CN113819460B - Low-nitrogen combustion ammonia-free denitration method for medium-sized and small circulating fluidized bed boiler - Google Patents
Low-nitrogen combustion ammonia-free denitration method for medium-sized and small circulating fluidized bed boiler Download PDFInfo
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- CN113819460B CN113819460B CN202111286490.2A CN202111286490A CN113819460B CN 113819460 B CN113819460 B CN 113819460B CN 202111286490 A CN202111286490 A CN 202111286490A CN 113819460 B CN113819460 B CN 113819460B
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- hearth
- fluidized bed
- circulating fluidized
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- bed boiler
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23C—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR COMBUSTION USING FLUID FUEL OR SOLID FUEL SUSPENDED IN A CARRIER GAS OR AIR
- F23C10/00—Fluidised bed combustion apparatus
- F23C10/18—Details; Accessories
- F23C10/24—Devices for removal of material from the bed
- F23C10/26—Devices for removal of material from the bed combined with devices for partial reintroduction of material into the bed, e.g. after separation of agglomerated parts
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23C—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR COMBUSTION USING FLUID FUEL OR SOLID FUEL SUSPENDED IN A CARRIER GAS OR AIR
- F23C10/00—Fluidised bed combustion apparatus
- F23C10/18—Details; Accessories
- F23C10/20—Inlets for fluidisation air, e.g. grids; Bottoms
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23C—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR COMBUSTION USING FLUID FUEL OR SOLID FUEL SUSPENDED IN A CARRIER GAS OR AIR
- F23C10/00—Fluidised bed combustion apparatus
- F23C10/18—Details; Accessories
- F23C10/24—Devices for removal of material from the bed
Abstract
The invention provides a low-nitrogen combustion ammonia-free denitration method for a medium-small circulating fluidized bed boiler, and relates to the technical field of circulating fluidized bed low-nitrogen combustion. The method aims at a circulating fluidized bed boiler with the steam productivity of 35-130t/h, wherein the circulating fluidized bed boiler comprises a hearth, a cyclone separator and a material returning device; the bottom of the hearth is provided with a plurality of primary air inlets; the side wall of the hearth is provided with a secondary air inlet; the upper end of the hearth is communicated with the upper end of the cyclone separator; the lower end of the cyclone separator is communicated with the material returning device; the outlet of the material returning device is communicated with the lower end of the hearth. The invention adjusts the quantity, aperture and opening direction of the small holes of the hood, adjusts the proportion of primary air and secondary air and the material returning quantity, reduces the bed temperature, controls the oxygen content of flue gas to be 4% -5%, reduces the generation of thermal nitrogen oxides, improves the burnout rate of fuel and reduces the equipment reconstruction cost.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of low-nitrogen combustion of circulating fluidized beds, in particular to a low-nitrogen combustion ammonia-free denitration method for a medium-small circulating fluidized bed boiler.
Background
The circulating fluidized bed boiler is a coal combustion device with higher cleanliness, and mainly comprises a combustion chamber and a circulating furnace. The circulating fluidized bed boiler adopts fluidized combustion, and the flue gas generated in the combustion process contains nitrogen oxides (NOx) and can be classified into quick type, thermal type and fuel type nitrogen oxides according to different mechanisms of generating the nitrogen oxides. The rapid nitrogen oxides are intermediate products and N generated during fuel combustion and decomposition 2 The thermal nitrogen oxide is N in the air during the combustion process 2 Is oxidized and generated at high temperature and burntThe material-type nitrogen oxides are produced by oxidizing organic oxygen compounds contained in fuel during combustion. In coal-fired boilers, the content of rapid nitrogen oxides is low, mainly thermal nitrogen oxides and fuel nitrogen oxides, and the generation and the content of the two nitrogen oxides are closely related to the combustion temperature. The higher the combustion temperature, the greater the content of these two types of nitrogen oxides, and vice versa. In particular, thermal nitrogen oxides are more significantly affected by the combustion temperature.
In order to reach the emission standard, the flue gas needs to be subjected to denitration treatment. At present, the most commonly used denitration technologies are SCR (selective catalytic reduction) technology and SNCR (selective non-catalytic reduction) technology, which are both post-combustion control, and have higher denitration efficiency, but higher equipment acquisition cost, running cost and maintenance cost. In the prior art, the combustion process is controlled, so that nitrogen oxides in the flue gas generated after combustion are reduced.
