CN113851719A - Multifunctional organic silicon electrolyte suitable for lithium ion battery based on ternary cathode material and preparation and application thereof - Google Patents

Multifunctional organic silicon electrolyte suitable for lithium ion battery based on ternary cathode material and preparation and application thereof Download PDF

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CN113851719A
CN113851719A CN202111208221.4A CN202111208221A CN113851719A CN 113851719 A CN113851719 A CN 113851719A CN 202111208221 A CN202111208221 A CN 202111208221A CN 113851719 A CN113851719 A CN 113851719A
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electrolyte
organic silicon
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silicone
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张校刚
王华兰
荆秋菊
肖德伟
俞家晖
薛敏
李岩
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Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
    • H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
    • H01M10/0566—Liquid materials
    • H01M10/0567—Liquid materials characterised by the additives
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
    • H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
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    • H01M10/4235—Safety or regulating additives or arrangements in electrodes, separators or electrolyte
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
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Abstract

The invention discloses a multifunctional organic silicon electrolyte suitable for a lithium ion battery based on a ternary cathode material, a preparation method thereof and application of the multifunctional organic silicon electrolyte in the lithium ion battery based on the ternary cathode material. The multifunctional organic silicon electrolyte comprises a basic electrolyte and organic silicon; the basic electrolyte comprises an ester solvent and a lithium salt; the organic silicon consists of a main chain and a side chain, and the structural general formula of the organic silicon is as follows:
Figure DDA0003307687410000011
in which the silicon atom is bonded directly to the phenyl radical, R1Is hydrogen, R2Is a hydrocarbon group, an alkoxy group, a cyano group, a hydroxyl group, a halogen atom or an ester group, R3Is hydrogen or alkyl, and m is more than or equal to 1. The preparation method comprises the following steps: inert gas shieldingDissolving lithium salt in an ester solvent to prepare a basic electrolyte; and mixing the organic silicon with the basic electrolyte under the protection of inert gas.

Description

Multifunctional organic silicon electrolyte suitable for lithium ion battery based on ternary cathode material and preparation and application thereof
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of lithium ion batteries, in particular to a multifunctional organic silicon electrolyte suitable for a lithium ion battery based on a ternary cathode material, and preparation and application thereof.
Background
With the continuous consumption and non-regeneration of conventional fossil fuels and the deterioration of global environment, the need for developing new renewable energy sources is urgent. The lithium ion battery has the advantages of high energy density, long cycle life, high charging and discharging efficiency, low self-discharge, no memory effect, wide working temperature range, high average output voltage, environmental friendliness, safety, reliability and the like, and becomes a direction for key research and development of scientists and technicians at home and abroad at present. The electrolyte is used as one of the core and key components of the lithium ion battery, and plays an important role in the performance of the lithium ion battery.
At present, carbon-based organic electrolytes are mostly used for lithium ion batteries, and the electrolytes have the defects of easy volatilization, flammability, narrow potential window and the like, so that safety accidents of the lithium ion batteries frequently occur. The organic silicon has the performances of high and low temperature resistance, good chemical stability and the like, and can show excellent safety, oxidation resistance, thermal stability, flame retardance, film forming property and the like when being used as an electrolyte solvent or an additive. Compared with the traditional carbon-based electrolyte, the organic silicon electrolyte has the advantages of strong pertinence, simple production process, capability of improving the electrochemical performance and safety of the lithium ion battery and the like, and is concerned in the lithium ion battery in recent years.
Patent specification CN107004902A discloses an electrolyte of an organosilicon compound containing alkylene, alkenylene or alkynylene groups, which can operate at up to 250 ℃ and improve stability. Patent specification CN105826599A discloses an organic silicon containing vinyl, epoxy, alkyl with 1-3 carbon atoms, and three alkoxy groups as flame retardant additive for electrolyte, which can be combined with organic solvent and lithium salt to form electrolyte, to reduce the flammability of electrolyte, improve the electrochemical and thermal stability, and further improve the safety performance. Patent specification CN108878978A discloses an overcharge-preventing electrolyte containing organosilicon additives with four biphenyl structures on the main structure of the molecule, which takes a siloxane bond as a main chain, and can form a crosslinked electrochemical polymer during overcharge, thereby better protecting the battery.
