CN113829683A - 一种复合装甲结构及其制造方法 - Google Patents

一种复合装甲结构及其制造方法 Download PDF

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CN113829683A
CN113829683A CN202110945795.3A CN202110945795A CN113829683A CN 113829683 A CN113829683 A CN 113829683A CN 202110945795 A CN202110945795 A CN 202110945795A CN 113829683 A CN113829683 A CN 113829683A
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shape memory
memory alloy
ceramic
composite
foam metal
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王耀奇
牛涛
侯红亮
李红
刘文祎
褚楚
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AVIC Beijing Aeronautical Manufacturing Technology Research Institute
AVIC Manufacturing Technology Institute
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Abstract

本发明涉及装甲技术领域，特别涉及复合装甲结构及其制造方法。所述复合装甲结构包括陶瓷复合面板、梯度泡沫金属夹层和背板；所述陶瓷复合面板包括陶瓷片与形状记忆合金蜂窝结构；所述梯度泡沫金属夹层设置在陶瓷复合面板和背板之间，所述陶瓷复合面板和梯度泡沫金属夹层、梯度泡沫金属夹层和背板之间胶接固定。所述复合装甲结构防护能力强，利用形状记忆合金蜂窝对陶瓷片形成强约束，可有效提升复合装甲结构抗多发弹打击能力，采用梯度泡沫金属夹层作为夹芯层，可充分发挥泡沫金属的吸能特性，提升装甲的防弹性能。

Description

一种复合装甲结构及其制造方法
技术领域
本发明属于装甲技术领域，特别涉及一种复合装甲结构及其制造方法。
背景技术
现代战争中，为了有效的保护作战人员及装备安全，通常会加装防护装甲结构，提升其战场的生存能力，随着反装甲武器破坏能力的不断提高，装甲的防护能力需进一步提升，同时作战人员及装备的机动性能是其作战能力的重要指标，这就要求装甲防护结构不仅具有高效的防护能力，而且还要具有轻质的特性。目前常用的装甲结构通常有两种形式，单一材料制备的装甲结构和不同材料复合在一起组成的复合装甲结构。
单一材料制备的装甲防结构如装甲钢、钛合金、铝合金、陶瓷等。为了增加其防弹性能，通常采用增加装甲厚度，或将装甲材料与陶瓷或纳米材料复合在一起形成复合材料。如将石墨烯掺杂在铝合金、钛合金、高温合金或陶瓷材料中形成复合材料装甲。由多种不同性能的材料通过一定的方式组合在一起的复合装甲，与单一材料制备的装甲相比具有更优异的防护性能，最常见的复合装甲是由陶瓷复合面板和高分子聚氯乙烯背板组成。复合装甲可充分利用不同材料的性能特征来实现防护性能的提升。
目前，复合装甲作为一种先进的防护结构，在保护作战人员及装备方面获得了广泛应用，但仍存在不足之处，未能充分发挥不同材料的性能特征。如抗弹陶瓷在冲击载荷的作用下将产生破裂和飞溅，这将大幅度降低装甲结构的抗多发弹的能力；泡沫金属不仅密度低、而且具有一定的吸能特性，但其平台应力低，对陶瓷复合面板起不到有效的支撑，因此在提高复合装甲的防护性能方面较弱，特别是抗弹抗破片能力。
