icing cloud fog in the large icing wind tunnel has the following beneficial effects:
(1) at present, the method for measuring the water content of the mixed phase (existing water drops and ice crystals) icing mist is still a blank in China, the method for calculating the multiphase water content established based on the constant-temperature multi-heat-ray principle can realize effective measurement of the water content of the mixed phase (existing water drops and ice crystals) icing mist, and the blank is filled.
(2) The method is characterized in that rapid calculation of the LWC and IWC of the liquid water content and the solid water content in the multi-phase cloud mist can be realized by utilizing a testing device and a set of calculation equation set, the measuring steps are simple, the calculation equation is simple, and the method has the advantages of high calculation efficiency and strong applicability aiming at large-scale measured original data obtained in an icing wind tunnel test.
(3) The method can measure the liquid water content LWC and the solid water content IWC in the multi-phase cloud and can be used as a complex cloud type identification method to realize the fine identification of the cloud phase.
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In order to more clearly illustrate the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention, the drawings needed to be used in the embodiments of the present invention or in the description of the prior art will be briefly described below, and it is obvious that the drawings described below are only some embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious for those skilled in the art that other drawings can be obtained according to the drawings without creative efforts.
FIG. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of a multiple heat wire unit according to an embodiment of the present invention;
in the figure, 1-multiple hot wire gauge, 2-ring probe, W1-first hot wire unit, W2-second hot wire unit, W3-third hot wire unit.
Detailed Description
The following description provides many different embodiments, or examples, for implementing different features of the invention. The particular examples set forth below are illustrative only and are not intended to be limiting.
A method for measuring the moisture content of complex icing cloud fog in a large icing wind tunnel is characterized in that a multi-hot-wire moisture content measuring instrument is arranged in the icing wind tunnel, and the multi-hot-wire moisture content measuring instrument 1 comprises a first hot-wire unit W1, a second hot-wire unit W2 and a third hot-wire unit W3; the first hot wire unit W1 is a semicircular tube structure, the inner surface of the semicircular tube structure is opposite to the airflow, and the unfolding direction of the semicircular tube structure is vertical to the airflow direction; the second hot wire unit W2 is of a cylindrical structure, and the spread direction of the second hot wire unit is perpendicular to the airflow direction; the third hot wire unit W3 is a cylindrical structure, the spanwise direction of which is parallel to the direction of the gas flow, and the first, second and third hot wire units W1, W2 and W3 are all disposed inside the ring probe 2, as shown in fig. 1, and the above hot wire units are used to measure parameters required in the following calculations, specifically:
1. calculating the wet air power of the first and second hot wire units W1 and W2
In the ice cloud, the hot wire unit needs to consume certain energy (namely the power P of the hot wire unit measured by an instrument) in order to keep constant hot wire temperaturetotal) The power consists of two parts, namely the power for compensating the convective heat transfer loss of the dry air and the power for compensating the evaporative loss of the cloud mist, and is defined as the dry power PdryAnd wet power PwetThen for the W1 and W2 hot line cells,
in the formula, Ptotal,W1And Ptotal,W2Measured powers, P, of the first and second hotline elements W1 and W2, respectivelydry,W1And Pdry,W2Dry power, P, of the first and second hotline cells W1 and W2, respectivelywet,W1And Pwet,W2Wet power of the first and second hot wire units W1 and W2, respectively;
dry power P of first and second hot wire units W1 and W2dry,W1And Pdry,W2Power P measurable by the third hot wire unit W3total,W3The calculation results in that,
wherein S isW1And OffW1Fitting for the first hot-wire element W1Slope and intercept; sW2And OffW2Is the fitted slope and intercept of the second hot-wire element W2; it is worth to be noted that, in this step, a plurality of data points need to be collected for linear fitting, and fitting slope and intercept in the relation between the dry power and the measured power are obtained through fitting for subsequent calculation.
The wet air power of the first and second hot wire units W1 and W2 is obtained as:
2. calculating the sampling volume of the first and second hotline cells W1 and W2
Sample volumes SV of hot wire units of the first and second hot wire units W1 and W2W1And SVW2Calculated by the following formula:
Vais the speed of the air flow, dW1And lW1Respectively, the diameter and length of the first hot wire unit W1, dW2And lW2Respectively, the diameter and length of the second hot wire unit W2.
