CN113851725A - Fast-charging electrolyte and application thereof - Google Patents

Fast-charging electrolyte and application thereof Download PDF

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CN113851725A
CN113851725A CN202111093514.2A CN202111093514A CN113851725A CN 113851725 A CN113851725 A CN 113851725A CN 202111093514 A CN202111093514 A CN 202111093514A CN 113851725 A CN113851725 A CN 113851725A
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lithium
fast
charging
electrolyte
carbonate
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CN113851725B (en
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孙晓玉
李炳江
王立群
郑浪
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Nantong Saide Energy Co ltd
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Changzhou Saide Energy Technology Co ltd
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    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/056Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
    • H01M10/0564Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
    • H01M10/0566Liquid materials
    • H01M10/0569Liquid materials characterised by the solvents
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/052Li-accumulators
    • H01M10/0525Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/056Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
    • H01M10/0561Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of inorganic materials only
    • H01M10/0563Liquid materials, e.g. for Li-SOCl2 cells
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/056Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
    • H01M10/0564Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
    • H01M10/0566Liquid materials
    • H01M10/0567Liquid materials characterised by the additives
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M2300/00Electrolytes
    • H01M2300/0017Non-aqueous electrolytes
    • H01M2300/0025Organic electrolyte
    • H01M2300/0028Organic electrolyte characterised by the solvent
    • H01M2300/0037Mixture of solvents
    • H01M2300/004Three solvents
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M2300/00Electrolytes
    • H01M2300/0088Composites
    • H01M2300/0091Composites in the form of mixtures
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02EREDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10Energy storage using batteries

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
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  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
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  • Secondary Cells (AREA)

Abstract

The invention discloses a fast-charging electrolyte and application thereof, comprising a solvent, lithium salt and an additive; the solvent comprises methyl formate, ethylene carbonate, methyl ethyl carbonate and dimethyl carbonate; the additive is allyloxy trimethyl silicon; the preferable mass ratio of each component in the solvent is as follows: methyl formate: ethylene carbonate: ethyl methyl carbonate: dimethyl carbonate is 1: (1 to 3): (1 to 2): (1 to 4); the fast charging electrolyte is applied to a lithium ion battery; according to the invention, a stable SEI film is formed on the surface of the negative electrode, so that the lithium ion migration steric hindrance is reduced; the charging rate and the cycle performance of the lithium ion battery are obviously improved.

