CN113776798B - Device and method for testing correlation between screw tightening times and corrosion resistance - Google Patents
Device and method for testing correlation between screw tightening times and corrosion resistance Download PDFInfo
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- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 101
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 82
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 46
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 claims description 3
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- G—PHYSICS
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- G01L—MEASURING FORCE, STRESS, TORQUE, WORK, MECHANICAL POWER, MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY, OR FLUID PRESSURE
- G01L5/00—Apparatus for, or methods of, measuring force, work, mechanical power, or torque, specially adapted for specific purposes
- G01L5/24—Apparatus for, or methods of, measuring force, work, mechanical power, or torque, specially adapted for specific purposes for determining value of torque or twisting moment for tightening a nut or other member which is similarly stressed
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- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N17/00—Investigating resistance of materials to the weather, to corrosion, or to light
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Abstract
The invention discloses a device and a method for testing the relevance of screw tightening times and corrosion resistance, wherein the device comprises a contact base plate, a bearing base plate, a clamp system and a mounting base; the bearing backing plate is positioned below the contact backing plate and is provided with a plurality of perforations, and the positions and the sizes of the perforations on the bearing backing plate are consistent with those of the perforations on the contact backing plate; the mounting base is positioned below the bearing backing plate, and the clamp system clamps and fixes the bearing backing plate above the mounting base; by placing bolts of different processes into a salt spray test box for corrosion test under the conditions of not tightening and tightening for different times, the invention records the time of corrosion of the bolts of different processes.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of bolt quality control, in particular to a device and a method for testing the correlation of screw tightening times and corrosion resistance.
Background
The bolts are used as fasteners for connecting key parts of the automobile, and once the automobile fails due to corrosion fracture, the automobile fails, and casualties occur due to heavy faults.
The coating on the bolt is used as corrosion protection, the bolt is used as a fastener for connecting different parts of an automobile most commonly, in the use process, the bolt and a part are contacted with each other, the part has certain friction and extrusion on the coating, and the coating with different hardness can form different degrees of influences on the contact process, and the influences can cause defect points of the coating, so that the integral corrosion resistance of the corrosion protection coating is reduced.
The invention patent with the publication number of CN108225887 discloses a detection method of a bolt standard component, firstly, an environmental test is carried out on bolts and nuts screwed according to a standard torque value, the corrosion degrees of the standard component in different periods are recorded, a torque failure criterion value m is found through a statistical method, and a bolt and nut corrosion degree-performance detection table is established; and then calculating the difference delta M between the measured torque of the bolt to be detected and the initial tightening torque, and comparing the magnitude relation between the torque failure criterion value M and the delta M to judge whether the bolt and the nut fail, wherein the patent does not disclose the relation between the screw tightening times and the corrosion resistance correlation.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a device and a method for testing the correlation between the screw tightening times and the corrosion resistance, which reveal the relation between the screw tightening times and the corrosion resistance and provide a basis for selecting the process of a bolt fastener on an automobile.
In order to achieve the above purpose, the technical scheme of the invention is as follows:
a test device for the relevance of the screw tightening times and corrosion resistance comprises a contact base plate, a bearing base plate, a clamp system and a mounting base; the bearing backing plate is positioned below the contact backing plate and is provided with a plurality of perforations, and the positions and the sizes of the perforations on the bearing backing plate are consistent with those of the perforations on the contact backing plate; the mounting base is located below the bearing backing plate, and the clamp system clamps and fixes the bearing backing plate above the mounting base.
Further, the mounting base comprises a bottom plate, two ends of the bottom plate are respectively connected with a vertical platform, and a space between the two vertical platforms is a cavity; the two ends of the bearing backing plate are respectively positioned on the platforms in the two vertical directions of the mounting base.
Further, the clamp system comprises two clamping plates and bolts, wherein the two clamping plates are oppositely arranged, the first clamping plate is fixed on the surface of the vertical platform at one end of the installation base, the second clamping plate is movable, and the bolts penetrate through bolt holes in the first clamping plate and the second clamping plate to fasten the clamping plates and the clamping plates.
