CN113743036B - Low permeability-tight reservoir water injection induced dynamic fracture strip model calculation method - Google Patents
Low permeability-tight reservoir water injection induced dynamic fracture strip model calculation method Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention belongs to the technical field of petroleum exploitation, and particularly relates to a water injection induced dynamic fracture strip, which is particularly aimed at a hypotonic-dense oil reservoir. A method for calculating a hypotonic-dense oil reservoir water injection induced dynamic fracture strip model comprises the following steps of: establishing a physical model; step 2: establishing a mathematical model: the water injection induced fracture strip model typical curve includes 5 flow phases: a wellbore reservoir section; a transition section; a fracture-altering reservoir section; a second transition section; a linear flow section affected by the variation of the fracture attribute parameter; aiming at the problem of low permeability reservoir water injection induced dynamic fracture, the invention reveals the mechanism of water injection induced fracture under the condition of lower fracture pressure, establishes a dynamic fracture strip model considering the change of fracture attribute parameters in the shut-in pressure measurement process, reveals the wellbore storage and the "fracture storage" effect caused by fracture closure, can rapidly and accurately explain important parameters such as water injection induced fracture length, diversion capacity and the like, and provides scientific basis for fine water flooding real-time regulation.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of petroleum exploitation, and particularly relates to a water injection induced dynamic fracture strip, which is particularly aimed at a hypotonic-dense oil reservoir.
Background
The fractures are commonly existing in low-permeability sandstone, and the common characteristics of a large number of domestic low-permeability sandstone reservoirs are that an oil layer is compact, hydrodynamic force is poor, conventional drilling has no natural productivity, the energy is produced after fracturing transformation, the reservoir pressure is low, and water injection maintaining pressure becomes a main development mode. However, in the water injection development process, the prominent problem faced by the low permeability-ultra low permeability sandstone reservoir is that when water is injected into a local crack development area, injected water is injected into the local crack development area along cracks to cause water channeling and flooding, and the physical properties of a base block of a crack non-development area are poor, so that the injection pressure is high, the water well is underinjected, the water driving wave and volume are small, the reserve utilization degree is low, the influence of the cracks on the water injection development of an oil field is larger and larger, key factors of controlling the water driving effect and the residual oil distribution rule are controlled, and the reservoir potential can be furthest exerted by matching and optimizing the dynamic cracks of a well pattern and a water injection well. Therefore, the correct understanding of the dynamic fracture characteristics becomes an important basis for the scientific development of the oil field.
In the long-term water injection development process of the hypotonic-dense oil reservoir, because the pressure is suppressed in the near-wellbore zone of the water injection well, when the bottom-hole pressure exceeds the fracture and extension pressure of the rock stratum, the rock stratum is broken, or the closed and filled natural cracks in the original state are excited and revived, so that a new-generation and effective crack channel is generated. These cracks are controlled by the present ground stress field, and as the water injection rate increases and the bottom hole pressure increases, the cracks continue to extend in the direction of the well until communicating with the well fracture, and these new and effective cracks are called dynamic cracks, which are classified into 3 types by cause: natural potential closed dynamic cracks, super-fracture pressure dynamic cracks and artificial measure induced dynamic cracks. The opening of the dynamic cracks is controlled by the double factors of the horizontal ground stress and the natural cracks, the opening sequence of the cracks in water injection development depends on the included angle between the trend of the natural cracks and the direction of the maximum horizontal main stress, the smaller the included angle is, the smaller the opening pressure of the natural cracks is, the injected water will advance along the natural cracks in the direction of the maximum horizontal main stress, and the natural cracks in other directions will be sequentially opened along with the increase of the water injection pressure, so that the oil reservoir is flooded in one direction or multiple directions, the yield of the oil well is greatly reduced, and the development effect of the oil field is poor.
In the low permeability-dense oil reservoir water injection development process, the flow change difference between the water injection well and the oil extraction well is large, and the water injection well is not fractured or only is subjected to small fracturing, but the water injection amount is large; even if large-scale fracturing is carried out on a production well, the liquid yield is still low, meanwhile, oil well water leakage has unidirectional property, and the phenomena are closely related to the formation of a flooding channel by inducing micro cracks through water injection. Aiming at the problem of dynamic fracture induction caused by low permeability-tight reservoir water injection, the utility model reveals the mechanism of fracture induction caused by water injection under the condition of lower fracture pressure, establishes a pressure analysis model considering fracture attribute parameter variation fracture strips in the well closing pressure measuring process, can timely and reliably judge natural fracture opening and connectivity between injection and production wells, inverts stratum and induced fracture parameters, and provides scientific basis for water flooding regulation and control.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the problems, the invention provides a method for calculating a low permeability-tight reservoir water injection induced dynamic fracture strip model.