Description

Fast-charging electrolyte and application thereof
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of lithium ion batteries, in particular to a quick-charging electrolyte and application thereof.
Background
At present, functional lithium ion batteries are the key point of research and development of various large application platforms. The demand for the fast slave battery is further improved in the market, the fast charging battery can bear large current for ultra-fast charging, the problem that the charging time of an electric vehicle is far longer than that of the traditional refueling is solved, and the battery with better performance in the aspect of fast charging is available in the market. However, terminal automobile manufacturers are always pursuing a lithium ion battery which is fast-charging, has high safety and long cycle life.
The technical bottleneck of rapid charging lies in the lithium intercalation capability of the negative electrode and the conduction rate of the electrolyte, wherein the ion conduction capability of the electrolyte limits the conduction rate of lithium ions between the positive electrode and the negative electrode, and limits the rapid charging capability and the safety of the battery.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a quick-charging electrolyte, which forms a stable SEI film on the surface of a negative electrode and reduces the migration steric hindrance of lithium ions.
In order to solve the technical problem, the technical scheme of the invention is as follows: a fast-charging electrolyte comprising a solvent, a lithium salt and an additive;
the solvent comprises methyl formate, ethylene carbonate, methyl ethyl carbonate and dimethyl carbonate;
the additive is allyloxy-trimethicone (AMSL).
The preferable mass ratio of each component in the solvent is as follows:
methyl Formate (MF): ethylene Carbonate (EC): ethyl Methyl Carbonate (EMC): dimethyl carbonate (DMC) is 1: (1 to 3): (1 to 2): (1 to 4).
Preferably, the allyloxy-trisilicon accounts for 3 to 5% by mass of the solvent. The AMSL is used in an amount of 3-5%, and the use amount is too large, so that the cost is high, and the use amount is too small, and a stable SEI film cannot be formed.
The concentration of the lithium salt is preferably 1 to 2 mol/L. The lithium salt is sufficient, and the conductivity of the electrolyte is higher.
The lithium salt preferably comprises one or more of lithium hexafluorophosphate, lithium tetrafluoroborate, lithium bis (oxalato) borate, lithium perchlorate and lithium hexafluoroarsenate.
It is further preferred that the lithium salt include lithium hexafluorophosphate and lithium perchlorate, wherein the amount of lithium hexafluorophosphate species is 1 to 2 times that of lithium perchlorate. LiPF in the invention6Is a lithium salt with high chemical stability, environmental protection and high solubilitySuitable for the above solvent system; LiClO4Has strong oxidizing property, is applied to electrolyte to effectively improve the conductivity, is matched with AMSL with strong reducibility for use, and is AMSL and LiClO4The stable SEI film is formed by effective reaction, the lithium of the anode is not consumed, and the cycle performance is effectively improved.
Preferably, the amount of ethyl methyl carbonate used is less than or equal to the amount of vinyl carbonate used. In the invention, the EMC dosage is excessive, and the MF dosage is compressed, so that the dissolving of AMSL is influenced.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a fast-charging lithium ion battery, in which a fast-charging electrolyte is used, a stable SEI film is formed on the surface of a negative electrode, and the charging rate and cycle performance are significantly improved.
In order to solve the technical problem, the technical scheme of the invention is as follows: a fast-charging lithium ion battery comprises a positive electrode, a negative electrode and the fast-charging electrolyte;
the active material of the negative electrode is graphite.
Preferably, the mass ratio of methyl formate, ethylene carbonate, methyl ethyl carbonate and dimethyl carbonate in the fast-charging electrolyte is 1: 3: 2: 4;
the concentration of lithium salt is 2 mol/L;
the mass percent of the allyloxy trimethyl silicon in the solvent is 5%.
Preferred lithium salts include lithium hexafluorophosphate and lithium perchlorate, wherein lithium hexafluorophosphate is 2 times the mass of lithium perchlorate. The invention uses lithium salt LiPF6Matched with LiClO4The conductivity of the electrolyte is improved, and on the other hand, the additive AMSL is added to be matched with LiClO4 to form a stable SEI film on the surface of the negative electrode, so that the cycle life is prolonged.
By adopting the technical scheme, the invention has the beneficial effects that:
the additive in the electrolyte is allyloxy trimethyl silicon (AMSL), the AMSL has strong reducibility, lithium ions are preferentially obtained to perform chemical reaction, and a product can be attached to the surface of a negative electrode and is a part of an SEI film to form a stable SEI film to cover the surface of a graphite negative electrode; the AMSL and the DMC both have oxygen-containing groups, and according to the principle of similar intermiscibility, when the AMSL and lithium salt form an SEI film, the DMC can exist on the surface layer of the SEI film, and a mixed phase is formed on the surface layer of the SEI film, so that the lithium ion transfer steric hindrance is reduced; the synergistic effect between the AMSL and the solvent in the invention removes the solvent, reduces the steric hindrance of ion embedding, increases the conductivity of the electrolyte, improves the charging rate and improves the cycle performance of the battery;
