CN113764822B - High-ion-conductivity composite coating film for lithium primary battery and preparation method of high-ion-conductivity composite coating film - Google Patents
High-ion-conductivity composite coating film for lithium primary battery and preparation method of high-ion-conductivity composite coating film Download PDFInfo
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- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
- H01M50/403—Manufacturing processes of separators, membranes or diaphragms
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
- H01M50/409—Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by the material
- H01M50/411—Organic material
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
- H01M50/409—Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by the material
- H01M50/446—Composite material consisting of a mixture of organic and inorganic materials
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- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Abstract
The invention relates to a high ion conductivity composite coating film for a lithium primary battery and a preparation method thereof. The technical proposal is as follows: the lithium primary battery is prepared by coating a metal lithium negative electrode with a mixed solution of organic matters and inorganic matters with the mass fraction of 1% -10%, wherein the organic matters and the inorganic matters are compounds with high ion conductivity. According to the invention, the composite coating film is coated on the surface of the metal lithium cathode of the lithium primary battery, so that the actual specific capacity of the lithium primary battery is obviously improved, the hidden danger of battery short circuit caused by the penetration of lithium dendrite growth through a diaphragm and the generation of dead lithium are reduced, and the electrochemical performance and the safety performance can be improved through simple steps because the mixed solution configuration and the metal lithium coating flow are simple, and the large-scale production is easy to realize.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of lithium primary batteries. In particular to a high ion conductivity composite coating film for a lithium primary battery and a preparation method thereof.
Background
The lithium primary battery is a lithium primary battery (non-rechargeable) which takes lithium metal or lithium alloy as a negative electrode and takes materials such as manganese dioxide, thionyl chloride, carbon fluoride, iron disulfide, aluminum trifluoride and the like as a positive electrode. The metal lithium is the lightest metal element in all metal elements, the relative density is only half of that of water, and the theoretical specific capacity is 3860mAh g -1 Ten times as high as graphite negative electrode, the potential is only-3.04V (vs. standard hydrogen electrode). The metal lithium is matched with high-capacity anode materials (such as manganese dioxide, sulfur dioxide, thionyl chloride, carbon fluoride and the like) to easily reach 400Wh kg -1 The specific energy has the characteristics of high reliability and is widely applied in the energy storage field.
In the use of lithium primary batteries, the critical issues are capacity and safety. Similar to secondary batteries, primary battery capacity improvement is mainly focused on modification of the cathode material, but metallic lithium negative electrodes exert a larger influence on the actual capacity of lithium primary batteries. The stability of the metal lithium negative electrode can reduce the capacity loss caused by the advanced failure of the lithium primary battery, so that the modification of the lithium primary battery negative electrode is one of the problems to be solved urgently. The modification of the metal lithium is essentially the regulation and control of the SEI film, and electrolyte decomposition and direct contact of the metal lithium and electrolyte are prevented by regulating and controlling the components and the thickness of the SEI film, so that lithium dendrite can be effectively avoided. The SEI film is formed by forming a passivation film on the interface of the solid electrolyte intermediate phase between the metal lithium sheet and the electrolyte after the reaction of the metal lithium and the electrolyte, the passivation film can conduct Li + And insulates electrons, allowing Li + Freely pass, so it is called "solid electrolyte interface film", abbreviated as SEI film. In lithium batteries, the ideal SEI film is required not only to be electrically insulating, but also to allow ions to pass through the SEI film, and also to be mechanically flexible, to accommodate various degrees of volume expansion, and to have a relatively stable morphology and structure. Because the reaction existing in the battery is complex and uncontrollable, the SEI film component and thickness generated when the metal lithium and the electrolyte naturally react are uncontrollable, and therefore, the SEI film component simulating ideal SEI film component can be adoptedThe method comprises the step of coating the lithium metal with a composite coating film.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to solve the technical problems in the prior art, such as low actual specific capacity of the battery, excessively fast capacity decay and the like.
