CN113792983A - 一种基于多维度评价因子分析污染物环境风险的方法 - Google Patents
一种基于多维度评价因子分析污染物环境风险的方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明属于化学品环境风险评价技术领域,公开了一种基于多维度评价因子分析污染物环境风险的方法。步骤包括1.综合风险因子计算;2.环境风险等级评估。其中步骤1又包括(1)计算环境持久性系数;(2)确定环境污染物PEC值与PNEC值;(3)计算综合风险因子。通过引入污染物环境持久性系数,综合反映污染物暴露水平、毒性效应、稳定性和环境介质差异性影响,进行多维度的风险评价,实现了环境污染物生态风险总体水平的定性表征,为生态环境保护提供更为精准的决策依据。为及时甄别潜在风险物质,确认、构建环境污染物优控名单具有重要的意义。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于化学品环境风险评价技术领域,具体涉及一种基于多维度评价因子分析污染物环境风险的方法。
背景技术
随着环境化学、环境医学、生态毒理学等学科的发展,研究有毒有害化学物质对人体健康和生态环境的危害逐渐为人们所重视,环境风险评价的研究内容和方法也随着这些基础学科的发展而不断发展。环境风险评价指对有毒有害物质危害人体健康和生态系统的影响程度进行概率估计,并提出减小环境风险的方案和对策。目前,化学品为污染源评价生态环境风险的方法主要有风险商法、地质累积指数法、潜在生态风险指数法等。这些方法多针对已经发生的环境污染,而对一些未被纳入常规环境监测,但有可能进入环境并导致已知或潜在的负面生态或健康效应的新污染物的环境风险预测准确性有待提高。污染物的环境风险除了与污染物的毒性和暴露浓度有关,还与其在不同环境介质的稳定性、持久度有关,因此,目前风险评价方法具有一定局限性。
现实的情况多表现新污染物风险确认滞后现象,致使不断有新污染物被陆续纳入到优先控制污染物名单中,更有一些化学品因被发现和甄别为高风险物质,而被纳入限制生产和使用名单。已有化学品风险评价方法多依据污染物的短期暴露效应,没有涵盖化学品进入环境的过程因子,现在亟需一种可多维度甄别污染物风险的方法。
发明内容
为了克服现有技术的不足,本发明提供一种基于多维度评价因子分析污染物环境风险的方法,在现有技术的基础上引入污染物化合物环境持久性系数,对污染物进行多维度的风险评价,为及时甄别潜在风险物质,确认、构建环境污染物优控,名单具有重要的意义。
本发明的上述目的是通过以下技术方案实现的:一种基于多维度评价因子分析污染物环境风险的方法,包括以下步骤:
1.综合风险因子计算
(1)计算环境持久性系数
污染物在环境中消失50%所需的时间称为半衰期。
《斯德哥尔摩公约》的附件D对持久性的规定是“:在水中的半衰期大于2个月、或在土壤中的半衰期大于6个月、或在水体沉积物中的半衰期大于6个月”。作为半衰期界限值应为确定值,因此将持久性临界值作为描述污染物持久性的半衰期界限值。
通过如下公式将待测污染物半衰期与持久性界限值进行联系,形成化合物环境持久性系数(Coefficient of Environmental Persistence),用C表示。
计算方程如下:
其中:
t1/2为待测污染物的半衰期(天);tcv(Critical value of half-time)为半衰期界限值 (天)。C值越小,表明污染物的持久性越大。
(2)确定环境污染物MEC值与PNEC值
MEC(measured environmental concentration)为实测环境浓度。
PNEC(Predicted No Effect Concentration)为污染物预测无效应浓度。选择在待测区域有分布的生物物种毒性数据。PNEC可利用美国环境保护署ECOTOX数据库(http://www.epa.gov/ecotox/)或从文献中获得。
(3)计算综合风险因子
综合风险因子SRF(Synthetical RiskFactor)计算公式如下:
式中
C:化合物环境持久系数(无量纲)。由公式(1)确定;MEC:实测环境浓度(ng/L);PNEC:污染物预测无效应浓度(ng/L)。
2.环境风险等级评估