the solvent in the invention is a composition of Methyl Formate (MF), Ethylene Carbonate (EC), Ethyl Methyl Carbonate (EMC) and dimethyl carbonate (DMC); wherein, the carbonic acid lipid additive EC is a necessary solvent, and because EC has a certain film forming effect, EC is used as a solvent on one hand and a film forming additive on the other hand; MF is a proportioning solvent to help dissolve the lithium salt additive; DMC has good electrochemical stability and low viscosity, is beneficial to improving the conductivity, can generate a synergistic effect with AMSL to form a stable SEI film, and is suitable for electrolyte containing an AMSL system; EMC is a polar solvent, and is matched with EC for use to help EC film formation;
the quick-charging electrolyte provided by the invention effectively improves the charging multiplying power of the battery and improves the cycle performance of the battery.
Thereby achieving the above object of the present invention.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a graph showing the cycle performance (1C/1C, 25 ℃) of lithium ion batteries prepared from the electrolytes obtained in examples 1 to 4 of the present invention and comparative example.
Detailed Description
In order to further explain the technical solution of the present invention, the present invention is explained in detail by the following specific examples.
Example 1
The embodiment discloses a quick-charging electrolyte, which specifically comprises the following components:
solvent (mass ratio): MF, EC, DMC 1: 1: 1: 1;
the concentration of lithium salt is 1 mol/L; LiPF6With LiClO4The molar ratio is 1: 1;
the mass percentage of the additive AMSL in the solvent is 3%.
Example 2
The embodiment discloses a quick-charging electrolyte, which specifically comprises the following components:
solvent (mass ratio): MF, EC, DMC 1: 2: 2: 3;
lithium salt: 1.3 mol/L; LiPF6With LiClO4The molar ratio is 1.3: 1;
the mass percentage of the additive AMSL in the solvent is 4%.
Example 3
The embodiment discloses a quick-charging electrolyte, which specifically comprises the following components:
solvent (mass ratio): MF, EC, DMC 1: 3: 2: 3;
lithium salt: 1.6 mol/L; LiPF6With LiClO4The molar ratio is 1.6: 1;
additive: AMSL 5%.
Example 4
The embodiment discloses a quick-charging electrolyte, which specifically comprises the following components:
solvent: MF, EC, DMC 1: 3: 2: 4;
lithium salt: 2 mol/L; LiPF6:LiClO4=2:1;
The mass percentage of the additive AMSL in the solvent is 5%.
Comparative example
The embodiment discloses a quick-charging electrolyte which specifically comprises the following components:
solvent (mass ratio): EMC DMC 1: 1: 1;
lithium salt: 1 mol/L; LiPF6
The electrolytes obtained in examples 1 to 4 and comparative example were tested for electrical conductivity and are shown in table 1.
TABLE 1 conductivity of electrolytes obtained in examples 1 to 4 and comparative example
Group of Conductivity (S/cm)
Comparative example 6.4
Example 1 7.7
Example 2 7.8
Example 3 7.9
Example 4 8.1
As can be seen from table 1, the electrolyte proposed by the present invention has higher conductivity than the comparative electrolyte, and the conductivity increases with the amount of lithium salt. The electrolyte is injected into a dry battery with the power of 2000mAh, the battery is activated after formation, and a multiplying power charging test and a cycle test are carried out, wherein the testing method of the multiplying power charging test is to charge at different multiplying powers, record the charging capacity (mAh) and detail in a table 2, and the cycle performance test is detailed in a table 1.
The positive electrode material of the dry battery is lithium iron phosphate, and the negative electrode material is artificial graphite.
Table 2 rate charge testing of lithium ion batteries obtained in examples 1 to 4 and comparative example
Figure BDA0003268463310000051
Figure BDA0003268463310000061
As can be seen from table 2, the charge capacity of the comparative example battery is significantly reduced with the increase of the charge rate, and when the charge rate reaches 4C, the charge capacity falls off, which indicates that the internal conductivity of the electrolyte is insufficient and cannot bear the migration of lithium ions with a large rate; examples 1 to 4 show that the fluctuation of the charge amount is small as the charge rate increases, and when the charge rate increases to 5C, the charge amount of example 4 reaches 1979mAh, and the quick charge performance is good.
As can be seen from fig. 1, in the comparative example without adding AMSL, the SEI film is unstable at the later stage of the cycle, which results in loss of lithium ions in the positive electrode and fast attenuation of the overall battery capacity; examples 1 to 4 addition of AMSL and LiClO4The repair process of SEI is carried out by replacing lithium ions in the positive electrode, so that the overall cycle attenuation of the battery is slow, and the cycle curve is smooth.
The quick-charging electrolyte provided by the invention has high conductivity, and can be applied to a battery, so that the charging rate of the battery can be improved, and the cycle life of the battery can be prolonged.