The invention comprises the following technical scheme:
the invention provides a high ion conductivity composite coating film for a lithium primary battery, which comprises a composite coating film of one or more components of organic matters and inorganic matters, and specifically comprises the following components:
the lithium primary battery is coated with a mixed solution of an organic matter and an inorganic matter, wherein the mixed solution is configured to be 1-10% of the mass fraction, and the organic matter is a compound with high ion conductivity;
wherein the 1% -10% mass ratio is obtained by taking the mass of the solvent used for configuration as a reference, and performing mass normalization conversion into mass ratio.
Preferably, the lithium primary battery is one of a lithium-manganese dioxide battery, a lithium-sulfur dioxide battery, a lithium-iron disulfide battery, a lithium-thionyl chloride battery, a lithium-carbon fluoride battery and a lithium-aluminum fluoride battery.
Preferably, the organic matter with higher ionic conductivity is one or a combination of more than one of tetrathiafulvalene, polyacrylonitrile, polypropylene carbonate, lithium bisbenzenesulfonimide and polypropylene carbonate; the inorganic matter is one or a combination of more of aluminum fluoride, lithium nitride, lithium sulfide, lithium oxide, lithium hydroxide and lithium carbonate.
Preferably, the mixed solution solvent in the composite coating film for the lithium primary battery is one or more solvents selected from common ester solvents and ether solvents for lithium ion battery electrolyte.
Preferably, the ether solvent is one or more solvents selected from 1, 3-dioxolane, ethylene glycol dimethyl ether, diethylene glycol dimethyl ether, propylene glycol dimethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran and ethylene glycol diethyl ether; the ester solvent is one or more solvents selected from propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate and methyl ethyl carbonate.
Preferably, in the composite coating film for a lithium primary battery, the water content of the mixed solution is 10ppm or less.
Preferably, the composite coating film for a lithium primary battery is formed by coating metal lithium with an organic/inorganic mixed solution accounting for 1%, 5% and 10% of the mass of a solvent in one of a CR2032 type lithium-manganese dioxide battery, a lithium-sulfur dioxide battery, a lithium-iron disulfide battery, a lithium-thionyl chloride battery, a lithium-carbon fluoride battery and a lithium-aluminum fluoride battery button cell; wherein the mass ratio of the organic matters to the inorganic matters is 1:1; wherein the mass of the mixed solution comprises the sum of the solvent, the organic matters and the inorganic matters; the solvent is one or more of 1, 3-dioxolane, ethylene glycol dimethyl ether, diethylene glycol dimethyl ether, propylene glycol dimethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, ethylene glycol diethyl ether, propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate and methyl ethyl carbonate, the organic matter is one or more of tetrathiafulvalene, polyacrylonitrile, polypropylene carbonate and lithium bisbenzenesulfonimide, and the inorganic matter is one or more of aluminum fluoride, lithium nitride, lithium sulfide, lithium oxide, lithium hydroxide and lithium carbonate.
The invention has the advantages and positive effects that:
according to the invention, the organic matters and the inorganic matters with higher ionic conductivity are used as the composite coating film to coat the metal lithium in the lithium primary battery, so that the actual specific capacity of the lithium primary battery is obviously improved, a stable SEI film can be formed on the surface of the negative electrode lithium sheet, the hidden trouble of battery short circuit caused by the penetration of lithium dendrite growth through a diaphragm and the generation of dead lithium are reduced, and the improvement of electrochemical performance and safety performance can be realized through simple steps due to the simple configuration of a mixed solution and the simple coating flow of the metal lithium, so that the large-scale production is easy to realize.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a graph showing the capacity comparison of a lithium primary cell made in accordance with the present invention and a lithium primary cell made using a primary lithium sheet under different storage conditions;
FIG. 2 is a graph showing the capacity comparison of a lithium primary cell made in accordance with the present invention and a lithium primary cell made using a metallic lithium negative electrode with a composite coating film of different concentrations under different storage conditions;
FIG. 3 is an SEM image of the surface of an original lithium sheet according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of Li/AlF using an original lithium sheet as a negative electrode in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention 3 SEM image of the lithium sheet surface of button cell after 10 days of storage at room temperature;
FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of Li/AlF using a 5% composite coating film for a lithium metal anode according to an embodiment of the present invention 3 SEM image of the lithium sheet surface of button cell after 10 days of storage at room temperature.