发明内容
针对上述问题，本发明提供了一种复合装甲结构，所述复合装甲结构包括陶瓷复合面板、梯度泡沫金属夹层和背板；
所述梯度泡沫金属夹层设置在陶瓷复合面板和背板之间，所述陶瓷复合面板和梯度泡沫金属夹层、梯度泡沫金属夹层和背板之间胶接固定；
所述陶瓷复合面板包括陶瓷片和形状记忆合金蜂窝，所述陶瓷片镶嵌在所述形状记忆合金蜂窝的蜂窝眼内；
所述梯度泡沫金属夹层包括多层泡沫金属层，且从所述陶瓷复合面板到背板方向，各层所述泡沫金属层的密度逐渐降低。
进一步的，所述形状记忆合金蜂窝由镍钛形状记忆合金箔材制成，且所述镍钛形状记忆合金箔材的相变温度高于50℃，厚度为0.2-1mm；
所述陶瓷片采用氧化铝、碳化硅或碳化硼材质。
进一步的，所述形状记忆合金蜂窝为六边形蜂窝结构，所述陶瓷片为六边形结构；所述陶瓷片与所述形状记忆合金蜂窝上的蜂窝眼形状大小相同。
进一步的，所述泡沫金属层采用泡沫铝、泡沫钛或泡沫镍材质。
进一步的，所述背板采用玻璃纤维复合板、碳纤维复合板、芳纶纤维复合板、玄武岩纤维复合板或超高分子量聚乙烯纤维复合板。
本发明还提供了一种复合装甲结构制造方法，所述制造方法包括：
制备陶瓷复合面板；
对背板和各层泡沫金属层分别进行粘结性能改善处理；
将各层泡沫金属层叠层设置在陶瓷复合面板和背板之间，且在陶瓷复合面板、泡沫金属层和背板相互贴合处分别设置胶膜，组成复合装甲坯料；其中，从陶瓷复合面板到背板方向，各层泡沫金属层的密度逐渐降低；
将所述复合装甲坯料置于热压机中，进行热压固化处理，得到复合装甲。
进一步的，所述制备陶瓷复合面板包括：
将镍钛形状记忆合金箔材制备成形状记忆合金蜂窝，所述形状记忆合金蜂窝为六边形蜂窝结构；
将陶瓷片加工成六边形结构，并将其镶嵌在形状记忆合金蜂窝的六边形蜂窝眼内，且陶瓷片与形状记忆合金蜂窝的连接处涂有环氧树脂胶黏剂。
进一步的，制备所述形状记忆合金蜂窝的过程包括：
利用箱式电阻炉对镍钛形状记忆合金箔材进行热处理，热处理温度范围为450-550℃、时长为0.5-1h，炉冷至室温，其中，镍钛形状记忆合金箔材的相变温度高于50℃，镍钛形状记忆合金箔材的厚度为0.2-1mm；
利用拉伸机对热处理后镍钛形状记忆合金箔材进行预拉伸处理，拉伸形变形量为4％-6％；
将镍钛形状记忆合金箔材制备成六边形蜂窝形结构。
进一步的，所述粘结性能改善处理包括：
对所述泡沫金属层进行阳极化或喷砂处理；
对背板的单侧板面进行打磨处理。
进一步的，所述热压固化处理包括：
热压机内加载0.1-0.2MPa；以2℃/min的速度升温至90-120℃，保温、保压1-2h后，随炉降温至室温；热压机卸载。
本发明的有益效果是：
1、所述复合装甲结构可设计性强，可通过对陶瓷复合面板厚度、梯度泡沫金属夹层厚度、密度分布以及背板厚度的控制，实现复合装甲结构综合性能的调控；且制备过程工艺简单，可适于工业化生产。
2、所述复合装甲结构防护能力强，利用形状记忆合金蜂窝对陶瓷片形成强约束，可有效提升复合装甲结构抗多发弹打击能力，采用梯度泡沫金属夹层作为夹芯层，可充分发挥泡沫金属的吸能特性，提升装甲的防弹性能。
本发明的其它特征和优点将在随后的说明书中阐述，并且，部分地从说明书中变得显而易见，或者通过实施本发明而了解。本发明的目的和其他优点可通过在说明书、权利要求书以及附图中所指出的结构来实现和获得。
附图说明
为了更清楚地说明本发明实施例或现有技术中的技术方案，下面将对实施例或现有技术描述中所需要使用的附图作一简单地介绍，显而易见地，下面描述中的附图是本发明的一些实施例，对于本领域普通技术人员来讲，在不付出创造性劳动的前提下，还可以根据这些附图获得其他的附图。
图1示出了本发明实施例的复合装甲结构的结构示意图；
图2示出了本发明实施例的陶瓷复合面板的结构示意图。
图中：1-陶瓷复合面板；101-陶瓷片、102-形状记忆合金蜂窝；2-梯度泡沫金属夹层；3-背板。