Tae J L et al (ACS Applied Materials)&Interfaces.2019; 11(12) 11306-16) uses 4- (trimethylsiloxane) -3-penten-2-one (TMSPO) as electrolyte additive to improve Li/LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4Coulombic efficiency and cycling performance of (LNMO) half cells and graphite/LNMO full cells. Li L L et al (Electrochimica Acta,2011,56(13): 4858-. Patent specification with publication number CN 103401019B reports that an organosilicon electrolyte additive can prevent corrosion of the steel shell of a lithium ion battery, but the molecular structure of organosilicon and the corresponding relationship between the types of functional groups and the functions of the electrolyte are not clear and need to be further explored.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the problems of the lithium ion battery electrolyte based on the ternary cathode material at present, the invention provides a multifunctional organic silicon electrolyte suitable for the lithium ion battery based on the ternary cathode material, wherein the multiple functions comprise the functions of eliminating residual moisture in the electrolyte, improving the working voltage of the battery, prolonging the cycle life and the like, and the multifunctional organic silicon electrolyte is particularly suitable for the ternary cathode material LiNixCoyMn1-x-yOpWherein x, y, p each represent an atomic ratio and x + y<1，0.3<x<0.8，0.2≤y<0.7，1<p<6。
A multifunctional organic silicon electrolyte suitable for a lithium ion battery based on a ternary cathode material comprises a basic electrolyte and organic silicon;
the basic electrolyte comprises an ester solvent and a lithium salt;
the organic silicon consists of a main chain and a side chain, and the structural general formula of the organic silicon is as follows:
Figure BDA0003307687390000021
in which the silicon atom is bonded directly to the phenyl radical, R1Is hydrogen, R2Is a hydrocarbon group (including aryl, etc.), an alkoxy group, a cyano group, a hydroxyl group, a halogen atom or an ester group, R3Is hydrogen or alkyl, and m is more than or equal to 1.
The organic silicon electrolyte can effectively remove the negative influence of residual moisture in the electrolyte, and organic silicon can participate in battery reaction to generate a protective film component on the surface of a positive electrode material in the charging and discharging processes, so that the working voltage of the battery is improved, and the cycle life of the battery is prolonged.
In a preferred embodiment, the organosilicon is a phenylmethylsilazane of the formula C16H23NSi2The structural formula is as follows:
Figure BDA0003307687390000031
the ester solvent is preferably a mixture of any two or three of EC (ethylene carbonate), EMC (ethyl methyl carbonate), DEC (diethyl carbonate), PC (propylene carbonate), PP (propyl propionate), EB (ethyl butyrate), BC (butylene carbonate), EA (ethyl acetate), MB (methyl butyrate), DMC (dimethyl carbonate), MP (methyl propionate), ES (ethylene sulfite), DMS (dimethyl sulfite), FEC (fluoroethylene carbonate), and VC (vinylene carbonate).
The lithium salt is preferably LiPF6(lithium hexafluorophosphate), LiClO4(anhydrous lithium perchlorate),LiBF4(lithium tetrafluoroborate), LitF3SI (lithium bis (trifluoromethyl) sulfonimide) or LiFSI (lithium bis (fluorosulfonimide)).
In a preferred embodiment, the volume ratio V of the organic silicon to the base electrolyte satisfies 0 < V < 10%.
In a preferred embodiment, the concentration of the lithium salt in the basic electrolyte is 1 to 3 mol/L.
The invention also provides a preparation method of the multifunctional organic silicon electrolyte, which comprises the following steps:
(1) under the protection of inert gas, dissolving lithium salt in an ester solvent to prepare a basic electrolyte;
(2) and under the protection of inert gas, mixing the organic silicon with the basic electrolyte to obtain the multifunctional organic silicon electrolyte.
The invention also provides application of the multifunctional organic silicon electrolyte in a lithium ion battery based on the ternary cathode material.