Further, the one end of bearing backing plate hug closely the splint, the second splint place on mounting base and hug closely the another side of the same one end of bearing backing plate, first splint and second splint press from both sides the one end of bearing backing plate in the middle, the one end of first splint and second splint stretches out the one end of bearing backing plate, fixing bolt passes first splint and second splint stretch out the one end of bearing backing plate and press from both sides tight fixedly with first splint and second splint.
Further, one end of the first clamping plate and one end of the second clamping plate are respectively provided with an L-shaped notch, the two L-shaped notches are symmetrically arranged, the L-shaped notches are positioned at the joint surfaces of the first clamping plate, the second clamping plate and the bearing backing plate, and one end of the bearing backing plate is clamped between the two L-shaped notches.
Further, the clamp systems are symmetrically arranged at two ends of the bearing backing plate.
Further, the bearing backing plate, the first clamping plate and the second clamping plate are all cuboid.
The method for carrying out the bolt tightening frequency and corrosion resistance correlation test by using the bolt tightening frequency and corrosion resistance correlation test device comprises the following steps:
step one: the test bolts penetrate through the contact base plate and the bearing base plate and are placed on a test device;
step two: screwing the nut on the test bolt at the other end until the lower surface of the screw head is contacted with the contact base plate and the upper surface of the nut is also contacted with the bearing base plate;
fixing the nut by using tools such as a wrench, rotating the test bolt by using the torque wrench, tightening the test bolt, and stopping when the set maximum torque is reached by using the torque wrench in a mode of setting the maximum torque;
fourthly, after standing for 10 minutes, fixing the nut by using tools such as a spanner, loosening the test bolt by rotating the bolt until no compressive stress exists between the nut and the bearing backing plate;
step five: standing for 10 minutes, and repeating the third step and the fourth step;
step six: placing the test bolt which is not screwed down and the test bolt which is screwed down and loosened for N times into a corrosion test box to perform corrosion resistance test;
step seven: and drawing a relation curve of the tightening times and the salt spray corrosion resistance test time according to the test result to obtain a correlation result of the tightening times and the corrosion resistance of the corresponding threaded fastener.
Further, the highest torque value set by the torque wrench in the third step is not more than 75% of the maximum torque value bearable by the test bolt and the matched nut thereof.
Further, in the fifth step, the number of times N of repeating the third and fourth steps may be one of 1, 3, 5, and 8 times according to actual needs.
The beneficial effects of the invention are as follows:
1. at present, the development of automobiles is carried out on a platform development, the types of parts are required to be reduced as much as possible, so that the development complexity and development cost are reduced, the same fastener is required to be used as much as possible in different positions in the field of fasteners, and the situation that all fasteners are independently developed is avoided; however, the disassembly and assembly times of parts at different positions in the loading process are different, part of bolts are not disassembled any more when being assembled, the parts at the part positions can be screwed and assembled on an automobile by bolts, the parts are disassembled after electrophoresis, and other assemblies are assembled and then returned; some fasteners may be disassembled and assembled multiple times during the warranty period; according to the invention, in the platform development process, a worker can reasonably select the fastener according to the test parameters and development requirements, so that the situation that the anti-corrosion performance of the bolt matched with the part for use does not meet the requirements due to multiple disassembly and assembly of the part is avoided, and traffic accidents are caused.
2. According to the invention, the time of first corrosion of bolts in different processes is obtained, so that a data basis and a basis are provided for the process selection of the bolt fastening piece on the automobile.
3. According to the test device disclosed by the invention, bolts of different process types can be tested simultaneously according to the difference of the hardness and the roughness of the actual contact surface of the part and the bolts, so that the requirements of tightening times and corrosion resistance correlation detection in the development process of the fastener are met.
4. According to the invention, bolts with different coating layers are adopted for testing, and the corrosion resistance of the different coating layers can be determined by recording the first corrosion occurrence time of the different bolts.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a partial front view of the test device of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a partial top view of the test device of the present invention.
FIG. 3 is an overall elevation view of the test apparatus of the present invention.
FIG. 4 is a chart showing the comparison of the number of bolt tightening times and the salt spray corrosion resistance of different processes.
FIG. 5 is a graph showing the correlation between the number of screw-down bolts and the corrosion resistance of the present invention.