Disclosure of Invention
Based on the above, it is necessary to provide a low-nitrogen combustion ammonia-free denitration method for a medium-and small-sized circulating fluidized bed boiler, which can improve denitration efficiency and fuel utilization rate and reduce equipment reconstruction cost by adjusting a combustion process.
The low-nitrogen combustion ammonia-free denitration method for the medium-small circulating fluidized bed boiler comprises the steps that the medium-small circulating fluidized bed boiler is a circulating fluidized bed boiler with the steam energy yield of 35-130 t/h; the circulating fluidized bed boiler comprises a hearth, a cyclone separator and a material returning device; the furnace chamber provides a place for fuel combustion, the cyclone separator is used for carrying out gas-solid separation on flue gas discharged by combustion of the furnace chamber, and the return device is used for returning the recovered fuel to the furnace chamber;
the bottom of the hearth is provided with a plurality of primary air inlets for introducing primary air; a plurality of secondary air inlets are formed in the side wall of the hearth and used for introducing secondary air; the upper end of the hearth is communicated with the upper end of the cyclone separator; the lower end of the cyclone separator is communicated with the material returning device; the solid outlet of the returning charge device is communicated with the lower end of the hearth;
the primary air inlet is provided with a hood, 18-20 hood small holes are arranged on the side face of each hood, the aperture of each hood small hole is 8-10mm, each hood small hole is inclined upwards or downwards relative to the horizontal plane, and the included angle between the directions of two adjacent hood small holes is 38-42 degrees;
the particle size of the fuel put into the hearth is less than or equal to 12mm; the primary air introduced into the hearth accounts for 40% -45% of the total amount of auxiliary air, and the secondary air accounts for 55% -60% of the total amount of auxiliary air; the circulation multiplying power is 18-23; the bed temperature in the hearth is 860-890 ℃, the oxygen content of the flue gas is 4% -5%, and the excess air coefficient in the hearth is less than or equal to 1.06.
The cycle rate is as follows: the cyclone separates and returns the ratio of the weight of material fed back to the furnace to the weight of fresh fuel fed to the furnace.
The invention discloses a low-nitrogen combustion ammonia-free denitration method, which aims at a medium-and-small-sized circulating fluidized bed boiler with the speed of 35-130 t/h. The main stream of the conventional 35-130t/h circulating fluidized bed boiler adopts a low-nitrogen combustion combined SNCR/SNCR+SCR combined denitration process, ammonia water or urea is used for denitration reaction in the two processes, and due to the unstable design of the 35-130t/h furnace model and unstable load, the denitration effect is unstable and serious ammonia escape phenomenon exists. The invention is provided for solving the problems of ammonia escape, high coal burnout rate, low combustion efficiency and high denitration cost existing in the denitration of the existing 35-130t/h circulating fluidized bed.
The improper technological parameters (such as uneven coal particle size distribution, improper primary air and secondary air ratio, improper circulation multiplying power setting and the like) in the combustion process can lead to uneven fluidization, and then lead to bed temperature deviation and local high temperature points, so that the thermal nitrogen oxides are increased sharply. Bed temperatures of 860-890 c are the preferred low nitrogen combustion temperatures for circulating fluidized bed boilers, but even if it is difficult to control the temperature in this interval during operation, this eventually results in bed temperatures that are too high or too low. Excessive bed temperature can cause the aggravation of coking and excessive generation of nitrogen oxides at the parts such as the water-cooled wall of the hearth; the problems of difficult starting of the boiler, flameout, insufficient fuel combustion and the like can be caused by the too low bed temperature. The oxygen content in the bed and furnace is an important factor affecting the nitrogen oxides.
Therefore, the invention maintains the original basic structure of the prior 35-130t/h medium and small circulating fluidized bed boiler, adjusts the number, the size and the opening direction of the small holes on the hood, optimizes the cloth sealing, improves the turbulence in the hearth, increases the heat transfer coefficient and reduces the agglomeration of fuel particles; the primary air proportion is reduced, the secondary air proportion is improved, and the bed temperature is reduced; the circulation rate (or the return quantity) is improved, namely the consumption of the old fuel is improved, the old fuel is not inflammable as compared with the new fuel, the combustion temperature is reduced, the temperature is kept relatively stable, and the burnout rate of the fuel can be improved by improving the circulation rate. Thus, the bed temperature is guaranteed to be 860-890 ℃, and the generation of thermal nitrogen oxides is reduced. Meanwhile, by controlling the oxygen content in the flue gas at a lower level, a small amount of carbon monoxide is generated during combustion, nitrogen oxides are reduced, and the denitration efficiency is improved.