Detailed Description
In order to further disclose the contents, features and efficacy of the present invention, the following examples are exemplified and described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings.
The composite coating film for the lithium primary battery comprises a composite coating film of one or more components of organic matters and inorganic matters. The technical proposal is as follows: the lithium primary battery is coated with a metal lithium negative electrode by using a mixed solution of an organic substance and an inorganic substance, wherein the mixed solution is configured to have a mass fraction of 1% -10% (the mixed solution is obtained by taking the mass of a solvent used for configuration as a reference and performing mass normalization conversion into a mass ratio), and the organic substance is a compound with high ion conductivity;
the lithium primary battery is one of a lithium-manganese dioxide battery, a lithium-sulfur dioxide battery, a lithium-iron disulfide battery, a lithium-thionyl chloride battery, a lithium-carbon fluoride battery and a lithium-aluminum fluoride battery.
The organic matter with higher ionic conductivity is one or a combination of more of tetrathiafulvalene, polyacrylonitrile, polypropylene carbonate and lithium bisbenzenesulfonimide; the inorganic matter is one or a combination of more of aluminum fluoride, lithium nitride, lithium sulfide, lithium oxide, lithium hydroxide and lithium carbonate.
The mixed solution solvent in the composite coating film for the lithium primary battery is one or more solvents selected from common ester solvents and ether solvents of lithium ion battery electrolyte.
The ether solvent is one or more solvents selected from 1, 3-dioxolane, ethylene glycol dimethyl ether, diethylene glycol dimethyl ether, propylene glycol dimethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran and ethylene glycol diethyl ether; the ester solvent is one or more solvents selected from propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate and methyl ethyl carbonate.
The water content of the mixed solution is less than or equal to 10ppm.
Example 1:
in a glove box, PPC (polypropylene carbonate)/lithium fluoride LiF with equal mass is dissolved in DOL (1, 3-dioxolane) liquid to prepare a solution with the mass fraction of 5%, and the solution is stirred on a stirring table for 12 hours until the solution is completely dissolved, so that a transparent solution is formed. The lithium metal sheet was placed in the mixed solution and immersed for 10 seconds. Taking out the liquid with the residual surface scraped off, placing the liquid on a glass plate, and collecting the liquid after 24 hours for standby.
Proportionally mix AlF 3 Uniformly mixing Super P, PVDF (according to the mass ratio of 80:12:8) and NMP (N-methylpyrrolidone) to obtain slurry, uniformly coating the slurry on a current collector, placing the current collector in a constant temperature vacuum oven at 80 ℃ for 5 hours, stamping an electrode plate into an electrode plate with the diameter of 14mm, and placing the electrode plate in the vacuum oven at the constant temperature of 80 ℃ for 2 hours. Then, the mixture was quickly put into a glove box, and assembled with a treated metallic lithium anode and a membrane (permeable polypropylene film Celgard 2325) into a button cell by using an ester-based electrolyte, and after storage for 10, 20 and 30 days at room temperature and 55 ℃, characterization test was performed.
Comparative example:
the CR2032 type Li/AlF is assembled by adopting a metal lithium sheet without using a composite coating film, and the rest is exactly the same as the example 3 A button cell.