In the figure: a test bolt 1; a nut 2; a contact pad 3; a bearing backing plate 4; a clamp system 5; a first clamping plate 51; a second clamping plate 51; a mounting base 6; and a fixing bolt 7.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be further described with reference to the accompanying drawings for the purpose of making the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more apparent.
As shown in fig. 1 to 3, a test device for the correlation of the tightening times of bolt fasteners and the corrosion resistance comprises a contact pad 3, a bearing pad 4, a clamp system 5 and a mounting base 6; the contact backing plate 3 is provided with a plurality of through holes for simultaneously carrying out experiments on a plurality of bolts; the bearing backing plate 4 is positioned below the contact backing plate 3 and provides a bearing for the contact backing plate 3, and the length of the bearing backing plate 4 is longer than that of the contact backing plate 3; the bearing backing plate 4 is also provided with a plurality of perforations, the size of the perforation position on the bearing backing plate 4 is consistent with that of the perforation position on the contact backing plate 3, and the bearing backing plate 4 and the contact backing plate 3 are matched with each other for use.
The bearing backing plate 4, the first clamping plate 51 and the second clamping plate 52 are all rectangular solids.
The bearing backing plate 4 is positioned on the mounting base 6, the mounting base 6 comprises a bottom plate, two ends of the bottom plate are respectively connected with a vertical platform, and a space between the two vertical platforms is a cavity; the two ends of the bearing backing plate 4 are respectively lapped on the two platforms in the vertical direction of the mounting base 6.
The clamping system 5 is two opposite clamping plates, wherein a first clamping plate 51 is fixed on the surface of the vertical platform at one end of the mounting base 6, the other side of the clamping plate 52 is movable, when the clamping system is used, one end of the bearing backing plate 4 is clung to the first clamping plate 51, then the second clamping plate 52 and the first clamping plate 51 are symmetrically placed on the mounting base 6 and clung to the other side of the bearing backing plate 4, one end of the bearing backing plate 4 is clamped in the middle by the first clamping plate 51 and the second clamping plate 52, and one ends of the first clamping plate 51 and the second clamping plate 52 extend out of one end of the bearing backing plate 4.
As shown in fig. 3, one end of the first clamping plate 51 and one end of the second clamping plate 52 are respectively provided with an L-shaped notch, the two L-shaped notches are symmetrically arranged, the L-shaped notches are positioned at the connecting surfaces of the first clamping plate 51, the second clamping plate 52 and the bearing backing plate 4, and one end of the bearing backing plate 4 is clamped between the two L-shaped notches; after the first clamping plate 51 and the second clamping plate 51 position the bearing pad 4 at a certain fixed position, the fixing bolt 7 passes through the other ends of the first clamping plate 51 and the second clamping plate 52 to clamp and fix the first clamping plate 51 and the second clamping plate 52, the same clamping system 5 is also arranged on the vertical platform at the other end of the mounting base 6 to fix the other end of the bearing pad 4, thereby realizing the fixation between the bearing pad 4 and the mounting base 6,
the test bolt 1 can pass through the contact pad 3 and the bearing pad 4 and is screwed and fixed by the nut 2.
The contact pad 3 is closely contacted with the lower surface of the screw head of the test bolt 1, the contact pad 3 carries out different hardness and roughness surface design of the contact surface according to the coating hardness of the threaded fastener of different processes, the hardness of the contact pad 3 is generally required to be higher than that of the test bolt 1, the surface roughness is selected to be smooth or rough according to the requirement, for example, the roughness of the contact surface of the contact pad and the test bolt 1 in fig. 1 is set to Ra=6.5, and the contact pad 3 can be provided with a plurality of through holes for a plurality of bolts to carry out the test simultaneously.
The surface roughness of the contact surface of the contact pad 3 and the test bolt 1 needs to be kept to a certain requirement, and when the surface roughness exceeds the range after multiple uses, the surface should be reprocessed to ensure that the roughness reaches the required value.
According to the actual use condition of the vehicle, the actual tightening times of the threaded fastener are about 1-3 times, so in the application case, the bolts of the same process are respectively subjected to wear-free tightening-loosening test, tightening 1 time, tightening-loosening test and pre-treatment for 3 times, then are placed in a salt spray test box for carrying out manual corrosion acceleration test, and the salt spray test time reaching the same corrosion degree after the bolts of the same process are subjected to different tightening times is compared, so that a correlation curve of the two is formed.