The method of the invention can reduce the nitrogen oxide in the flue gas to 30-40mg/Nm in the low-nitrogen combustion ammonia-free denitration of the medium-small circulating fluidized bed boiler 3 The denitration efficiency is higher than 80%, and the unburnt rate of the fuel is lower than 4%. In addition, the method basically does not need to carry out large structural transformation on the existing medium and small circulating fluidized bed boiler structure, only needs to replace a blast cap, does not need to replace old equipment, greatly saves equipment cost and brings great economic benefit for enterprises.
In one embodiment, the fuel is selected from: one or more of anthracite, bituminous coal and lignite. The method is not only suitable for common anthracite, but also suitable for fuels such as bituminous coal, lignite and the like.
In one embodiment, the particle size of the fuel fed into the furnace is 8-12mm.
In one embodiment, the primary air flowing into the hearth accounts for 45% of the total auxiliary air, and the secondary air accounts for 55% of the total auxiliary air.
In one embodiment, 20 hood apertures are provided on the side of each hood.
In one embodiment, the hood aperture has a diameter of 9mm.
In one embodiment, the angle between the orientations of two adjacent hood apertures is 40 °.
In one embodiment, the circulation rate is 21-23. The circulation rate/material returning amount is improved, the combustion temperature is reduced, a large amount of thermal nitrogen oxides generated by overhigh temperature are avoided, the fuel burnout rate is improved, and the fuel cost is reduced.
In one embodiment, a gas outlet is arranged at the upper end of the cyclone separator, and the gas outlet is connected with a shaft flue, and the shaft flue is used for discharging flue gas.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following beneficial effects:
the low-nitrogen combustion ammonia-free denitration method for the medium-small circulating fluidized bed boiler can reduce the nitrogen oxides in the flue gas to 30-40mg/Nm 3 The denitration rate is higher than 80%, and the unburnt rate of the fuel is lower than 4%. The method basically does not need to carry out large structural transformation on the existing middle-sized and small-sized circulating fluidized bed boiler structure, only needs to replace the blast cap, does not need to replace old equipment, greatly saves equipment cost and brings great economic benefit for enterprises.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a schematic structural view of a circulating fluidized bed boiler in an embodiment.
Fig. 2 is a schematic structural view of a stroke cap according to an embodiment.
In the figure, 100 parts of hearth, 110 parts of hood, 111 parts of hood small holes, 200 parts of cyclone separators, 300 parts of returning charge devices, 400 parts of vertical shaft flues.
Detailed Description
In order that the invention may be readily understood, a more complete description of the invention will be rendered by reference to the preferred embodiments that are now described. This invention may, however, be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein. Rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete.
Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. The terminology used herein in the description of the invention is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the invention.
Example 1
A low-nitrogen combustion ammonia-free denitration method for a 35t/h circulating fluidized bed boiler. As shown in fig. 1, the circulating fluidized bed boiler includes a furnace 100, which provides a place for fuel combustion, a cyclone 200 for gas-solid separation of flue gas generated by the furnace combustion, and a return 300 for returning old fuel. The bottom of the hearth 100 is provided with a primary air inlet for introducing primary air; the side wall of the lower end of the furnace chamber 100 is provided with a secondary air inlet for introducing secondary air. The upper end of the furnace 100 is communicated with the upper end of the cyclone 200, the lower end of the cyclone 200 is communicated with the material returning device 300, and the solid outlet of the material returning device 300 is communicated with the lower end of the furnace 100. The cyclone 200 is also provided at its upper end with a gas outlet which is connected to the shaft flue 400. The fuel particles are entrained in the flue gas after combustion in the furnace 100, gas-solid separation is performed in the cyclone separator 200, the gas enters the shaft flue 400 and is discharged, and the solid enters the return device 300.