Manufacturing an electrode slice: grinding the active component (namely the ternary cathode material), the conductive carbon black and the polyvinylidene fluoride into powder, dispersing the powder in a solvent, performing ultrasonic treatment, uniformly stirring to obtain slurry, uniformly coating the slurry on the surface of an aluminum foil, drying, compacting and cutting into pieces to obtain the electrode piece.
Assembling the battery: taking a button-type half cell as an example, in an argon protection glove box at room temperature, a positive electrode shell, a sample-coated positive electrode (i.e., the obtained electrode plate), an electrolyte, a diaphragm, a lithium sheet, a gasket, an elastic sheet and a negative electrode shell are sequentially stacked, and sealed on a sealing machine to assemble the button-type half cell.
And (3) electrochemical performance testing: and respectively carrying out cyclic voltammetry test and constant current charging and discharging test on the assembled battery on an electrochemical workstation and charging and discharging equipment to represent the electrochemical performance of the battery.
In a preferred example, the ternary cathode material is LiNixCoyMn1-x-yOpWherein x, y, p each represent an atomic ratio and x + y<1，0.3<x<0.8，0.2≤y<0.7，1<p<6。
The principle of the invention is as follows: the organic silicon molecular structure adopted by the electrolyte is unique and comprises a main chain and a side chain, wherein the main chain contains at least two silicon-nitrogen bonds, and each silicon atom is directly connected with phenyl and contains a silicon-hydrogen bond with chemical property active waves. This unique molecular structure determines that the organosilicon compound can affect and participate in the cell reaction. The silicon-hydrogen bonds are sensitive to moisture, residual moisture in the electrolyte can be eliminated, and negative effects of the moisture on the electrochemical performance of the battery are reduced; meanwhile, the silicon-nitrogen bond can be further hydrolyzed and converted into a silicon-oxygen bond, so that siloxane with more stable chemical property is generated, and the siloxane has a remarkable effect of widening the potential window of the electrolyte. The silicon-benzene bond has good thermal stability, and the phenyl group has larger steric hindrance effect, so that the reaction rate of the organic silicon compound participating in the battery can be regulated, the storage life of the electrolyte is prolonged, the service life of the electrolyte is prolonged, and the prepared battery has excellent long-acting performance.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
1. compared with the prior art, most of the electrolyte in the market does not contain organic silicon compounds, and the electrolyte takes the organic silicon compounds with special structures as functional components, thereby realizing multiple functions of eliminating moisture, improving working voltage and prolonging cycle performance;
2. the electrolyte on the market can realize multiple functions only by adding multiple different functional components, the formula is complex, the control difficulty of the formula proportion is high, the organic silicon compound adopted by the invention is a single compound, the defect that the formula proportion is complex and is not easy to control is overcome, and the industrial batch production is facilitated.
3. The electrolyte of the present invention is particularly suitable for use as LiNixCoyMn1-x-yOp(x, y, p each represent an atomic ratio and x + y<1，0.3<x<0.8，0.2≤y<0.7，1<p<6) Provides a new screening strategy and an optimization scheme for the representative anode material and the electrolyte of the anode material.
Drawings
FIG. 1 shows LiNi, a positive electrode material0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2Charge and discharge curves in the base electrolyte of comparative example 1;
FIG. 2 shows LiNi as a positive electrode material0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2Charge and discharge curves in the silicone electrolyte of example 1;
FIG. 3 shows LiNi as a positive electrode material0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2Charge and discharge curves in the silicone electrolyte of example 2;
FIG. 4 shows LiNi as a positive electrode material0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2Cyclic voltammogram in the base electrolyte of comparative example 1;
FIG. 5 shows LiNi as a positive electrode material0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2Cyclic voltammogram in the silicone electrolyte of example 1;
FIG. 6 shows LiNi as a positive electrode material0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2Cyclic voltammogram in the silicone electrolyte of example 2;
FIG. 7 shows LiNi, a positive electrode material0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2Cycle number-charge-discharge specific capacity diagram in the base electrolyte of comparative example 1;
FIG. 8 shows LiNi, a positive electrode material0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2Cycle number-specific charge-discharge capacity plot in silicone electrolyte of example 1;
FIG. 9 shows LiNi, a positive electrode material0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2Cycle number-charge-discharge specific capacity plot in silicone electrolyte of example 2;
FIG. 10 shows LiNi, a positive electrode material0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2Comparative example 1 base electrolyte and example 2 silicone electrolyte the number of cycles versus specific charge-discharge capacity are plotted.