Four groups of bolts with different processes are selected as the experimental bolt 1, the hardness value of the contact backing plate is 50-55 HRC, the roughness is set to Ra=6.5, the torque wrench set value is 20Nm, the tightening-loosening pretreatment is carried out according to the experimental steps recorded in the invention, and the repeated times N are selected from 1 time and 3 times.
Thereafter, for four sets of bolts of different processes, each of no wear (not subjected to the "tightening-loosening" test), 1 tightening (n=1 in step e), 3 tightening (n=3 in step e) was placed in a salt spray corrosion test box, and the test was started.
For convenience of identification, the first occurrence of red rust for various bolts was recorded in fig. 4 for wear-free, 1-tightening, 3-tightening, and "0r", "1r" and "3r", respectively.
As can be seen from the results of fig. 4: for the bolts of four different processes adopted in the test, the corrosion resistance of the bolts of the same process is obviously reduced by tightening the sample marked as 3r for 3 times compared with the sample marked as 0r without abrasion; the bolts of the process 1 and the process 2 are adopted, and the sample corrosion resistance test time with the tightening frequency of 1 time, namely the mark of 1r, is relatively close to the sample corrosion resistance time with the tightening frequency of 3 times, namely the mark of 3 r; the bolt of the process 4 is adopted, and the corrosion resistance test time of the sample with the tightening frequency of 1 time, namely the sample marked with 1r, is relatively close to the corrosion resistance time of the sample with the non-abrasion, namely the sample marked with 0 r; the bolt of the process 3 is adopted, and the corrosion resistance of the sample with the tightening frequency of 1 time, namely the sample marked as '1 r', is between the corrosion resistance of the sample with the non-abrasion, namely the sample marked as '0 r', and the corrosion resistance of the sample with the tightening frequency of 3 times, namely the sample marked as '3 r'.
The data of fig. 4 are plotted as a graph, as in fig. 5, to obtain a tightening number and corrosion resistance correlation curve.
By comparing the differences of the correlation results of the tightening times and the corrosion resistance of bolts in different processes, for example, a certain part on an automobile needs to be disassembled and assembled for multiple times, a worker can reasonably select a fastener according to the test parameters and the development requirements of the invention.
In the four processes of the test, for the process with stronger corrosion resistance, the attenuation of the corrosion resistance generated by the number of times of tightening and loosening is also obvious, and under the condition that the high corrosion resistance is actually required, the performance difference caused by the bolt in the tightening process needs to be considered.
Tests are carried out on threaded fasteners with different coating layers, and a result of correlation between the tightening times of the threaded fasteners and the corrosion resistance can be obtained.
The corrosion resistance of different coating layers is different, and the salt spray test time of white rust appearing for the first time or the salt spray test time of red rust appearing for the first time can be selected as the judging basis of the corrosion resistance of different coating layers according to the corrosion resistance coating layer process of the threaded fastener.
The method for testing the relevance of the tightening times of the threaded fastener and the corrosion resistance by using the test device comprises the following steps:
step one: the test bolt 1 passes through the contact base plate 3 and the bearing base plate 4 and is placed on a test device;
step two: the nut 2 is screwed on the other end of the nut with the test bolt 1 by hand until the lower surface of the screw head is contacted with the contact base plate 3 and the upper surface of the nut is also contacted with the bearing base plate 4;
fixing the nut 2 by using tools such as a wrench, turning the bolt 1 by using a torque wrench to screw, and stopping when the set maximum torque is reached in a mode of setting the maximum torque by using the torque wrench;
the maximum torque value set by the torque wrench needs to ensure that the contact backing plate 3 is in close contact with the lower surface of the screw head of the test bolt 1, and the maximum torque value born by the test bolt 1 and the matched nut 2 is not more than 75%.
Regarding the maximum torque value which can be born by the bolt and the matched nut, after the size specification grade of the bolt and the nut is determined, the maximum torque value which can be born by the bolt and the matched nut can be calculated according to the existing formula; or determining the maximum torque value bearable by the bolt and the matched nut by checking the tool book.