For Li/AlF prepared by the invention 3 Composite coating film metal lithium sheet for button cell and CR203 made of original lithium sheet2 Li/AlF 3 Button cell tests: as shown in fig. 1, the test results at room temperature and 55 ℃ are respectively shown in the same coordinate system in fig. 1, and it is emphasized that the test objects at two temperatures are lithium-ion batteries in the same original state, and the connection of the room temperature collection point for 30 days and the collection point for 10 days and 55 ℃ is not abrupt in the drawing because of the effect of 10 days discharge at 55 ℃, which is equivalent to a room temperature discharge state of more than 30 days. The triangle is a battery made of metal lithium sheets with composite coating films, and the square is a battery made of original lithium sheets: as can be seen from FIG. 1, when the specific discharge capacity of the battery assembled from the original lithium sheets in the electrolyte is much lower than that of the battery assembled from the composite coated film metal lithium sheets after storage, especially after 10 days of storage at room temperature, li/AlF using 5% composite coated film metal lithium sheets 3 The specific discharge capacity of the button cell is 249mAh g -1 While Li/AlF of original lithium sheet is used 3 The discharge specific capacity of the button cell is only 119mAh g -1 . The peak value of the discharge capacity of the lithium primary battery after the composite coating film is used appears after the lithium primary battery is stored for 10 days, because the composite coating film plays a role in protecting metal lithium in the battery, the electrolyte in the battery is difficult to infiltrate the negative electrode due to the uniform compactness of the lithium primary battery, and the condition that the discharge capacity of the battery is very low after the lithium primary battery is stored for a short time is generated. After 10 days of storage, the cell negative electrode was fully impregnated, and the composite coating film started to function in the cell, which also means that PPC and LiF were used as Li/AlF 3 The composite coating film on the surface of the metal lithium negative electrode of the button cell can obviously improve Li/AlF 3 The actual discharge capacity of the battery. In fig. 1, the peak trend of the composite coating film metal lithium sheet battery from the 1 day collecting point to the 10 day collecting point appears, because the coating effect proposed by the invention initially blocks the reaction of the electrolyte and the lithium sheet to a certain extent, and a sufficient contact effect is achieved when about 10 days are reached.
It can be seen from FIG. 3 that there are significant irregularities on the surface of the original lithium sheet, and FIG. 4 shows storage for 10 days after direct assembly of lithium primary cells using the untreated lithium sheetThe surface morphology of the metal lithium cathode after the process can be observed that the SEI film is similar to the original surface texture of the lithium sheet in shape although the SEI film is generated on the surface, the SEI film is concave-convex, the electrolyte in the concave is easily accumulated due to the non-compact SEI film in the subsequent discharging process, so that severe local reaction is carried out, and the discharge performance of the battery can be directly influenced by uneven reaction. Li/AlF with 5% composite coating film metal lithium sheet 3 As shown in FIG. 5, compared with the original lithium sheet, the surface of the lithium sheet of the button cell is provided with a layer of uniform and compact SEI film which is covered on the surface of the lithium sheet, in the subsequent discharging process, lithium ions can uniformly pass through the composite coating film with high ion conductivity to reach the positive electrode, thereby avoiding the loss of lithium ions affected by non-uniform interfaces, and the film with high ion conductivity can enable lithium ions to pass through more quickly so as to improve the discharging performance of the cell, so that the Li/AlF of the 5% composite coating film metal lithium sheet is used 3 The electrochemical performance of the button cell is optimal.
Example 2:
the PPC/LiF with equal mass is dissolved in DOL liquid in a glove box to prepare a solution with the mass fraction of 1 percent to form the Li/AlF 3 The composite coating film for battery was assembled in the same manner as in example 1 to obtain CR2032 type Li/AlF 3 A button cell.
For Li/AlF prepared by the invention 3 Composite coating film metal lithium sheet for button cell and CR2032 type Li/AlF made of original lithium sheet 3 Button cell tests: as shown in FIG. 2, li/AlF of a 1% composite coating film metallic lithium negative electrode was used at room temperature for 10 days 3 The specific discharge capacity of the button cell is 220mAh g -1 This shows that the mixed solution composite coated metal lithium anode can improve the discharge performance of the lithium primary battery, but after 30 days of storage at high temperature and long time of 55 ℃, the lithium primary battery is compared with 5% composite coating film Li/AlF 3 120mAh g of button cell -1 Li/AlF of 1% composite coating film lithium metal negative electrode 3 The specific discharge capacity of the button cell is only 41mAh g -1 The comparison shows that the electrochemical performance of the composite coating film added with 1% is higher than that of the composite coating film stored for a long time at high temperatureThe battery using the original lithium sheet was slightly higher, but much lower than the Li/AlF using a 5% composite coating film metallic lithium negative electrode 3 The electrochemical performance of the button cell, which means that when the concentration of the composite coating film is too low, the formed SEI film is not stable, so that the battery capacity is reduced upon long-term storage.