The primary air inlet is provided with a hood 110, 20 hood small holes 111 are arranged on the side face of each hood 110, the hood small holes 111 are uniformly distributed at intervals, the aperture of each hood small hole 111 is 9mm, the orientation included angle of two adjacent hood small holes 111 is 40 degrees (as shown in figure 2), namely the opening of one hood small hole 111 is inclined upwards by 20 degrees (relative to the inclination angle of the horizontal plane), and the opening of the adjacent hood small hole 111 is inclined downwards by 20 degrees. The number of the blast caps at the bottom of the hearth is 106, and the distance between the blast caps is 200mm multiplied by 165mm.
In the embodiment, anthracite is used as fuel, the particle size is 8-12mm, and the design value of the circulation rate is 21-23. The ratio of the primary air to the secondary air is 45% and 55% respectively. The bed temperature in the hearth is 860-890 ℃, the oxygen content in the flue gas is 4% -5%, and the excess air coefficient in the hearth is less than or equal to 1.06.
By adopting the method of the embodiment, the content of the nitrogen oxides in the flue gas at the outlet of the vertical shaft flue is less than or equal to 50mg/Nm 3 The denitration rate is more than or equal to 80 percent. The unburnt rate of the fuel is less than or equal to 4 percent.
Example 2
A low-nitrogen combustion ammonia-free denitration method for a 45t/h circulating fluidized bed boiler. The structure of the circulating fluidized bed boiler is basically the same as that of the 35t/h circulating fluidized bed boiler in the embodiment 1, and the sizes of hearths are different to meet the requirement of productivity. The number of the blast caps at the bottom of the hearth is 156, and the distance between the blast caps is 200mm multiplied by 165mm.
In the embodiment, bituminous coal is used as fuel, the grain diameter is 8-12mm, and the circulation rate design value is 21-23. The ratio of the primary air to the secondary air is 45% and 55% respectively. The bed temperature in the hearth is 860-890 ℃, the oxygen content in the flue gas is 4% -5%, and the excess air coefficient in the hearth is less than or equal to 1.06.
By adopting the method of the embodiment, the content of the nitrogen oxides in the flue gas at the outlet of the vertical shaft flue is less than or equal to 50mg/Nm 3 The denitration rate is more than or equal to 80 percent. The unburnt rate of the fuel is less than or equal to 4 percent.
Example 3
A 130t/h circulating fluidized bed boiler low-nitrogen combustion ammonia-free denitration method. The structure of the circulating fluidized bed boiler is basically the same as that of the 35t/h circulating fluidized bed boiler in the embodiment 1, and the sizes of hearths are different to meet the requirement of productivity. The number of the blast caps at the bottom of the hearth is 216, and the distance between the blast caps is 200mm multiplied by 165mm.
In the embodiment, bituminous coal is used as fuel, the grain diameter is 8-12mm, and the circulation rate design value is 21-23. The ratio of the primary air to the secondary air is 45% and 55% respectively. The bed temperature in the hearth is 860-890 ℃, the oxygen content in the flue gas is 4% -5%, and the excess air coefficient in the hearth is less than or equal to 1.06.
By adopting the method of the embodiment, the content of the nitrogen oxides in the flue gas at the outlet of the vertical shaft flue is less than or equal to 50mg/Nm 3 The denitration rate is more than or equal to 80 percent. The unburnt rate of the fuel is less than or equal to 4 percent.
Comparative example 1
A35 t/h circulating fluidized bed boiler low-nitrogen combustion ammonia-free method is different from the method in the embodiment 1 in that the number of small hood holes on each hood is 8, the diameter of the small hood holes is 15mm, and the openings are all horizontally oriented.
By adopting the method of the comparative example, the content of nitrogen oxides in the flue gas at the outlet of the vertical shaft flue is less than or equal to 100mg/Nm 3 Take offThe nitrate rate is 50% -60%. The unburnt rate of the fuel is less than or equal to 5 percent.
Comparative example 2
A35 t/h circulating fluidized bed boiler low nitrogen combustion ammonia-free method is different from example 1 in that the ratio of primary air and secondary air is 60% and 40%, respectively. The number of the small hood holes on each hood is 8, the diameter of the small hood holes is 15mm, and the openings are all horizontally oriented.
By adopting the method of the comparative example, the content of nitrogen oxides in the flue gas at the outlet of the vertical shaft flue is 80-120mg/Nm 3 The denitration rate is 45% -55%. The unburnt rate of the fuel is less than or equal to 5 percent.