3. Calculating the heat of vaporization of liquid water drops and solid ice crystals per unit mass
Heat of vaporization E per unit mass of liquid water dropletslAnd heat of vaporization E of solid ice crystalsiRespectively as follows:
in the formula, LeAnd LmRespectively latent heat of evaporation of the droplets and latent heat of melting of the ice crystals, ClAnd CiSpecific heat of liquid water and specific heat of solid ice, TeAnd TfThe evaporation temperature of the droplets (standard atmospheric pressure (1 atm), the evaporation temperature of the droplets being 100 ℃) and the freezing temperature of the droplets (standard atmospheric pressure) are respectivelyUnder air pressure (1 atm), the freezing temperature of the droplets is 0 ℃ and TdAnd TpThe droplet initiation temperature and the ice crystal initiation temperature.
4. Calculating the LWC and IWC of the liquid water content and the solid water content of the cloud mist
First, the hot wire unit wet power PwetMainly consists of two parts of cloud mist liquid water drop evaporation power and cloud mist solid ice crystal evaporation power, namely W1 hot wire unit wet power Pwet,W1And W2 Hot wire Unit Wet Power Pwet,W2Respectively expressed as:
in the formula, Elc,W1And Elc,W2The liquid water droplet impact coefficients of the first and second hot wire units W1 and W2, respectively, which are parameters representing the collection rate of liquid water droplets impacting the surface of the hot wire unit; eic,W1And Eic,W2Solid ice crystal impact coefficients of the first and second hot wire units W1 and W2, respectively, which characterize the collection rate of solid ice crystals impacting the surface of the hot wire units; rlc,W1And Rlc,W2The evaporation ratios of the liquid water droplets of the first and second hot wire units W1 and W2, respectively, it should be noted that, under the influence of the phenomenon of impact splash, etc., the liquid water droplets impacting on the surface of the hot wire are difficult to completely evaporate, and a part of the liquid water droplets enter the air flow again, so that the parameter of the evaporation ratio needs to be introduced for correction; the first heat ray unit W1 has a semicircular tube structure that is advantageous for evaporation of liquid droplets, and therefore R is a specific structurelc,W1Taken approximately as 1, but for the second heat wire unit W2, the water droplet evaporation effect of the cylindrical structure thereof is lower than that of W1, and therefore Rlc,W2Less than 1, typically between 0.7 and 0.95; ric,W1And Ric,W2Solid ice crystal evaporation ratios of W1 and W2 hot wire units, respectively. Ric,W1And Ric,W2Of W1 and W2 hot-wire units, respectivelySolid ice crystal evaporation ratio; the first hot wire unit W1 has a semicircular tube structure that facilitates the evaporation of ice crystals, and therefore R is a specific elementic,W1Approximately 1 is taken, but for the second hot wire unit W2, the cylindrical structure of the second hot wire unit makes the ice crystal evaporation less effective, the power signal intensity is obviously lower, and Ric,W2Typically less than 0.1.
By the above formula, the cloud liquid water content LWC and the solid water content IWC can be obtained:
in the embodiment of the invention, the following typical test conditions are adopted:
air velocity Va=80m/s, static temperature of air stream Ts=10 ℃, the aerostatic pressure Ps =1atm, the first hot wire unit W1 measures the power Ptotal,W1=48W, second hotline unit W2 measurement power Ptotal,W2=36W, third hotwire unit W3 measurement power Ptotal,W4=2.8W。
The first hot wire unit W1 hot wire unit diameter and length are: dW1=2.108mm，lW1=22.962 mm; the second hot wire unit W2 has a diameter and a length of: dW2=2.108mm，lW2=21.184mm。
The first hot-line element W1 fitting slope and intercept are: sW1=4.2933 and OffW1= 1.6807; the hot-line element fitting slope and intercept of the second hot-line element W2 are: sW2=5.4625 and OffW2=0.1844。
The liquid water droplet impact coefficient, solid ice crystal impact coefficient, liquid water droplet evaporation ratio and solid ice crystal evaporation ratio of the first hot wire unit W1 were: elc,W1=0.95，Eic,W1=0.96，Rlc,W1=1，Ric,W1= 1; liquid water droplet impact coefficient, solid ice crystal impact coefficient, liquid water droplet evaporation ratio, and solid ice of the second hot wire unit W2The crystal evaporation ratio is respectively as follows: elc,W2=0.96，Eic,W2=0.97，Rlc,W2=0.9，Ric,W2=0.05。
Based on the above experimental conditions and the characteristic parameters of the hot wire unit, the liquid water content and the solid water content of the icing cloud mist are calculated as follows:
1. calculating the wet air power of the first and second hot wire units W1 and W2
The dry power calculation result of the first hot wire unit W1 and the second hot wire unit W2 is Pdry,W1=13.7W and Pdry,W2=15.5W。
The calculation result of the wet air power of the first and second hot wire units W1 and W2 is Pwet,W1=34.3W and Pwet,W2=20.5W。
2. Calculating the sampling volume of the icing cloud fog of the first hot wire unit W1 and the second hot wire unit W2
The result of calculation of the sampling volume of the first and second hot-wire units W1 and W2 is SVW1=3.9×10-3m3S and SVW2=3.6×10-3m3/s。
3. Calculating the heat of vaporization of liquid water drops and solid ice crystals per unit mass
The latent heat of liquid drop evaporation and the latent heat of ice crystal melting are respectively Le=2257kJ/kg and Lm=333.7kJ/kg, droplet evaporation temperature and droplet freezing temperature, respectivelye=100 ℃ and Tf Specific heat of liquid water and specific heat of solid ice at 0 deg.Cl=4.187 kJ/(kgK); and Ci=2.037 kJ/(kgK). The heat of vaporization of the liquid water droplets and the heat of vaporization of the solid ice crystals per unit mass are calculated as El= 2717.233kJ/kg，Ei=3029.439 kJ/kg。
4. Calculating the content of liquid water and solid water in the cloud
Calculating the water content of the cloud mist liquid and the water content of the cloud mist solid respectively to be LWC =2.39g/m according to the following formula3，IWC= 0.93g/m3。
The above description is only for the purpose of illustrating the preferred embodiments of the present invention and is not to be construed as limiting the invention, and any modifications, equivalents and improvements made within the spirit and principle of the present invention are intended to be included within the scope of the present invention.