The torque of the torque wrench can be set, and the maximum torque of the torque wrench is set according to 75% of the maximum torque bearable value of the test bolt 1 and the matched nut 2.
Fourthly, after standing for 10 minutes, fixing the nut 2 by using tools such as a spanner, loosening the test bolt 1 by rotating the bolt until no compressive stress exists between the nut 2 and the bearing backing plate 4;
regarding the compressive stress between the nut 2 and the bearing pad 4, if there is compressive stress between the nut 2 and the bearing pad 4, the nut 2 and the bearing pad 4 are in a compressed state, and friction exists on the contact surface, so that the nut 2 cannot be easily rotated; if there is no compressive stress between the nut 2 and the backup plate 4, the nut 2 and the backup plate 4 are in a state that the separated surfaces are not in contact.
Step five: after standing for 10 minutes, repeating the third step and the fourth step, wherein the repetition times N are 1 time, 3 times, 5 times, 8 times and the like according to actual needs;
step six: placing the test bolt which is not screwed down and the test bolt 1 which is screwed down and loosened for N times into a corrosion test box to perform corrosion resistance test;
step seven: and drawing a relation curve of the tightening times and the salt spray corrosion resistance test time according to the test result to obtain a correlation result of the tightening times and the corrosion resistance of the corresponding threaded fastener.
It is necessary to pay attention to the abrasion condition of the contact surfaces of the threaded fastener and the socket, the wrench or the screwdriver, for example, visible abrasion marks appear on the surface of the threaded fastener after the first step and the afternoon of the step are completed, and the experiment can be performed by replacing a bolt with the same process, or photographing recording is performed on the visible abrasion marks, so that the influence of abrasion on corrosion performance in the later period is observed.
Finally, it should be noted that: the foregoing description is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention and is not intended to limit the invention, but rather the present invention is described in detail with reference to the foregoing embodiments, and modifications and equivalents of some of the technical features described in the foregoing embodiments may be readily apparent to those skilled in the art. Any modification, equivalent replacement, improvement, etc. made within the spirit and principle of the present invention should be included in the protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (9)
1. The method for carrying out the test of the bolt tightening times and the corrosion resistance correlation through the test device for the bolt tightening times and the corrosion resistance correlation is characterized by comprising the following steps of: the device comprises a contact base plate (3), a bearing base plate (4), a clamp system (5) and a mounting base (6); the contact base plate (3) is provided with a plurality of through holes for a plurality of bolts to simultaneously carry out experiments, the bearing base plate (4) is positioned below the contact base plate (3) and provides a bearing for the contact base plate (3), the bearing base plate (4) is provided with a plurality of through holes, and the positions and the sizes of the through holes on the bearing base plate (4) are consistent with those of the through holes on the contact base plate (3); the mounting base (6) is positioned below the bearing backing plate (4), and the clamp system (5) clamps and fixes the bearing backing plate (4) above the mounting base (6);
the method for the test of the correlation between the tightening times and the corrosion resistance of the bolts comprises the following steps:
placing a plurality of bolts which are not screwed up and are screwed up on an experimental device for different times and adopting different processes into a corrosion test box for corrosion test, wherein the corrosion test comprises the following steps:
step one: the test bolt (1) passes through the contact base plate (3) and the bearing base plate (4) and is placed on a test device;
step two: screwing the nut (2) on the test bolt (1) at the other end until the lower surface of the screw head is contacted with the contact base plate (3), and the upper surface of the nut is also contacted with the bearing base plate (4);
fixing the nut (2) by using a tool, then screwing the bolt (1) by using a torque wrench, and stopping when the torque wrench reaches the set maximum torque in a mode of setting the maximum torque;
fourthly, after standing for a period of time, loosening the bolt; until no compressive stress exists between the nut (2) and the bearing backing plate (4);
step five: standing for a period of time, and repeating the third step and the fourth step;
step six: placing the test bolt which is not screwed down and the test bolt (1) which is screwed down and loosened for N times into a corrosion test box to perform corrosion resistance test;
step seven: and drawing a relation curve of the tightening times and the salt spray corrosion resistance test time according to the test result to obtain a correlation result of the tightening times and the corrosion resistance of the corresponding bolt fastener.