Detailed Description
The invention is further described with reference to the following drawings and specific examples. It should be understood that these examples are for illustrative purposes only and are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention. The following examples are conducted under conditions not specified, usually according to conventional conditions, or according to conditions recommended by the manufacturer. The materials used in the examples and comparative examples were commercially available unless otherwise specified.
Example 1
Matching of organic silicon electrolyte with positive electrode material LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2The method is applied to the steps of preparing the lithium ion battery:
1) preparing an organic silicon electrolyte:
1-1) in a glove box protected by argon, uniformly mixing Ethylene Carbonate (EC), dimethyl carbonate (DMC) and diethyl carbonate (DEC) in a volume ratio of 1:1:1 to serve as a solvent, and using LiPF6Is prepared in a concentration of 1 mol. L as a solute-1As a base electrolyte;
1-2) in a glove box protected by argon at room temperature, uniformly mixing N-methyl phenyl silazane and basic electrolyte according to the volume ratio of 1:100 to obtain the organic silicon electrolyte for later use.
N-methyl-phenyl-silazane of the formula C16H23NSi2The structural formula is as follows:
Figure BDA0003307687390000061
2) preparing a positive plate: LiNi was placed in an argon-protected glove box0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2Mixing and grinding conductive carbon black and polyvinylidene fluoride into powder according to the mass ratio of 7:2:1, dispersing the powder into a solvent N-methyl pyrrolidone, carrying out ultrasonic treatment for 1 hour at normal temperature, stirring the mixture for 3 hours to uniformly mix the powder in the solvent to prepare slurry, uniformly coating the slurry on a cleaned metal aluminum foil, transferring the metal aluminum foil out of a glove box, and rapidly placing the metal aluminum foil into a vacuum drying box at 80 ℃ for 24 hours. Compacting the dried positive plate on a tablet press at 10MPa, quickly transferring the positive plate into a glove box, cutting the positive plate into small wafers with the diameter of 16mm by using a piece cutting pliers to obtain the loading capacity of 1-2 mg-cm-2The positive electrode sheet of (1).
3) Assembling the button type half cell: in an argon-protected glove box, batteries are stacked in the order of a positive electrode shell, a positive plate, electrolyte, a diaphragm, a lithium plate, a gasket, an elastic sheet and a negative electrode shell, and then the batteries are placed into a sealing machine for sealing. The electrolyte is the organic silicon electrolyte prepared in the step 1-2), the dosage is 120 mu L, the diaphragm is a Celgare 2400 type porous PP film as a diaphragm, and the model of the battery case is CR 2016.
And (3) charge and discharge test: detecting the current density of the battery at 50 mA-g by using a charging and discharging device-1The results of the charge and discharge curves are shown in fig. 2 and 8. Tested by LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2The first charge-discharge specific capacity of the half battery formed by the active material is 138 mAh.g-1After 10 cycles, the specific charge-discharge capacity is still stable to about 135mAh g-1。
Electrochemical workstation CV test: using an electrochemical workstation, the test potential window is 2.0-4.2V, and the scanning speed is 0.05mV-1As can be seen from FIG. 5, the stable working voltage is 2.0-3.75V, which widens the electrochemical working window compared with 2.0-3.5V of the basic electrolyte of comparative example 1.
Comparative example 1
The difference from example 1 is only that the base electrolyte is used instead of the silicone electrolyte in step 3) without steps 1-2), and the rest of the steps and conditions are the same.
And (3) charge and discharge test: detecting the current density of the battery at 50mA g by using a charging and discharging device-1The results of the charge and discharge curves are shown in fig. 1 and 7. Tested by LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2The first charge-discharge specific capacity of the half battery formed by the active material is 135 mAh.g-1After 25 cycles, the specific charge-discharge capacity of the material is rapidly reduced to 20mAh g-1The electrochemical stability is poor.