Claims (2)
1. The method for measuring the water content of the complex icing cloud fog in the large icing wind tunnel is characterized in that a multi-hot-wire water content measuring instrument (1) is arranged in the icing wind tunnel and comprises a first hot-wire unit (W1) and a second hot-wire unit (W2); the first hot wire unit (W1) is of a semicircular tube type structure, the inner surface of the semicircular tube type structure is opposite to the airflow, and the expansion direction of the semicircular tube type structure is vertical to the airflow direction; the second hot wire unit (W2) is of a cylindrical structure, and the spread direction of the second hot wire unit is perpendicular to the airflow direction; calculating the liquid water content LWC and the solid water content IWC of the cloud mist by adopting the following formulas:
wherein, Pwet,W1And Pwet,W2Wet air power of the first and second hot wire units (W1, W2), respectively; elc,W1And Elc,W2Liquid water droplet impact coefficients of the first and second hot wire units (W1, W2), respectively; eic,W1And Eic,W2Solid ice crystal impact coefficients of the first and second hot wire units (W1, W2), respectively; rlc,W1And Rlc,W2Liquid water droplet evaporation ratios of the first and second hot wire units (W1, W2), respectively; ric,W1And Ric,W2Solid ice crystal evaporation ratios of the (W1) and (W2) hot wire units, respectively; SVW1And SVW2Are respectively the firstA sampling volume of the hotline cells of the one hotline cell (W1) and the second hotline cell (W2); elAnd EiThe evaporation heat of liquid water drops and the evaporation heat of solid ice crystals are respectively unit mass;
the multi-hot wire water content measuring instrument further comprises a third hot wire unit (W3), wherein the third hot wire unit (W3) is of a cylindrical structure, and the extending direction of the third hot wire unit is parallel to the airflow direction;
dry power P of the first hot wire unit (W1) and the second hot wire unit (W2)dry,(W1)And Pdry,(W2)Power P through the third hotline cell (W3)total,W3And (3) calculating:
wherein S isW1And OffW1Is the fitted slope and intercept of the first hot-wire element (W1); sW2And OffW2Is the fitted slope and intercept of the second hot-line element (W2);
the wet air power of the first and second hot wire units (W1, W2) is:
wherein, Ptotal,W1And Ptotal,W2Measured powers of the first hotline cell (W1) and the second hotline cell (W2), respectively;
heat of vaporization E per unit mass of liquid water dropletslAnd heat of vaporization E of solid ice crystalsiRespectively as follows:
in the formula, LeAnd LmRespectively latent heat of evaporation of the droplets and latent heat of melting of the ice crystals, ClAnd CiSpecific heat of liquid water and specific heat of solid ice, TeAnd TfRespectively the droplet evaporation temperature and the droplet freezing temperature, TdAnd TpThe droplet initiation temperature and the ice crystal initiation temperature.
2. The method for measuring the content of the complex icing cloud fog in the large icing wind tunnel according to the claim 1, wherein the sampling volume SV of the hot wire unit of the first hot wire unit (W1) and the second hot wire unit (W2)W1And SVW2Calculated by the following formula:
Vais the speed of the air flow, dW1And lW1Respectively, the diameter and length of the first hot wire unit (W1), dW2And lW2Respectively, the diameter and length of the second hot wire unit (W2).
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