具体实施方式
为使本发明实施例的目的、技术方案和优点更加清楚，下面将结合本发明实施例中的附图，对本发明实施例中的技术方案进行清楚、完整地说明，显然，所描述的实施例是本发明一部分实施例，而不是全部的实施例。基于本发明中的实施例，本领域普通技术人员在没有做出创造性劳动前提下所获得的所有其他实施例，都属于本发明保护的范围。
本发明实施例提出了一种复合装甲结构，示例性的，如图1所示，所述装甲结构包括陶瓷复合面板1、梯度泡沫金属夹层2和背板3。
所述梯度泡沫金属夹层2设置在陶瓷复合面板1和背板3之间，所述陶瓷复合面板1和梯度泡沫金属夹层2、梯度泡沫金属夹层2和背板3之间胶接固定。
具体的，所述陶瓷复合面板1包括陶瓷片101和形状记忆合金蜂窝102，如图2所示，所述形状记忆合金蜂窝102由镍钛形状记忆合金箔材制成，且镍钛形状记忆合金箔材的相变温度高于50℃，厚度为0.2-1mm；所述形状记忆合金蜂窝102为六边形蜂窝结构。
所述陶瓷片101为六边形结构；所述陶瓷片101与所述形状记忆合金蜂窝102上的蜂窝眼形状大小相同，可镶嵌在所述形状记忆合金蜂窝102的蜂窝眼内，且所述陶瓷片101和所述形状记忆合金蜂窝102之间涂有环氧树脂胶黏剂。所述陶瓷片101的材质可采用氧化铝、碳化硅或碳化硼。
利用形状记忆合金蜂窝102对陶瓷片101形成强约束，可有效提升复合装甲结构抗多发弹打击能力。
所述梯度泡沫金属夹层2包括多层泡沫金属层，且各泡沫金属层的密度不同。沿陶瓷复合面板1到背板3方向，各层泡沫金属层的密度逐渐降低。所述梯度泡沫金属夹层2的材质可采用泡沫铝、泡沫钛或泡沫镍。
采用梯度泡沫金属夹层2作为夹芯层，可充分发挥泡沫金属的吸能特性，高密度区可实现对陶瓷复合面板的有效支撑，并且可将能量传递到更大的区域，实现能量的吸收，提升复合装甲结构的防弹性能。
所述背板3可采用玻璃纤维复合板、碳纤维复合板、芳纶纤维复合板、玄武岩纤维复合板或超高分子量聚乙烯纤维复合板。
所述复合装甲结构可设计性强，可通过对陶瓷复合面板厚度、梯度泡沫铝金属层厚度、密度分布以及背板厚度的控制，实现复合装甲结构综合性能调控。并且所述复合装甲结构具有轻质的特性，可满足作战人员及装备防护结构高效、轻质的需求。
本发明实施例还提供了上述复合装甲结构的制造方法，示例性的，所述制造方法包括：
制备陶瓷复合面板；
对背板和各层泡沫金属层分别进行粘结性能改善处理；
将各层泡沫金属叠层设置在陶瓷复合面板和背板之间，且在陶瓷复合模板、泡沫金属层和背板相互贴合处分别设置胶膜，组成复合装甲坯料；其中，从陶瓷复合面板到背板方向，各层泡沫金属层的密度逐渐降低；
将所述复合装甲坯料置于热压机中，进行热压固化处理，得到复合装甲。
所述制造方法工艺简单，可适于工业化生产。
具体的，所述制备陶瓷复合面板包括：
将镍钛形状记忆合金箔材制备成形状记忆合金蜂窝，形状记忆合金蜂窝为六边形蜂窝结构；
将陶瓷片加工成六边形结构，并将其镶嵌在形状记忆合金蜂窝的六边形蜂窝眼内，且陶瓷片与形状记忆合金蜂窝的连接处涂有环氧树脂胶黏剂。
示例性的，制备所述形状记忆合金蜂窝的过程包括：
利用箱式电阻炉对镍钛形状记忆合金箔材进行热处理，热处理温度范围为450-550℃、时长为0.5-1h，炉冷至室温，其中，镍钛形状记忆合金箔材的相变温度高于50℃，镍钛形状记忆合金箔材的厚度为0.2-1mm；
利用拉伸机对热处理后的镍钛形状记忆合金箔材进行预拉伸处理，拉伸形变形量为4％-6％；
将镍钛形状记忆合金箔材制备成六边形蜂窝形结构。
需要说明的是，所述陶瓷片设置为六边形结构，且与形状记忆合金蜂窝上的六边形蜂窝眼形状、大小相同。
具体的，对所述泡沫金属层进行粘结性能改善处理包括：对泡沫金属层进行阳极化或喷砂处理。通过所述粘结性能改善处理，能够改善泡沫金属层的粘结性能。