The technical scheme of the invention is as follows:
water injection induced dynamic fracture mechanism
(1) Natural cracks are activated
Along with the progress of water injection, formation pressure gradually rises, when the opening pressure of natural micro-cracks is reached, the natural cracks which are in the original closed state are induced, the opening pressure of the cracks in different directions is related to the included angle between the crack occurrence and the maximum principal stress direction, if the natural cracks are vertical cracks, the stress born by the crack surface under the current stress condition is as follows:
wherein: sigma (sigma) x Sum sigma y Stress applied to the crack surface in parallel and perpendicular to the crack surface is MPa; sigma (sigma) max Sum sigma min The maximum and minimum horizontal main stress and MPa; beta is the included angle theta between the crack trend and the direction of the maximum main stress; τ xy Is the shear stress of the crack tip, MPa; the opening of the natural fracture is mainly caused by tensile stress on the surface perpendicular to the fracture, when the pressure in the fracture exceeds the maximum tensile stress, the fracture is opened, and the water injection induces the dynamic fracture to extend along the direction of the maximum principal stress.
(2) Artificial fracture propagation
The low permeability reservoir has poor permeability and poor water absorption capacity, so that the water injection well adopts explosion fracturing, deflagration and compound perforation betting modes to form a plurality of radial short cracks in the near-wellbore zone for enhancing the injection capacity. The cracks are communicated and extended in the water injection process, and finally a dynamic crack seepage channel is formed. The fracture propagation pressure can be calculated from the following formula:
wherein: p is p tip The crack extension pressure is MPa; u is the seam energy, J; v is poisson's ratio, dimensionless; e is elastic modulus, MPa; x is x f Is half-length and cm of the split seam.
(3) The formation fracture forms a new water injection induced fracture formed by the water injection pressure exceeding the formation fracture pressure, and is mainly applicable to reservoirs where natural fractures do not develop, and the conditions of the water injection induced dynamic fracture are as follows:
p tip ＝3σ min -σ max +σ t -p p (5)
wherein: sigma (sigma) t Is the tensile strength of the rock and MPa; p is p p Is formation pore pressure; MPa;
if natural microcracks in the reservoir are not developed, the injected water can be absorbed by the matrix reservoir only without artificial deflagration and explosion fracturing, and the pressure near the bottom of the well is continuously increased due to the weak water absorption capacity of the low-permeability reservoir, so that when the reservoir pressure reaches the rock fracture pressure, the stratum can be fractured to generate new seams. According to the comparison of the distribution relation between the water injection induced cracks and the natural cracks in the Ansai oilfield king kiln zone, the following steps are found: in the longitudinal direction, water injection induced cracks are mainly distributed in areas where natural cracks relatively develop; in the transverse direction, water injection induced cracks are mainly formed from the parts where natural cracks are relatively developed, and then spread and extend along the north east-south west main seepage crack direction. The team also analyzed the production dynamics of the Ansai field, confirming that the bottom hole pressure at fracture induction was less than the formation fracture pressure. The main mechanism for inducing the cracks of the low permeability reservoir is that the stratum is not broken to form new cracks, but micro cracks which are originally in a closed state are activated, and then the micro cracks continuously extend to form crack strips. This reminds us that the formation fracture pressure as the upper limit of the water injection pressure is insufficient to prevent the initiation of induced fractures. The development of low-permeability oil reservoirs needs to strengthen the dynamic monitoring of the water injection well.
(II) Water injection induced dynamic fracture Ore characteristics
The water injection induced fracture is a dynamic forming process, and is caused by the fact that in the long-term water injection process, the pressure is suppressed in the near-wellbore zone of the water injection well, so that the micro-fracture in the original closed state is induced, or the stratum is broken to generate a new fracture. The formation of water-flooding induced fractures has several mine features:
(1) The water content of the oil well rises rapidly, and the corresponding water well injection pressure is insensitive to the water injection rate;
(2) The water injection indication curve has obvious inflection points;
(3) The water absorption section of the water injection well is finger-shaped/peak-shaped water absorption characteristics;
(4) The water injection well test curve shows crack characteristics, and the explained effective permeability is far greater than the matrix permeability;
(5) The oil well takes effect and is flooded with water to present obvious directional characteristics;
(6) The test results of the tracer, or water drive front, etc., show directional communication.
