CN113757645A - 一种清洁的空分燃气燃烧反应器系统及运行方法 - Google Patents

一种清洁的空分燃气燃烧反应器系统及运行方法 Download PDF

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CN113757645A
CN113757645A CN202110945357.7A CN202110945357A CN113757645A CN 113757645 A CN113757645 A CN 113757645A CN 202110945357 A CN202110945357 A CN 202110945357A CN 113757645 A CN113757645 A CN 113757645A
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air
heat storage
oxygen
nitrogen
outlet
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檀经考
陈晓乐
周屈兰
李娜
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Xian Jiaotong University
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Abstract

本发明公开了一种清洁的空分燃气燃烧反应器系统及运行方法，该系统由压缩装置、级末冷却器、蓄热罐、冷箱、深冷膨胀机、膨胀阀、分馏塔、节流阀、再热器和天然气锅炉组成；该系统的运行方法是一种空分、燃烧耦合方法；本发明通过废热辅助加热燃气、氮气与氧气，提高了天然气锅炉进口条件，并且该系统可以独立制取氧气，保证天然气锅炉正常工作，同时加入空分副产物氮气充当回流烟气，起到清洁燃烧的效果；增设蓄热器和再热器的目的是利用空分过程中的废热，加热进入天然气锅炉的燃气、氮气和氧气，提高燃烧效率；增设低温分馏空气分离的目的是实现独立制取气体燃料富氧燃烧所需的氧气，以及氮气充当回流烟气提高燃烧效率，满足用户的不同需要。

Description

一种清洁的空分燃气燃烧反应器系统及运行方法
技术领域
本发明属于清洁燃烧技术领域，特别涉及一种清洁的空分燃气燃烧反应器系统及运行方法。
背景技术
NOx是NO、NO2和N2O等多种氮氧化物的合称,燃烧产生的NOx以NO为主。NOx的生成有燃料型(fuel-NOx)、热力型(thermal-NOx)、快速型(prompt-NOx)三种机理，在工业锅炉中，热力型NOx是主要的氮氧化物来源。目前大多数大型燃烧器都采用非预混燃瓶的方式，即燃气与空气在燃烧器中并不相混合而是在燃烧器出口通过不同的射流、旋流等使得两股气流相互混合而发生点火燃烧。这种燃烧速率取决于空气和燃气的混合速率称之为扩散控制燃烧。根据对NOx生成机理及燃气的燃烧器工况对NOx排放浓度的影响分析,为了实现燃气锅炉的低NOx，排放需要从燃气分级、空气分级、分级燃烧区域、烟气回流几个主要方面设计。
为了燃气锅炉清洁燃烧，通常选取的技术路线是旋流一二次风浓淡燃烧技术。一般选择将燃烧空气人为分为两股送入炉膛中，在炉膛内形成了富氧、富燃料等2个燃烧区；为了高效减少氮氧化物的产生，通常采取的方法是在燃烧器出口旁边的着火区域生成一个贫氧富燃料空间，减缓了二次风的混入进程，维持挥发分在还原性气氛下高效燃烧，降低了燃料氮氧化物的排放，尤其是有效避免了热力型NOx的产生。