Claims (10)

1. A fast-charging electrolyte is characterized in that: including solvents, lithium salts and additives;
the solvent comprises methyl formate, ethylene carbonate, methyl ethyl carbonate and dimethyl carbonate;
the additive is allyloxy-trimethyl silicon.
2. A fast-charging electrolyte as claimed in claim 1, wherein: the mass ratio of each component in the solvent is as follows:
methyl formate: ethylene carbonate: ethyl methyl carbonate: dimethyl carbonate is 1: (1 to 3): (1 to 2): (1 to 4).
3. A fast-charging electrolyte as claimed in claim 1, wherein: the mass percentage of the allyloxy trimethyl silicon in the solvent is 3-5%.
4. A fast-charging electrolyte as claimed in claim 1, wherein: the concentration of the lithium salt is 1 to 2 mol/L.
5. A fast-charging electrolyte as claimed in claim 1, wherein: the lithium salt comprises one or more of lithium hexafluorophosphate, lithium tetrafluoroborate, lithium bis (oxalate) borate, lithium perchlorate and lithium hexafluoroarsenate.
6. A fast-charging electrolyte as claimed in claim 5, wherein: the lithium salt includes lithium hexafluorophosphate and lithium perchlorate, wherein the amount of lithium hexafluorophosphate material is 1 to 2 times that of lithium perchlorate.
7. A fast-charging electrolyte as claimed in claim 1, wherein: the dosage of the methyl ethyl carbonate is less than or equal to that of the ethylene carbonate.
8. A fast-charging lithium ion battery is characterized in that: comprising a positive electrode, a negative electrode and a fast-charging electrolyte as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 7;
the active material of the negative electrode is graphite.
9. A fast-charging lithium ion battery as in claim 8, wherein: the mass ratio of methyl formate, ethylene carbonate, methyl ethyl carbonate and dimethyl carbonate in the fast-charging electrolyte is 1: 3: 2: 4;
the concentration of lithium salt is 2 mol/L;
the mass percent of the allyloxy trimethyl silicon in the solvent is 5%.
10. A fast-charging lithium ion battery as in claim 8, wherein: the lithium salt includes lithium hexafluorophosphate and lithium perchlorate, wherein the amount of lithium hexafluorophosphate material is 2 times that of lithium perchlorate.
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Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN108063280A (en) * 2017-12-23 2018-05-22 清远佳致新材料研究院有限公司 Lithium-ion battery electrolytes
CN108470939A (en) * 2018-03-31 2018-08-31 广东天劲新能源科技股份有限公司 A kind of heat safe electrolyte of big multiplying power and lithium ion battery
CN110190331A (en) * 2019-06-18 2019-08-30 郑州中科新兴产业技术研究院 A kind of electrolyte, preparation and its application on firm lithium ion battery silicon-carbon surface
CN111048833A (en) * 2019-10-30 2020-04-21 深圳市卓能新能源股份有限公司 High-voltage electrolyte and high-voltage lithium ion power battery
CN111987362A (en) * 2020-10-09 2020-11-24 昆山宝创新能源科技有限公司 Lithium ion battery electrolyte and preparation method and application thereof

Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN108063280A (en) * 2017-12-23 2018-05-22 清远佳致新材料研究院有限公司 Lithium-ion battery electrolytes
CN108470939A (en) * 2018-03-31 2018-08-31 广东天劲新能源科技股份有限公司 A kind of heat safe electrolyte of big multiplying power and lithium ion battery
CN110190331A (en) * 2019-06-18 2019-08-30 郑州中科新兴产业技术研究院 A kind of electrolyte, preparation and its application on firm lithium ion battery silicon-carbon surface
CN111048833A (en) * 2019-10-30 2020-04-21 深圳市卓能新能源股份有限公司 High-voltage electrolyte and high-voltage lithium ion power battery
CN111987362A (en) * 2020-10-09 2020-11-24 昆山宝创新能源科技有限公司 Lithium ion battery electrolyte and preparation method and application thereof

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