Example 3:
the PPC/LiF with equal mass is dissolved in DOL liquid in a glove box to prepare a solution with the mass fraction of 10 percent to form the Li/AlF 3 The composite coating film for battery was assembled in the same manner as in example 1 to obtain CR2032 type Li/AlF 3 A button cell.
For Li/AlF prepared by the invention 3 Composite coating film metal lithium sheet for button cell and CR2032 type Li/AlF made of original lithium sheet 3 Button cell tests: as shown in FIG. 2, li/AlF of a 10% composite coating film metallic lithium negative electrode was used at room temperature for 10 days 3 The specific discharge capacity of the button cell was 221mAh g -1 This is because the diffusion of lithium ions in a liquid is higher than that of a solid, so that when a battery using a 10% coating film is subjected to discharge test, the migration path of lithium ions in the solid is excessively long when the lithium ions migrate from the negative electrode to the positive electrode, resulting in a battery having a discharge specific capacity slightly lower than that of a battery using a 5% coating film, but still higher than that of a battery using an original lithium sheet, which also shows that the discharge performance of a lithium primary battery can be improved using a composite coating film. After 30 days of storage at high temperature for a long time at 55 ℃, relative to 5% of the composite coating film Li/AlF 3 120mAh g of button cell -1 Li/AlF of a 10% composite coating film lithium metal negative electrode 3 The specific discharge capacity of the button cell is only 59mAh g -1 The comparison shows that the electrochemical performance of the composite coating film added with 10% is slightly higher than that of a battery coated by the original lithium sheet and the 1% composite coating film and is far lower than that of a battery coated by the 5% composite coating film and the lithium/AlF of the lithium metal anode after long-time storage at high temperature 3 The electrochemical performance of button cell, which shows that even and dense film can be formed on the surface when the concentration of the composite coating film is too high, but the film thickness is too highThe battery resistance is excessively high, so that the battery capacity is reduced when stored for a long period of time.
Although the preferred embodiments of the present invention have been described above with reference to the accompanying drawings, the present invention is not limited to the above-described embodiments, which are merely adaptive, not restrictive, and many forms may be made by those having ordinary skill in the art without departing from the spirit of the present invention and the scope of the appended claims. All of which are within the scope of the present invention.
Claims (4)
1. A high ionic conductivity composite coating film for a lithium primary battery, characterized in that the coating film is prepared by the following method:
dissolving polypropylene carbonate and lithium fluoride with equal mass in 1, 3-dioxolane liquid to prepare a solution with mass fraction of 5%, and stirring 12-h on a stirring table until the solution is completely dissolved to form a transparent solution; placing the metal lithium sheet into the mixed solution, and soaking for 10 s; the scraped surface residual liquid was removed and placed on a glass plate, 24h, and the coating film was formed on the lithium sheet.
2. The high ion conductivity composite coating film for lithium primary batteries according to claim 1, wherein: the lithium primary battery is one of a lithium-manganese dioxide battery, a lithium-sulfur dioxide battery, a lithium-iron disulfide battery, a lithium-thionyl chloride battery, a lithium-carbon fluoride battery and a lithium-aluminum fluoride battery.
3. The preparation method of the high ion conductivity composite coating film for the lithium primary battery is characterized by comprising the following steps of:
dissolving polypropylene carbonate and lithium fluoride with equal mass in 1, 3-dioxolane liquid to prepare a solution with mass fraction of 5%, and stirring 12-h on a stirring table until the solution is completely dissolved to form a transparent solution; placing the metal lithium sheet into the mixed solution, and soaking for 10 s; the scraped surface residual liquid was removed and placed on a glass plate, 24h for use.
4. The method for producing a composite coating film for lithium primary batteries according to claim 3, wherein: the lithium primary battery is one of a lithium-manganese dioxide battery, a lithium-sulfur dioxide battery, a lithium-iron disulfide battery, a lithium-thionyl chloride battery, a lithium-carbon fluoride battery and a lithium-aluminum fluoride battery.
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