现有的旋流一二次风浓淡燃烧技术仍存在一定的缺陷，包括：
1、采用该燃烧技术之后，增大了不完全燃烧热损失，致使炉膛内的燃烧区域向后偏移，导致炉膛出口烟温骤升，从而大大降低了燃料燃烧的热效率；
2、现有的空气分级燃烧技术在需要的高浓度氧气来源受限，一般是由外部购买；
3、现有的燃气锅炉炉内燃烧反应快，火焰温度高，烟气再循环量波动大，难以精准确定。
综上，亟需一种新的清洁的空分燃气燃烧技术反应器系统及其运行方法。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于提供一种新的清洁的空分燃气燃烧反应器系统及运行方法，以解决目前存在的旋流一二次风浓淡燃烧技术炉膛出口烟温偏高，氧气来源单一且独立性不足，烟气循环量波动大不好控制造成资源浪费的技术问题中的一个或多个。本发明能够使得天然气燃烧所需高浓度氧气通过空分设备独立制取；能够通过一二次风、浓淡燃料、纯氧与氮气的配合保证合理的炉内燃烧区域与合适的炉膛出口烟温；创新性地利用空分制取的氮气取代循环烟气，降低炉内燃烧温度从而达到控制氮氧化物排放的目的。
为达到上述目的，本发明所采用的技术方案是：
一种清洁的空分燃气燃烧反应器系统，由压缩装置1、级末冷却器2、蓄热罐3、冷箱4、深冷膨胀机5、分馏塔6、节流阀7、再热器8和天然气锅炉9所组成；
所述压缩装置1末级出口与级末冷却器2热端入口连通，级末冷却器2热端出口与冷箱4的入口连通，冷箱4出口与深冷膨胀机5的入口连通，深冷膨胀机5的出口与分馏塔6的下塔釜入口连通，分馏塔6的塔底出口通过节流阀7连通分馏塔6上部的回流液入口，分馏塔6上塔釜内冷凝蒸发器的冷凝侧和蒸发侧出口分别与再热器8冷端的氮气入口和富氧空气入口相连通，引入的燃气流与再热器8冷端的燃气入口相连通；压缩装置1中多级压缩机级间出口与蓄热罐3的入口相连通，级末冷却器2的冷端出口也与蓄热罐3的入口相连通，蓄热罐3的出口与再热器8的热端入口相连通，再热器8冷端的氮气出口、富氧空气出口和燃气出口与天然气锅炉9的燃烧器入口相连通。
该系统通过压缩装置1在压缩过程中产生的以及压缩完成后高温高压气流在级末冷却器2内换热产生的废热辅助加热燃气、氮气与氧气，提高了天然气锅炉9的进口条件，同时加入空分副产物氮气充当回流烟气。
所述压缩装置1为2-4级压缩机并配有级间冷却装置，结构简单，压比高；其中空气由压缩装置1入口由大气直接引入；同时压缩装置1中的各级压缩机之间的出口，引出与压缩空气表面换热的储热介质至蓄热罐3进行储热，换热前的储热介质均为常温常压状态。
所述的级末冷却器2利用储热介质与高温空气进行表面换热，空气温度降低，储热介质被加热后由级末冷却器2冷端出口进入蓄热罐3储存；
所述蓄热罐3接受来自压缩装置1和级末冷却器2的储热介质，并从下部出口引入再热器8；
所述再热器8，用于预热进入天然气锅炉9的气体，具体工作原理为表面换热，利用蓄热罐3引入的储热介质中的热量，加热再热器8进口处的氮气、富氧空气和燃气，然后由再热器8冷端的氮气出口、富氧空气出口和燃气出口送入天然气锅炉9燃烧器入口进行清洁燃烧；
所述天然气锅炉9，使用旋流一二次风浓淡燃烧器，经再热器8预热进入天然气锅炉9的氧气、氮气和燃气，在旋流一二次风浓淡燃烧器入口处进行分级纯氧与燃气混合；将空分副产物氮气送入旋流一二次风浓淡燃烧器入口中心充当回流烟气；