综合因子范围界定为:SRF<0.01表示该化合物存在极低风险,0.01≤SRF<0.1表示该化合物对环境存在低风险,0.1≤SRF<1表示该化合物对环境存在中等风险,SRF≥1 表示该化合物对环境存在高风险。
采用此评估方法对目标化合物的生态风险程度进行评估。
本发明与现有技术相比的有益效果是:通过引入污染物化合物环境持久性系数,对污染物进行多维度的风险评价,实现了环境污染物生态风险总体水平的定性表征,为生态环境的保护提供更为精准的决策依据。为及时甄别潜在风险物质,确认、构建环境污染物优控名单具有重要的意义。
具体实施方式
下面通过具体实施例详述本发明,但不限制本发明的保护范围。如无特殊说明,本发明所采用的实验方法均为常规方法,所用实验器材、材料、试剂等均可从商业途径获得。
实施例1
以位于西班牙东北部埃布罗河其中一块流域河水为对象,以河水中的残留农药多菌灵、杀螟硫磷、噻螨酮、抑霉唑、异丙甲草胺、咪鲜胺、扑灭津、戊唑醇等8种化合物为目标污染物,进行多维度评价因子分析污染物环境风险。
具体步骤如下:
(1)使用Chemical Book(HTTP://www.chemicalbook.com/)等化工搜索引擎,获得污染物半衰期数据t1/2。利用美国环境保护署ECOTOX数据库 (http://www.epa.gov/ecotox/)搜集污染物对水生生物的毒理数据。tcv(Critical value of half-time)为半衰期界限值,根据斯德哥尔摩公约对于持久性污染物半衰期要求而确定,这里水中的半衰期临界值为60(d)。C值根据公式(1)计算得出,数据整理见表1。
表1埃布罗河河水目标污染物的半衰期数据以及PNEC数据表
(2)计算综合风险因子(SRF)并评估环境风险等级,对目标化合物的生态风险程度进行评估。另外计算风险商值(RQ),对目标化合物进行风险评估,计算公式如下:
综合计算结果见表2
表2埃布罗河流域中目标污染物的环境风险等级评估结果
观察表2可知,风险发生变化的有:多菌灵,噻螨酮,和抑霉唑,其中风险等级升高的为抑霉唑,风险等级降低的为多菌灵和噻螨酮。
多菌灵是一种广谱性杀菌剂,对多种作物由真菌引起的病害有防治效果,可用于叶面喷雾、种子处理和土壤处理等。中国农业大学食品学院营养与食品安全系主任何计国介绍,多菌灵属农药,在中国广泛适用于谷类、蔬菜、水果等农产品。美国食品药物管理局(FDA)在2012年1月9日亦曾明确指出,基于美国环境保护局(EPA) 的评估结果,含有极其微量该种杀真菌剂的橙汁不会导致健康安全问题。因此多菌灵风险评价可适当调低。
噻螨酮是一种高效环保杀螨剂,是公认的环保型农药,多用于取代污染严重的杀螨剂。据欧盟食品安全局(EFSA)消息,近日EFSA提议将茶叶中噻螨酮的最大残留限量由0.05mg/kg提高至4mg/kg,一定程度上可以反应其环境风险存疑,风险应适当调低。
抑霉唑属于我国农业部推荐使用杀菌剂,使用量较大。尽管其毒性较低,但其排放量高、环境持久性较强,应进一步加强其环境排放量的监控。2018年10月30日,欧盟食品安全局(EFSA)发布消息,重新审查抑霉唑在部分食品中的最大残留限量。此举也可以看出抑霉唑的具有潜在的环境风险,应密切关注。
实施例2
采用综合风险因子法对全氟化合物生态风险程度进行评估,全氟化合物被认为是持久性有机污染物,在生物体内存在蓄积性和蓄积效应,且不易降解,半衰期很长。以天津市地表水为风险评估区域,以区域内监测到的全氟化合物为目标污染物,实施本发明。
表3中国天津地表水全氟化合物
使用综合风险因子及风险商法进行风险评价,结果见表。
表4中国天津地表水全氟化合物风险评估结果
观察可知风险等级升高的是全氟辛烷磺酸。全氟辛烷磺酸从原来的极低风险直接上升到了中等风险。PFOS是全氟有机化合物家族中的代表性化合物之一,也是含氟系列产品经过化学或生物降解的最终产物,以阴离子形式存在于衍衍生体和聚合体中。 2000年5月16日,全世界最大的有机氟化合物生产厂家,美国3M公司全作为企业自律行为,年内将分阶段停止生产和销售,长期用于纺织品和皮革等制品的防水防油防污表面处理剂丝高洁中的主要成分全氟西门黄芪腺肌化合物。2001年,它被列为美国环保局持有性环境污染物黑名单之列,将进行严格管理,许多国家环境科学研究机构和政府行政管理部门非常关注环境,PSOS环境问题和它引起的生态效应。