2. The method for performing the bolt tightening number and corrosion resistance correlation test by the bolt tightening number and corrosion resistance correlation test apparatus according to claim 1, wherein: the mounting base (6) comprises a bottom plate, two ends of the bottom plate are respectively connected with a vertical platform, and a space between the two vertical platforms is a cavity; the two ends of the bearing backing plate (4) are respectively positioned on the platforms in the two vertical directions of the mounting base (6).
3. The method for performing the bolt tightening number and corrosion resistance correlation test by the bolt tightening number and corrosion resistance correlation test apparatus according to claim 1, wherein: the clamp system (5) comprises two clamping plates and bolts (7) which are oppositely arranged, wherein a first clamping plate (51) is fixed on the surface of a vertical platform at one end of a mounting base (6), a second clamping plate (52) is movable, and the bolts (7) penetrate through bolt holes which are oppositely arranged on the first clamping plate (51) and the second clamping plate (52) to fasten the first clamping plate (51) and the second clamping plate (52).
4. The method for performing the bolt tightening number and corrosion resistance correlation test by the bolt tightening number and corrosion resistance correlation test apparatus according to claim 1, wherein: the bearing backing plate (4) one end cling to the first clamping plate (51), the second clamping plate (52) is placed on the mounting base (6) and clings to the other surface of the same end of the bearing backing plate (4), the first clamping plate (51) and the second clamping plate (52) clamp one end of the bearing backing plate (4) in the middle, one ends of the first clamping plate (51) and the second clamping plate (52) extend out of one end of the bearing backing plate (4), and the fixing bolt (7) penetrates through the first clamping plate (51) and one ends of the second clamping plate (52) extending out of the bearing backing plate (4) to clamp and fix the first clamping plate (51) and the second clamping plate (52).
5. The method for performing the bolt tightening number and corrosion resistance correlation test by the bolt tightening number and corrosion resistance correlation test apparatus according to claim 3, wherein: one end of the first clamping plate (51) and one end of the second clamping plate (52) are respectively provided with an L-shaped notch, the two L-shaped notches are symmetrically arranged, the L-shaped notches are positioned at the joint surfaces of the first clamping plate (51) and the second clamping plate (52) and the bearing backing plate (4), and one end of the bearing backing plate (4) is clamped between the two L-shaped notches.
6. The method for performing the bolt tightening number and corrosion resistance correlation test by the bolt tightening number and corrosion resistance correlation test apparatus according to claim 1, wherein: the clamp systems (5) are symmetrically arranged at two ends of the bearing backing plate (4).
7. The method for performing the bolt tightening number and corrosion resistance correlation test by the bolt tightening number and corrosion resistance correlation test apparatus according to claim 1, wherein: the bearing backing plate (4), the first clamping plate (51) and the second clamping plate (52) are all cuboid.
8. The method for performing the bolt tightening number and corrosion resistance correlation test by the bolt tightening number and corrosion resistance correlation test apparatus according to claim 1, wherein: the highest torque value set by the torque wrench in the third step is not more than 75% of the maximum torque value bearable by the test bolt (1) and the matched nut (2).
9. The method for performing the bolt tightening number and corrosion resistance correlation test by the bolt tightening number and corrosion resistance correlation test apparatus according to claim 1, wherein: in the fifth step, the times N of repeating the third step and the fourth step can be selected from one of 1 time, 3 times, 5 times and 8 times according to actual needs.
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|---|---|---|---|---|
| ES2547901T3 (en) * | 2003-12-04 | 2015-10-09 | Nippon Steel & Sumitomo Metal Corporation | Surface adjustment treatment prior to the chemical treatment of a steel product |
| CN201083575Y (en) * | 2007-10-26 | 2008-07-09 | 东风汽车有限公司 | Pre-tightening force measuring device for bolt group |
| DE102011087683A1 (en) * | 2011-12-04 | 2013-06-06 | Baier & Michels Gmbh & Co. Kg | Corrosion-resistant screw, use of such a screw in a corrosive environment and method of making such a screw |
| CN108225887B (en) * | 2017-12-14 | 2020-09-22 | 中国特种飞行器研究所 | Corrosion detection method for bolt standard parts |
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