所述压缩装置1、级末冷却器2、蓄热罐3、再热器8组成蓄热子系统，其中的储热介质为液态导热油，液态导热油在蓄热子系统内呈闭环状态，依靠循环泵推动液态导热油在压缩装置1的各个冷却装置内工作；导热油具体的用量和在各个冷却装置之间的流速需要根据系统容量来确定。
所述冷箱4，具体结构为填充床式蓄冷器，利用球形颗粒石子作为填充填料来存储和释放冷能，工作温度范围为-198℃～30℃，采用多罐蓄冷，双罐串联的方式运行；释放冷能时，冷却由级末冷却器2过来的高压空气，冷能来源为电能补冷；
所述深冷膨胀机5，用于使低温空气液化；高压低温的空气在深冷膨胀机5内膨胀做功后，温度和压力都下降；膨胀过程中，部分空气发生液化，深冷膨胀机5出口处为气液两相混合空气；
所述分馏塔6，用于分离空气；液态空气在分馏塔6的下塔釜部部分气化上升与回流液进行热质交换，其余液态空气与回流的富氧液空混合，节流后进入冷凝蒸发器的蒸发侧，冷却冷凝侧的氮气，加热蒸发变成富氧空气引出；液氮被冷却成液态后一部分作为产品从冷凝蒸发器顶盖下引出，另一部分作为回流液与上升的气体进行热质交换；
所述节流阀7，用于降低富氧液态空气温度，提高富氧液态空气的冷能。
所述的一种清洁的空分燃气燃烧反应器系统的空分、燃烧耦合方法，净化空气在压缩装置1的压缩机中压缩，并在级间冷却装置内换热降温；压缩后的高温高压空气进入级末冷却器2，与储热介质进行表面换热降温，换热后的高温储热介质进入蓄热罐3存储；
换热后的高压空气进入冷箱4进一步深冷降温，温度降至-100℃以下；高压低温空气进入深冷膨胀机5进行膨胀做功，部分空气发生液化，同时回收一部分功，深冷膨胀机5出口为低温的气液两相混合空气；
将深冷膨胀机5出口的气液混合空气送入分馏塔6的下塔釜后，然后经过节流阀7进一步降温后，液态空气在分馏塔6内发生分离，在分馏塔6上塔釜的冷凝蒸发器的冷凝侧引出氮气产品，在蒸发侧引出氧气产品；
空气从进入压缩装置1到最终液化，分离为氮气和氧气，中间经历的诸多步骤操作条件没有特别限制，只需要在深冷膨胀机5之后获得气液两相的空气即可；
将分馏塔6引出的氮气，氧气流以及外部引入的燃气流送入再热器8，与从蓄热罐3引入的高温储热介质进行换热，各气流预热后，分级纯氧与燃气混合送入天然气锅炉9的燃烧器入口，快速着火，充分燃烧，提高燃烧效率；同时向天然气锅炉9的燃烧器入口中心加入空分副产物氮气充当回流烟气，起到清洁燃烧的效果，最终达到提升天然气锅炉9燃烧效率，保证清洁燃烧的效果。
所述的空分、燃烧耦合方法，需要通过控制压缩装置1的进气量和输入天然气锅炉9的燃气量来达到空分、燃烧耦合关系：通过控制压缩装置1的进气量，可以改变最终获得的氮气，氧气流量；而进入天然气锅炉9的氧气量在纯氧燃烧中需要与进入天然气锅炉9的燃气量匹配，以达到充分燃烧，清洁燃烧的目的；即，通过控制压缩装置1的进气量和进入天然气锅炉9的燃气量，可以控制天然气锅炉9的燃烧功率。
相对于常规的天然气锅炉清洁燃烧系统，本发明中的空分燃气燃烧反应器系统仅须在原有的天然气锅炉清洁燃烧系统基础上增设蓄热器、再热器、低温分馏空气分离，而这些设备本身结构简单、价格低廉、性能稳定，所以该空分燃气燃烧反应器系统有望取得显著的节能及经济效益，可以达到如下有益效果：
(1)该系统能够使得天然气燃烧所需高浓度氧气通过空分设备独立制取。
(2)能够通过一二次风、浓淡燃料、纯氧与氮气的配合保证合理的炉内燃烧区域与合适的炉膛出口烟温。
(3)能够利用储热介质与高压高温空气表面换热的热能加热送入燃气炉的氮气、氧气及燃气，以及回收高压空气膨胀功，节约能源同时提高系统效率。