And thirdly, a method for calculating a low permeability-dense oil reservoir water injection induced dynamic fracture strip model comprises the following steps:
step 1: establishing a physical model: crack strips with widths of about several meters to tens of meters appear around the water injection induced cracks, and hypertonic channels are arranged in the strips; the model makes the following assumptions:
(1) The reservoir is homogeneous, equal in thickness and infinite, the upper and lower boundaries are closed, and the influence of temperature is ignored;
(2) Only the seepage of single-phase water is considered, provided that it satisfies darcy's law;
(3) Considering the influence of only one water injection induced joint, it is assumed to penetrate the whole oil layer and be symmetrical along the shaft; the crack extends in a direction substantially parallel to the strip boundary; taking the change of fracture conductivity and half length of the fracture in the closing pressure measuring stage into consideration;
(4) Since the crack strip has a much greater internal percolation capacity than the strip outside, the crack strip is assumed to be an impermeable boundary;
(5) Assuming that the crack is limited in flow guiding, and assuming that the seepage of the water body in the reservoir is in a tri-linear flow state due to the influence of the crack strip boundary;
(6) Neglecting the effect of gravity;
step 2: establishing a mathematical model
The water injection induced fracture strip model typical curve includes 5 flow phases: a wellbore reservoir section; a transition section; a fracture-altering reservoir section; a second transition section; a linear flow section affected by the variation of the fracture attribute parameter;
bottom hole pressure solution p FD The calculation process of (1) is as follows:
wherein: p is p FD Is the pressure at the crack, and is dimensionless;
γ D is the permeability change coefficient, dimensionless;
ξ FD for real space solution considering the change of fracture conductivity, dimensionless;
(one) wherein, gamma D The calculation process of (1) is as follows:
wherein: q w For the injection amount, cm 3 /d；
μ is fluid viscosity, cP; b is volume coefficient, cm 3 /cm 3 ；
k m Is matrix permeability, dimensionless;
h is the thickness of the oil reservoir, cm;
gamma is the permeability coefficient of variation, MPa -1 ；
Considering that the change of the permeability of the water injection induced fracture during well shut-in meets the following rules:
wherein: k (k) F Permeability, mD, at a certain pressure;
p F the pressure at the crack is MPa;
K i as initial permeability of the fracture, mD;
P i is the original formation pressure, MPa;
(II) wherein, xi FD The calculation process of (1) is as follows:
wherein:for a pull-type spatial solution taking account of the change of the fracture conductivity, dimensionless;
s is the epidermis coefficient, dimensionless;
C FD0 the initial fracture flow conductivity is dimensionless;
α F as an intermediate variable at any moment, dimensionless;
wherein:
wherein: η (eta) fD Is a fracture pressure guiding coefficient, and is dimensionless;
α 0 as an initial intermediate variable, dimensionless;
s 0 is the initial epidermis coefficient, dimensionless;
C RD is a reservoir conductivity coefficient, dimensionless;
w fD is crack width, dimensionless;
phi is the porosity, dimensionless;
c t to synthesize the compression coefficient, atm -1 ；
k is permeability, mD;
k f is fracture permeability, mD;
w is the width of the crack, cm;
k m is the matrix permeability, mD;
L f0 the distance between the crack and the shaft is cm;
taking into account the "double reservoir" effect of the wellbore, fracture, the Duhamel principle can be used byCalculated->Shadow elimination of crack stripe boundaries by mirror image reflection principleThe sound is that:
wherein:to account for the final pull-type spatial solution of the wellbore reservoir, dimensionless;
i n is the number of crack strips;
y iD the gap is the gap between the crack strips, and the dimension is zero;
wherein:
wherein: alpha is any coefficient, and is dimensionless;
w is the width of the strip, cm;
obtained xi wD5 I.e. xi FD ；
(III) Gamma D And xi (xi) FD Carrying out calculation by using a formula (11) to obtain a bottom hole pressure solution p FD Obtaining the crack-variable length&Variable conductivity curve and variable length from the crack&The variable conductivity curve interprets the parameters.