Electrochemical workstation CV test: using an electrochemical workstation, the test potential window is 2.0-4.2V, and the scanning speed is 0.05mV-1As shown in FIG. 4, the stable operating voltage is 2.0-3.5V.
Example 2
The difference from example 1 is only that the organosilicon and the base electrolyte in the step 1-2) are in a volume ratio of 2:100, and the rest steps and conditions are the same.
And (3) charge and discharge test: detecting the current density of the battery at 50 mA-g by using a charging and discharging device-1The results of the charge and discharge curves are shown in fig. 3 and 9. Tested by LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2The first charge-discharge specific capacity of the half battery formed by the active material is 143 mAh.g-1From the second circle, the specific capacity is relatively stable, and after 10 cycles, the charging and discharging specific capacity is still stable to be about 140mAh g-1。
Electrochemical workstation CV test: using an electrochemical workstation, the test window is 2.0-4.2V, and the scanning rate is 0.05 mV.s-1As can be seen from FIG. 6, the stable working voltage is 2.0-3.7V, and the electrochemical working window is widened compared with the basic electrolyte of comparative example 1, which is 2.0-3.5V.
Comparative cathode Material LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2In the number of cycles-specific charge and discharge capacity in the base electrolyte of comparative example 1 and the silicone electrolyte of example 2 (fig. 10, table 1), it can be seen that the cycle performance of the electrode material in the silicone electrolyte is significantly improved.
TABLE 1 comparison of the circulation behavior of ternary cathode materials in base and organosilicon electrolytes
Figure BDA0003307687390000071
Furthermore, it should be understood that various changes and modifications can be made by one skilled in the art after reading the above description of the present invention, and equivalents also fall within the scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.

Claims (8)

1. A multifunctional organic silicon electrolyte suitable for a lithium ion battery based on a ternary cathode material is characterized by comprising a basic electrolyte and organic silicon;
the basic electrolyte comprises an ester solvent and a lithium salt;
the organic silicon consists of a main chain and a side chain, and the structural general formula of the organic silicon is as follows:
Figure FDA0003307687380000011
in which the silicon atom is bonded directly to the phenyl radical, R1Is hydrogen, R2Is a hydrocarbon group, an alkoxy group, a cyano group, a hydroxyl group, a halogen atom or an ester group, R3Is hydrogen or alkyl, and m is more than or equal to 1.
2. The multi-functional silicone electrolyte of claim 1 wherein the silicone is a phenylmethylsilazane of formula C16H23NSi2The structural formula is as follows:
Figure FDA0003307687380000012
3. the multifunctional silicone electrolyte of claim 1, wherein the ester solvent is a mixture of any two or three of EC, EMC, DEC, PC, PP, EB, BC, EA, MB, DMC, MP, ES, DMS, FEC, VC.
4. The multi-functional silicone electrolyte of claim 1, wherein the lithium salt is LiPF6、LiClO4、LiBF4、LiTF3SI, or LiFSI.
5. The multifunctional silicone electrolyte according to claim 1, wherein the volume ratio V of the silicone to the base electrolyte satisfies 0 < V.ltoreq.10%.
6. The multifunctional silicone electrolyte of claim 1, wherein the concentration of lithium salt in the base electrolyte is 1-3 mol/L.
7. The method for preparing the multifunctional silicone electrolyte according to any one of claims 1 to 6, comprising the steps of:
(1) under the protection of inert gas, dissolving lithium salt in an ester solvent to prepare a basic electrolyte;
(2) and under the protection of inert gas, mixing the organic silicon with the basic electrolyte to obtain the multifunctional organic silicon electrolyte.
8. The application of the multifunctional organic silicon electrolyte as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 6 in a lithium ion battery based on a ternary cathode material, wherein the ternary cathode material is LiNixCoyMn1-x-yOpWherein x, y, p each represent an atomic ratio and x + y<1，0.3<x<0.8，0.2≤y<0.7，1<p<6。
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