(4)创新性地利用空分制取的氮气取代循环烟气，降低炉内燃烧温度从而达到控制氮氧化物排放的目的。
(5)空分系统获得的多余的氮气，氧气可以作为产品销售，创造额外经济效益。
附图说明
图1是本发明系统的结构示意图。
具体实施方式
如图1所示，本发明一种清洁的空分燃气燃烧反应器系统，由压缩装置1、级末冷却器2、蓄热罐3、冷箱4、深冷膨胀机5、分馏塔6、节流阀7、再热器8和天然气锅炉9所组成；
所述压缩装置1末级出口与级末冷却器2热端入口连通，级末冷却器2热端出口与冷箱4的入口连通，冷箱4出口与深冷膨胀机5的入口连通，深冷膨胀机5的出口与分馏塔6的下塔釜入口连通，然后分馏塔6的塔底出口通过节流阀7连通分馏塔6上部的回流液入口，分馏塔6上塔釜内冷凝蒸发器的冷凝侧和蒸发侧出口分别与再热器8冷端的氮气入口、富氧空气入口相连通，引入的燃气流与再热器8冷端的燃气入口相连通。压缩装置1中多级压缩机级间出口与蓄热罐3的入口相连通，级末冷却器2的冷端出口也与蓄热罐3的入口相连通，然后蓄热罐3的出口与再热器8的热端入口相连通，最后再热器8冷端的氮气、富氧空气、燃气出口与天然气锅炉9的燃烧器入口相连通。
本发明清洁的空分燃气燃烧反应器系统的空分、燃烧耦合方法如下：
净化空气在压缩装置1的压缩机中压缩，并在级间冷却装置内换热，空气在压缩装置1的末级压缩机出口处压力为8MPa，温度为350℃；压缩后的高温高压空气进入级末冷却器2，与储热介质进行表面换热降温，高压空气换热后温度从350℃降低至46℃，换热后的高温储热介质进入蓄热罐3存储；
换热后的高压空气进入冷箱4进一步深冷降温，温度从46℃降低至-150℃；高压低温空气进入深冷膨胀机5进行膨胀做功，压力从8MPa降低至0.688MPa，温度从-150℃降低至-168.7℃，部分空气发生液化，同时回收一部分功，深冷膨胀机5出口为低温的气液两相混合空气；
将深冷膨胀机5出口的气液混合空气送入分馏塔6的下塔釜后，然后经过节流阀7进一步降温后，液态空气在分馏塔6内发生分离，在分馏塔6上塔釜的冷凝蒸发器的冷凝侧可以引出氮气产品，在蒸发侧引出氧气产品；
空气从进入压缩装置1到最终液化，分离为氮气和氧气，中间经历的诸多步骤操作条件没有特别限制，只需要在深冷膨胀机5之后获得气液两相的空气即可。
将分馏塔6引出的氮气，氧气流以及外部引入的燃气流送入再热器8，与从蓄热罐3引入的高温储热介质进行换热，各气流预热至100℃后，分级纯氧与燃气混合送入天然气锅炉9，快速着火，充分燃烧，提高燃烧效率；同时向天然气锅炉9加入空分副产物氮气充当回流烟气，起到清洁燃烧的效果，最终达到提升天然气锅炉燃烧效率，保证清洁燃烧的效果。
所述的空分、燃烧耦合方法，需要通过控制压缩装置1的进气量和输入天然气锅炉9的燃气量来达到空分、燃烧耦合关系：通过控制压缩装置1的进气量，可以改变最终获得的氮气，氧气流量；而进入天然气锅炉9的氧气量在纯氧燃烧中需要与进入天然气锅炉9的燃气量匹配，以达到充分燃烧，清洁燃烧的目的；即，通过控制压缩装置1的进气量和进入天然气锅炉9的燃气量，可以控制天然气锅炉9的燃烧功率。
以上所述仅是本发明的优选实施方式，应当指出：对于本技术领域的普通技术人员来说，在不脱离本发明原理的前提下，还可以做出若干改进和润饰，这些改进和润饰也应视为本发明的保护范围。

Claims (7)