The invention has the technical effects that:
aiming at the problem of low permeability reservoir water injection induced dynamic fracture, the invention reveals the mechanism of water injection induced fracture under the condition of lower fracture pressure, establishes a dynamic fracture strip model considering the change of fracture attribute parameters in the shut-in pressure measurement process, reveals the wellbore storage and the "fracture storage" effect caused by fracture closure, can rapidly and accurately explain important parameters such as water injection induced fracture length, diversion capacity and the like, and provides scientific basis for fine water flooding real-time regulation.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of the low permeability-tight reservoir water injection induced fracture banding pattern of the present invention.
Wherein figure (a) is a geometric model of a water injection well affected by water injection induced fracture strips; fig. (b) is a three-linear flow model.
Fig. 2 is a schematic diagram of the principle of mirror image reflection.
FIG. 3 is a typical plot of a water-flooding induced fracture strip model.
Fig. 4 is a graph comparing the calculation results of the present model and Saphir (Ecrin 2011) numerical model.
FIG. 5 is a graph of a H1 well log-log fit.
Detailed Description
Example 1 model verification
For the reliability of the model, saphir software is used for well testing design, unstructured grids are adopted to simulate the bottom hole pressure response characteristics of a fracturing well, the half length of a fracture is 300m, in order to meet the characteristics of an infinite oil reservoir, the size of the oil reservoir is 4000 multiplied by 3000m, the width of a fracture strip is 200m, and the fracture is positioned in the center of the strip. And adopting a local grid encryption method, wherein rectangular grids are arranged at two ends of the crack to simulate stratum linear flow.
By using the data in table 1, the bottom hole pressure solution is calculated through a Saphir (Ecrin 2011) numerical model and the method provided by the invention, a crack-variable crack length & variable flow conductivity curve is formed, as shown in fig. 4, the results obtained by the two methods have higher consistency, and the reliability of the model is verified.
Table 1 input parameters for numerical verification
Example 2 specific application example
Fracture-variable fracture length of H1 well&The variable conductivity curve is shown in FIG. 5 below, and it can be seen that the early pressure and pressure derivative overlap, presenting a slope of 1, then the pressure and derivative curves are substantially parallel to each other, presenting a 1/2 slope, and finally the pressure derivative rises. According to the crack-change length&The change of the conductivity curve also shows the order of magnitude increase of the release reservoir coefficient of 43.3m 3 and/MPa. It was found that the well was shut in due to the absence of proppant (filled with water) in the induced dynamic fractureAnd then, as the pressure in the seam is reduced, the seam is gradually closed, so that the flow conductivity of the seam is reduced, the pressure derivative is upwarp in the later period, and the phenomenon is similar to the upwarp of the pressure derivative caused by poor seepage capability of the outer region of the radial compound oil reservoir.
Using the "crack strip" model presented in this patent, a double logarithmic fit curve can be obtained as shown in FIG. 5. The permeability of the release was 0.37mD, and the crack face skin coefficient was 1.
The half length of the fracture is calculated to be 90m by fitting measured data and theoretical data and by a 1/2 slope line with pressure and pressure derivative parallel to each other; another approach is to use the interpreted reservoir coefficient (43.3 m 3 and/MPa), the half-length of the crack is estimated to be about 73.5m. The calculation ends of the two methods are basically consistent, the interpretation result is reliable, the influence of the rising of the pressure derivative at the later stage, which is not necessarily the influence of a closed boundary, the reduction of the induced fracture conductivity is likely to cause a similar phenomenon, if the interpreted reservoir coefficient is larger, the fracture is induced around the water injection well, and the fracture is closed after closing the well and measuring pressure is carried out.
The water injection development practice of the low permeability reservoir of the Erdos basin shows that the water injection still induces crack generation under the condition of lower fracture pressure, which indicates that the water injection does not fracture the rock stratum, but activates and extends the natural cracks which are originally in a closed state. The formation of water injection induced cracks is beneficial to improving the permeability of a reservoir, improving the injection capacity of a water well, bringing the risk of directional flooding, and greatly reducing the sweep efficiency. Unlike the fracture of an oil well, since no propping agent is used in the water injection induced fracture, when the pressure in the fracture is lower than the fracture closing pressure during closing the well and pressure measurement, the water originally stored in the fracture is squeezed into the stratum by inducing the gradual closing of the fracture, so that a phenomenon similar to a wellbore storage is formed. There is a trend to increase the reservoir coefficients interpreted by many water injection wells in the mine.