瑞典政府2005年7月发G/TBT/N/SWE/51通报,规定PFOS和会降解为PFOS的物质禁止进入瑞典市场。挪威污染控制管理局提出的《消费品中有害物质的限用》(POHS法令) 明确限制PFOS的应用,不超过50mg/kg2008年1月1日生效。2006年10月24日, 欧盟议会正式通过决议,规定欧盟市场上制成品的中PFOS化合物的含量不能超过质量的0.005%。2008年6月25日,欧盟限制使用PFOS的指令将于6月27日开始正式实施。2009年5月4日召开的《关于持久性有机污染物的斯德哥尔摩公约》第四次缔约方大会,将包括全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)、其盐类和全氟辛基磺酰氟(PFOSRF)在内的9 类物质列入公约持久性有机污染物(POPs)受控名单。由此可以看出PFOS的风险很高。
实施例3
以湘江地表水为风险评估区域,以区域内监测到的内分泌干扰类物质为目标污染物,实施本发明。相关污染物数据见表5
表5中国湘江地表水内分泌干扰物
孕
表6中国湘江地表水内分泌干扰物风险评估结果
观察表6可以看出,孕酮,睾酮,雄烯二酮和双酚A风险等级发生变化,且皆为风险升高。
雄烯二酮属于甾族雄激素,是典型的内分泌干扰物之一。它主要来源于畜禽粪尿的排放以及造纸厂和城市污水处理厂处理不彻底的废水排放,污染源的连续性排放致使环一些地区出现鱼类的雄性化现象,对环境健康和生态安全构成严重威胁。鱼类雄化对于物种丰富度和生态平衡都有较强的负面影响,综合考虑,其环境风险应适度提高。
双酚A简称双酚基丙烷(BPA),是聚碳酸酯PC的重要原料,许多日常消费品如食品包装容器、婴儿奶瓶等儿童用品都可能含有双酚A。双酚A在加热时能析出到食物和饮料当中,它可能扰乱人体代谢过程,对婴儿发育、免疫力有影响,甚至致癌。此外,双酚A有雌性荷尔蒙效果,可能会导致婴儿出现女性化变化。使用 TOXTREE(Version 3.1)对双酚A持久性进行测试,显示为2类持久性化合物。综合持久性水平与暴露效应,风险评价等级为高,需要进行进一步观察。
而目前国内外对有关雌性和雄性激素在环境中行为的研究还很少,尽管目前国家并没有出台相关措施,但其环境风险仍不可忽视。
本发明提出了一种结合污染物稳定周期的多维度环境风险评价方法。通过引入污染物化合物环境持久性系数,对污染物进行风险评价。相对于传统方法,可以及时甄别潜在风险物质,这对于确认、构建优控名单具有重要的意义。
以上所述实施方式仅为本发明的优选实施例,而并非本发明可行实施的全部实施例。对于本领域一般技术人员而言,在不背离本发明原理和精神的前提下对其所作出的任何显而易见的改动,都应当被认为包含在本发明的权利要求保护范围之内。
实施例一数据文献
Pesticides in the Ebro River basin:Occurrence and risk assessment
实施例二数据文献
天津市主要河流和土壤中全氟化合物空间分布、来源及风险评价
实施例三数据文献
Endocrine-disrupting compounds in the Xiangjiang River of China:Spatiotemporal distribution,source apportionment,and risk assessment。
Claims (4)
1.一种基于多维度评价因子分析污染物环境风险的方法,其特征在于,包括以下步骤:
1).综合风险因子计算;
2).环境风险等级评估;
其中所述步骤1).综合风险因子计算又分为:
(1.1)计算环境持久性系数;
(1.2)确定环境污染物MEC值与PNEC值;
(1.3)计算综合风险因子。
4.根据权利要求1所述的基于多维度评价因子分析污染物环境风险的方法,其特征在于,所述步骤2).环境风险等级评估具体为:
综合因子范围界定为:SRF<0.01表示该化合物存在极低风险,0.01≤SRF<0.1表示该化合物对环境存在低风险,0.1≤SRF<1表示该化合物对环境存在中等风险,SRF≥1表示该化合物对环境存在高风险;采用此评估方法对目标化合物的生态风险程度进行评估。
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