1.一种清洁的空分燃气燃烧反应器系统，其特征在于：由压缩装置(1)、级末冷却器(2)、蓄热罐(3)、冷箱(4)、深冷膨胀机(5)、分馏塔(6)、节流阀(7)、再热器(8)和天然气锅炉(9)所组成；
所述压缩装置(1)末级出口与级末冷却器(2)热端入口连通，级末冷却器(2)热端出口与冷箱(4)的入口连通，冷箱(4)出口与深冷膨胀机(5)的入口连通，深冷膨胀机(5)的出口与分馏塔(6)的下塔釜入口连通，分馏塔(6)的塔底出口通过节流阀(7)连通分馏塔(6)上部的回流液入口，分馏塔(6)上塔釜内冷凝蒸发器的冷凝侧和蒸发侧出口分别与再热器(8)冷端的氮气入口和富氧空气入口相连通，引入的燃气流与再热器(8)冷端的燃气入口相连通；压缩装置(1)中多级压缩机级间出口与蓄热罐(3)的入口相连通，级末冷却器(2)的冷端出口也与蓄热罐(3)的入口相连通，蓄热罐(3)的出口与再热器(8)的热端入口相连通，再热器(8)冷端的氮气出口、富氧空气出口和燃气出口与天然气锅炉(9)的燃烧器入口相连通。
2.如权利要求1所述的一种清洁的空分燃气燃烧反应器系统，其特征在于：该系统通过压缩装置(1)在压缩过程中产生的以及压缩完成后高温高压气流在级末冷却器(2)内换热产生的废热辅助加热燃气、氮气与氧气，提高了天然气锅炉(9)的进口条件，同时加入空分副产物氮气充当回流烟气。
3.如权利要求1所述的一种清洁的空分燃气燃烧反应器系统，其特征在于：所述压缩装置(1)为2-4级压缩机并配有级间冷却装置，结构简单，压比高；其中空气由压缩装置(1)入口由大气直接引入；同时压缩装置(1)中的各级压缩机之间的出口，引出与压缩空气表面换热的储热介质至蓄热罐(3)进行储热，换热前的储热介质均为常温常压状态。
4.如权利要求1所述的一种清洁的空分燃气燃烧反应器系统，其特征在于：所述的级末冷却器(2)利用储热介质与高温空气进行表面换热，空气温度降低，储热介质被加热后由级末冷却器(2)冷端出口进入蓄热罐(3)储存；
所述蓄热罐(3)接受来自压缩装置(1)和级末冷却器(2)的储热介质，并从下部出口引入再热器(8)；
所述再热器(8)，用于预热进入天然气锅炉(9)的气体，具体工作原理为表面换热，利用蓄热罐(3)引入的储热介质中的热量，加热再热器(8)进口处的氮气、富氧空气和燃气，然后由再热器(8)冷端的氮气出口、富氧空气出口和燃气出口送入天然气锅炉(9)燃烧器入口进行清洁燃烧；
所述天然气锅炉(9)，使用旋流一二次风浓淡燃烧器，经再热器(8)预热进入天然气锅炉(9)的氧气、氮气和燃气，在旋流一二次风浓淡燃烧器入口处进行分级纯氧与燃气混合；将空分副产物氮气送入旋流一二次风浓淡燃烧器入口中心充当回流烟气；
所述压缩装置(1)、级末冷却器(2)、蓄热罐(3)、再热器(8)组成蓄热子系统，其中的储热介质为液态导热油，液态导热油在蓄热子系统内呈闭环状态，依靠循环泵推动液态导热油在压缩装置(1)的各个冷却装置内工作；导热油具体的用量和在各个冷却装置之间的流速需要根据系统容量来确定。
5.如权利要求1所述的一种清洁的空分燃气燃烧反应器系统，其特征在于：所述冷箱(4)，具体结构为填充床式蓄冷器，利用球形颗粒石子作为填充填料来存储和释放冷能，工作温度范围为-198℃～30℃，采用多罐蓄冷，双罐串联的方式运行；释放冷能时，冷却由级末冷却器(2)过来的高压空气，冷能来源为电能补冷；
所述深冷膨胀机(5)，用于使低温空气液化；高压低温的空气在深冷膨胀机(5)内膨胀做功后，温度和压力都下降；膨胀过程中，部分空气发生液化，深冷膨胀机(5)出口处为气液两相混合空气；