A water injection well crack strip model considering the change of the crack attribute parameters is established, and the special double-reservoir and variable-reservoir effects of the water injection well are provided. The reduction of half length of the induced fracture in the shut-in pressure measurement process can cause the unique 'variable fracture reservoir effect' of the water injection well. The reduction of the fracture conductivity may result in late upwarp of the pressure derivative of the water injection well, and therefore, the late upwarp of the pressure derivative of the water injection well is not necessarily caused by a boundary.
Claims (1)
1. A method for calculating a hypotonic-dense oil reservoir water injection induced dynamic fracture strip model is characterized by comprising the following steps of: the method comprises the following steps:
step 1: establishing a physical model: crack strips with widths of about several meters to tens of meters appear around the water injection induced cracks, and hypertonic channels are arranged in the strips; the model makes the following assumptions:
(1) The reservoir is homogeneous, equal in thickness and infinite, the upper and lower boundaries are closed, and the influence of temperature is ignored;
(2) Only the seepage of single-phase water is considered, provided that it satisfies darcy's law;
(3) Considering the influence of only one water injection induced joint, it is assumed to penetrate the whole oil layer and be symmetrical along the shaft; the crack extends in a direction substantially parallel to the strip boundary; taking the change of fracture conductivity and half length of the fracture in the closing pressure measuring stage into consideration;
(4) Since the crack strip has a much greater internal percolation capacity than the strip outside, the crack strip is assumed to be an impermeable boundary;
(5) Assuming that the crack is limited in flow guiding, and assuming that the seepage of the water body in the reservoir is in a tri-linear flow state due to the influence of the crack strip boundary;
(6) Neglecting the effect of gravity;
step 2: establishing a mathematical model
The water injection induced fracture strip model typical curve includes 5 flow phases: a wellbore reservoir section; a transition section; a fracture-altering reservoir section; a second transition section; a linear flow section affected by the variation of the fracture attribute parameter;
bottom hole pressure solution p FD The calculation process of (1) is as follows:
wherein: p is p FD Is the pressure at the crack, and is dimensionless;
γ D is the permeability change coefficient, dimensionless;
ξ FD for real space solution considering the change of fracture conductivity, dimensionless;
(one) wherein, gamma D The calculation process of (1) is as follows:
wherein: q w For the injection amount, cm 3 /d；
μ is fluid viscosity, cP;
b is volume coefficient, cm 3 /cm 3 ；
k m Is matrix permeability, dimensionless;
h is the thickness of the oil reservoir, cm;
gamma is the permeability coefficient of variation, MPa -1 ；
Considering that the change of the permeability of the water injection induced fracture during well shut-in meets the following rules:
wherein: k (k) F Permeability, mD, at a certain pressure;
p F the pressure at the crack is MPa;
K i as initial permeability of the fracture, mD;
P i is the original formation pressure, MPa;
(II) wherein, xi FD The calculation process of (1) is as follows:
wherein:for a pull-type spatial solution taking account of the change of the fracture conductivity, dimensionless;
s is the epidermis coefficient, dimensionless;
C FD0 the initial fracture flow conductivity is dimensionless;
α F as an intermediate variable at any moment, dimensionless;
wherein:
wherein: η (eta) fD Is a fracture pressure guiding coefficient, and is dimensionless;
α 0 as an initial intermediate variable, dimensionless;
s 0 is the initial epidermis coefficient, dimensionless;
C RD is a reservoir conductivity coefficient, dimensionless;
w fD is crack width, dimensionless;
phi is the porosity, dimensionless;
c t to synthesize the compression coefficient, atm -1 ；
k is permeability, mD;
k f is fracture permeability, mD;
w is the width of the crack, cm;
k m is the matrix permeability, mD;
L f0 the distance between the crack and the shaft is cm;
taking into account the "double reservoir" effect of the wellbore, fracture, the Duhamel principle can be used byCalculated->By the mirror image reflection principle, the influence of the crack stripe boundary is eliminated, and then:
wherein:to account for the final pull-type spatial solution of the wellbore reservoir, dimensionless;
i n is the number of crack strips;
y iD the gap is the gap between the crack strips, and the dimension is zero;
wherein:
wherein: alpha is any coefficient, and is dimensionless;
w is the width of the strip, cm;
obtained xi wD5 I.e. xi FD ；
(III) Gamma D And xi (xi) FD Carrying out calculation by using a formula (11) to obtain a bottom hole pressure solution p FD Obtaining the crack-variable length&Variable flow guide
Capacity curve, and explain parameters from the crack-length & conductivity curve.
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