Comparative example 3
A35 t/h circulating fluidized bed boiler low nitrogen combustion ammonia-free method is different from example 1 in that the circulation rate is 15-16. The number of the small hood holes on each hood is 8, the diameter of the small hood holes is 15mm, and the openings are all horizontally oriented.
By adopting the method of the comparative example, the content of nitrogen oxides in the flue gas at the outlet of the vertical shaft flue is less than or equal to 120mg/Nm 3 The denitration rate is 30% -40%. The unburnt rate of the fuel is less than or equal to 6 percent.
The technical features of the above-described embodiments may be arbitrarily combined, and all possible combinations of the technical features in the above-described embodiments are not described for brevity of description, however, as long as there is no contradiction between the combinations of the technical features, they should be considered as the scope of the description.
The above examples illustrate only a few embodiments of the invention, which are described in detail and are not to be construed as limiting the scope of the invention. It should be noted that it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that several variations and modifications can be made without departing from the spirit of the invention, which are all within the scope of the invention. Accordingly, the scope of protection of the present invention is to be determined by the appended claims.
Claims (7)
1. The low-nitrogen combustion ammonia-free denitration method for the medium-small circulating fluidized bed boiler is characterized in that the medium-small circulating fluidized bed boiler is a circulating fluidized bed boiler with the steam energy of 35-130 t/h; the circulating fluidized bed boiler comprises a hearth, a cyclone separator and a material returning device; the furnace chamber provides a place for fuel combustion, the cyclone separator is used for carrying out gas-solid separation on flue gas discharged by combustion of the furnace chamber, and the return device is used for returning the recovered fuel to the furnace chamber;
the bottom of the hearth is provided with a plurality of primary air inlets for introducing primary air; a plurality of secondary air inlets are formed in the side wall of the hearth and used for introducing secondary air; the upper end of the hearth is communicated with the upper end of the cyclone separator; the lower end of the cyclone separator is communicated with the material returning device; the solid outlet of the returning charge device is communicated with the lower end of the hearth;
the primary air inlet is provided with a hood, 18-20 hood small holes are arranged on the side face of each hood, the aperture of each hood small hole is 8-10mm, each hood small hole is inclined upwards or downwards relative to the horizontal plane, and the included angle between the directions of two adjacent hood small holes is 38-42 degrees;
the particle size of the fuel put into the hearth is less than or equal to 12mm; the primary air introduced into the hearth accounts for 40% -45% of the total amount of auxiliary air, and the secondary air accounts for 55% -60% of the total amount of auxiliary air; the circulation multiplying power is 18-23; the bed temperature in the hearth is 860-890 ℃, the oxygen content of the flue gas is 4% -5%, and the excess air coefficient in the hearth is less than or equal to 1.06;
the fuel is selected from: one or more of anthracite, bituminous coal and lignite;
the upper end of the cyclone separator is provided with a gas outlet, the gas outlet is connected with a vertical shaft flue, and the vertical shaft flue is used for discharging flue gas.
2. The ammonia-free denitration method for low-nitrogen combustion of a medium-and small-sized circulating fluidized bed boiler according to claim 1, wherein the particle size of fuel fed into the hearth is 8-12mm.
3. The ammonia-free denitration method for low-nitrogen combustion of a medium-and small-sized circulating fluidized bed boiler according to claim 1, wherein the proportion of primary air introduced into the hearth is 45% of the total auxiliary air, and the proportion of secondary air is 55% of the total auxiliary air.
4. The ammonia-free denitration method for low-nitrogen combustion of a medium-and small-sized circulating fluidized bed boiler according to claim 1, wherein 20 small hood holes are formed in the side face of each hood.
5. The ammonia-free denitration method for low-nitrogen combustion of a medium-and small-sized circulating fluidized bed boiler according to claim 1, wherein the diameter of the small hole of the blast cap is 9mm.
6. The ammonia-free denitration method for low-nitrogen combustion of a medium-and small-sized circulating fluidized bed boiler according to claim 1, wherein the included angle between the directions of two adjacent hood small holes is 40 degrees.
7. The ammonia-free denitration method for low-nitrogen combustion of a medium-and small-sized circulating fluidized bed boiler according to claim 1, wherein the circulation rate is 21-23.
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