所述分馏塔(6)，用于分离空气；液态空气在分馏塔(6)的下塔釜部部分气化上升与回流液进行热质交换，其余液态空气与回流的富氧液空混合，节流后进入冷凝蒸发器的蒸发侧，冷却冷凝侧的氮气，加热蒸发变成富氧空气引出；液氮被冷却成液态后一部分作为产品从冷凝蒸发器顶盖下引出，另一部分作为回流液与上升的气体进行热质交换；
所述节流阀(7)，用于降低富氧液态空气温度，提高富氧液态空气的冷能。
6.权利要求1至5任一项所述的一种清洁的空分燃气燃烧反应器系统的空分、燃烧耦合方法，其特征在于：净化空气在压缩装置(1)的压缩机中压缩，并在级间冷却装置内换热降温；压缩后的高温高压空气进入级末冷却器(2)，与储热介质进行表面换热降温，换热后的高温储热介质进入蓄热罐(3)存储；
换热后的高压空气进入冷箱(4)进一步深冷降温，温度降至-100℃以下；高压低温空气进入深冷膨胀机(5)进行膨胀做功，部分空气发生液化，同时回收一部分功，深冷膨胀机(5)出口为低温的气液两相混合空气；
将深冷膨胀机(5)出口的气液混合空气送入分馏塔(6)的下塔釜后，然后经过节流阀(7)进一步降温后，液态空气在分馏塔(6)内发生分离，在分馏塔(6)上塔釜的冷凝蒸发器的冷凝侧引出氮气产品，在蒸发侧引出氧气产品；
空气从进入压缩装置(1)到最终液化，分离为氮气和氧气，中间经历的诸多步骤操作条件没有特别限制，只需要在深冷膨胀机(5)之后获得气液两相的空气即可；
将分馏塔(6)引出的氮气，氧气流以及外部引入的燃气流送入再热器(8)，与从蓄热罐(3)引入的高温储热介质进行换热，各气流预热后，分级纯氧与燃气混合送入天然气锅炉(9)的燃烧器入口，快速着火，充分燃烧，提高燃烧效率；同时向天然气锅炉(9)的燃烧器入口中心加入空分副产物氮气充当回流烟气，起到清洁燃烧的效果，最终达到提升天然气锅炉(9)燃烧效率，保证清洁燃烧的效果。
7.根据权利要求6所述的空分、燃烧耦合方法，其特征在于：需要通过控制压缩装置(1)的进气量和输入天然气锅炉(9)的燃气量来达到空分、燃烧耦合关系：通过控制压缩装置(1)的进气量，改变最终获得的氮气和氧气流量；而进入天然气锅炉(9)的氧气量在纯氧燃烧中需要与进入天然气锅炉(9)的燃气量匹配，以达到充分燃烧，清洁燃烧的目的；即，通过控制压缩装置(1)的进气量和进入天然气锅炉(9)的燃气量，控制天然气锅炉(9)的燃烧功率。
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CN115014778A (zh) * 2022-05-17 2022-09-06 西安航天动力试验技术研究所 一种大尺度高焓风洞来流模拟燃烧装置

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* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
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CN115014778A (zh) * 2022-05-17 2022-09-06 西安航天动力试验技术研究所 一种大尺度高焓风洞来流模拟燃烧装置
CN115014778B (zh) * 2022-05-17 2024-05-03 西安航天动力试验技术研究所 一种大尺度高焓风洞来流模拟燃烧装置

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