具体的，对背板进行粘结性能改善处理包括：对背板的单侧板面进行打磨处理，改善背板的粘结性能。示例性的，所述打磨用的砂带目数为100-400目。
进一步的，在将各层所述泡沫金属层叠层设置在陶瓷复合面板和背板之间时，所述泡沫金属层是与所述背板上经过打磨处理的一侧板面贴合设置。
所述热压固化处理包括：热压机内加载0.1-0.2MPa，然后以2℃/min的速度升温至90-120℃；保温、保压1-2h后，随炉降温至室温；热压机卸载。
在复合装甲坯料热压固化过程中，镍钛形状记忆合金蜂窝会发生奥氏体相变，产生收缩，将陶瓷片紧紧的束缚在镍钛形状记忆合金蜂窝内。采用镍钛形状记忆合金将陶瓷片约束在一起，减小陶瓷破裂过程中的扩容，可以改善陶瓷片的抗多发弹的能力。利用梯度泡沫金属夹层作为夹芯层，高密度区可实现对陶瓷复合面板层的有效支撑，并且可将能量传递到更大的区域，实现能量的吸收，因此，该复合装甲结构具有优良的综合性能，可满足作战人员及装备的防护需求。
实施例一
应用箱式电阻炉对镍钛形状记忆合金箔材进行热处理，热处理温度为450℃、时间为0.5h，炉冷至室温，其中，镍钛形状记忆合金箔材的相变温度为55℃，镍钛形状记忆合金箔材的厚度为0.2mm。
利用拉伸机对热处理后的镍钛形状记忆合金箔材进行预拉伸，拉伸变形量为4％。
将镍钛形状记忆合金箔材制备成六边形蜂窝结构。
将六边形碳化硅陶瓷块镶嵌在镍钛形状记忆合金蜂窝内，形成陶瓷复合面板，陶瓷块与镍钛形状记忆合金蜂窝之间涂有环氧树脂胶黏剂。
对密度分别为0.52g/cm3、0.34g/cm3、0.26g/cm3和0.17g/cm3的泡沫铝层进行阳极化处理，改善各泡沫金属层的粘结性能。
为方便理解，将密度为0.52g/cm3的泡沫铝层定义为第一泡沫铝层、将密度为0.34g/cm3的泡沫铝层定义为第二泡沫铝层、将密度为0.26g/cm3的泡沫铝层定义为第三泡沫铝层、将密度为0.17g/cm3的泡沫铝层定义为第四泡沫铝层。
利用砂带对芳纶纤维复合板的单侧板面进行打磨处理，改善背板的粘结性能；其中，砂带目数为400目。
按照碳化硅陶瓷复合面板、胶模、第一泡沫铝层、胶膜、第二泡沫铝层、胶膜、第三泡沫铝层、胶膜、第四泡沫铝层、胶模、芳纶纤维复合板的顺序进行堆叠，组成复合装甲坯料；其中，所述芳纶纤维复合板与胶模的接触面是经过砂带打磨处理过的一侧板面。
将复合装甲坯料置于热压机当中，加载0.1MPa，然后以2℃/min的速度升温至90℃；保温、保压1h后，随炉降温至室温，热压机卸载，取出复合装甲。
实施例二
应用箱式电阻炉进行镍钛形状记忆合金箔材的热处理，热处理温度为550℃、时间为1h，炉冷至室温，其中，镍钛形状记忆合金箔材的相变温度为61℃，镍钛形状记忆合金箔材的厚度为1mm。
利用拉伸机对热处理后的镍钛形状记忆合金箔材进行预拉伸，拉伸变形量为6％；
将镍钛形状记忆合金箔材制备成六边形蜂窝结构。
将六边形碳化硼陶瓷块镶嵌在镍钛形状记忆合金蜂窝内，形成陶瓷复合面板，陶瓷块与镍钛形状记忆合金蜂窝之间涂有环氧树脂胶黏剂。
对密度分别为4.4g/cm3、4.1g/cm3、3.6g/cm3和3.2g/cm3的泡沫钛层进行喷砂处理，改善各泡沫金属层的粘结性能。
为方便理解，将密度为4.4g/cm3的泡沫钛层定义为第一泡沫钛层、将密度为4.1g/cm3的泡沫钛层定义为第二泡沫钛层、将密度为3.6g/cm3的泡沫钛层定义为第三泡沫钛层、将密度为3.2g/cm3的泡沫钛层定义为第四泡沫钛层。
利用砂带对高分子量聚乙烯纤维复合板的单侧板面进行打磨处理，改善背板的粘结性能；其中，砂带目数为100目。
按照碳化硼陶瓷复合面板、胶模、第一泡沫钛层、胶膜、第二泡沫钛层、胶膜、第三泡沫钛层、胶膜、第四泡沫钛层、胶模、高分子量聚乙烯纤维复合板的顺序进行堆叠，组成复合装甲坯料；其中，所述高分子量聚乙烯纤维复合板与胶模的接触面是经过砂带打磨处理过的一侧板面。
将复合装甲坯料置于热压机当中，加载0.2MPa，然后以2℃/min的速度升温至120℃；保压、保温2h后，随炉降温至室温，热压机卸载，取出复合装甲。
尽管参照前述实施例对本发明进行了详细的说明，本领域的普通技术人员应当理解：其依然可以对前述各实施例所记载的技术方案进行修改，或者对其中部分技术特征进行等同替换；而这些修改或者替换，并不使相应技术方案的本质脱离本发明各实施例技术方案的精神和范围。

Claims (10)

1.一种复合装甲结构，其特征在于，所述复合装甲结构包括陶瓷复合面板(1)、梯度泡沫金属夹层(2)和背板(3)；
所述梯度泡沫金属夹层(2)设置在陶瓷复合面板(1)和背板(3)之间，所述陶瓷复合面板(1)和梯度泡沫金属夹层(2)、梯度泡沫金属夹层(2)和背板(3)之间胶接固定；
所述陶瓷复合面板(1)包括陶瓷片(101)和形状记忆合金蜂窝(102)，所述陶瓷片(101)镶嵌在所述形状记忆合金蜂窝(102)的蜂窝眼内；
所述梯度泡沫金属夹层(2)包括多层泡沫金属层，且从所述陶瓷复合面板(1)到背板(3)方向，各层所述泡沫金属层的密度逐渐降低。
2.根据权利要求1所述的一种复合装甲结构，其特征在于，所述形状记忆合金蜂窝(102)由镍钛形状记忆合金箔材制成，且所述镍钛形状记忆合金箔材的相变温度高于50℃，厚度为0.2-1mm；
所述陶瓷片(101)采用氧化铝、碳化硅或碳化硼材质。
3.根据权利要求2所述的一种复合装甲结构，其特征在于，所述形状记忆合金蜂窝(102)为六边形蜂窝结构，所述陶瓷片(101)为六边形结构；所述陶瓷片(101)与所述形状记忆合金蜂窝(102)上的蜂窝眼形状大小相同。
4.根据权利要求1所述的一种复合装甲结构，其特征在于，所述泡沫金属层采用泡沫铝、泡沫钛或泡沫镍材质。
5.根据权利要求1所述的一种复合装甲结构，其特征在于，所述背板(3)采用玻璃纤维复合板、碳纤维复合板、芳纶纤维复合板、玄武岩纤维复合板或超高分子量聚乙烯纤维复合板。
6.一种复合装甲结构制造方法，其特征在于，所述制造方法包括：
制备陶瓷复合面板；
对背板和各层泡沫金属层分别进行粘结性能改善处理；
将各层泡沫金属层叠层设置在陶瓷复合面板和背板之间，且在陶瓷复合面板、泡沫金属层和背板相互贴合处分别设置胶膜，组成复合装甲坯料；其中，从陶瓷复合面板到背板方向，各层泡沫金属层的密度逐渐降低；
将所述复合装甲坯料置于热压机中，进行热压固化处理，得到复合装甲。
7.根据权利要求6所述的一种复合装甲结构制造方法，其特征在于，所述制备陶瓷复合面板包括：
将镍钛形状记忆合金箔材制备成形状记忆合金蜂窝，所述形状记忆合金蜂窝为六边形蜂窝结构；
将陶瓷片加工成六边形结构，并将其镶嵌在形状记忆合金蜂窝的六边形蜂窝眼内，且陶瓷片与形状记忆合金蜂窝的连接处涂有环氧树脂胶黏剂。
8.根据权利要求7所述的一种复合装甲结构制造方法，其特征在于，制备所述形状记忆合金蜂窝的过程包括：
利用箱式电阻炉对镍钛形状记忆合金箔材进行热处理，热处理温度范围为450-550℃、时长为0.5-1h，炉冷至室温，其中，镍钛形状记忆合金箔材的相变温度高于50℃，镍钛形状记忆合金箔材的厚度为0.2-1mm；
利用拉伸机对热处理后的镍钛形状记忆合金箔材进行预拉伸处理，拉伸形变形量为4％-6％；
将镍钛形状记忆合金箔材制备成六边形蜂窝形结构。
9.根据权利要求6所述的一种复合装甲结构制造方法，其特征在于，所述粘结性能改善处理包括：
对所述泡沫金属层进行阳极化或喷砂处理；
对背板的单侧板面进行打磨处理。
10.根据权利要求6所述的一种复合装甲结构制造方法，其特征在于，所述热压固化处理包括：
热压机内加载0.1-0.2MPa；以2℃/min的速度升温至90-120℃，保温、保压1-2h后，随炉降温至室温；热压机卸载。
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