CN113739065A - 低温储存系统 - Google Patents

低温储存系统 Download PDF

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CN113739065A
CN113739065A CN202110576198.8A CN202110576198A CN113739065A CN 113739065 A CN113739065 A CN 113739065A CN 202110576198 A CN202110576198 A CN 202110576198A CN 113739065 A CN113739065 A CN 113739065A
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removal line
heat exchanger
medium
storage
vessel
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CN113739065B (zh
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M.斯图本劳赫
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Magna Steyr Fahrzeugtechnik GmbH and Co KG
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Steyr Daimler Puch Fahrzeugtechnik AG and Co KG
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C7/00—Methods or apparatus for discharging liquefied, solidified, or compressed gases from pressure vessels, not covered by another subclass
    • F17C7/02—Discharging liquefied gases
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C3/00—Vessels not under pressure
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C7/00—Methods or apparatus for discharging liquefied, solidified, or compressed gases from pressure vessels, not covered by another subclass
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C13/00—Details of vessels or of the filling or discharging of vessels
    • F17C13/02—Special adaptations of indicating, measuring, or monitoring equipment
    • F17C13/025—Special adaptations of indicating, measuring, or monitoring equipment having the pressure as the parameter
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C13/00—Details of vessels or of the filling or discharging of vessels
    • F17C13/04—Arrangement or mounting of valves
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C7/00—Methods or apparatus for discharging liquefied, solidified, or compressed gases from pressure vessels, not covered by another subclass
    • F17C7/02—Discharging liquefied gases
    • F17C7/04—Discharging liquefied gases with change of state, e.g. vaporisation
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    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2203/00—Vessel construction, in particular walls or details thereof
    • F17C2203/03—Thermal insulations
    • F17C2203/0391—Thermal insulations by vacuum
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    • F17C2205/00—Vessel construction, in particular mounting arrangements, attachments or identifications means
    • F17C2205/03—Fluid connections, filters, valves, closure means or other attachments
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    • F17C2205/0335—Check-valves or non-return valves
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    • F17C2205/03—Fluid connections, filters, valves, closure means or other attachments
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    • F17C2221/01—Pure fluids
    • F17C2221/012—Hydrogen
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    • F17C2223/0146—Two-phase
    • F17C2223/0153—Liquefied gas, e.g. LPG, GPL
    • F17C2223/0161—Liquefied gas, e.g. LPG, GPL cryogenic, e.g. LNG, GNL, PLNG
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    • F17C2223/03—Handled fluid before transfer, i.e. state of fluid when stored in the vessel or before transfer from the vessel characterised by the pressure level
    • F17C2223/033—Small pressure, e.g. for liquefied gas
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    • F17C2225/01—Handled fluid after transfer, i.e. state of fluid after transfer from the vessel characterised by the phase
    • F17C2225/0107—Single phase
    • F17C2225/0123—Single phase gaseous, e.g. CNG, GNC
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    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
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    • F17C2225/01—Handled fluid after transfer, i.e. state of fluid after transfer from the vessel characterised by the phase
    • F17C2225/0146—Two-phase
    • F17C2225/0153—Liquefied gas, e.g. LPG, GPL
    • F17C2225/0161—Liquefied gas, e.g. LPG, GPL cryogenic, e.g. LNG, GNL, PLNG
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    • F17C2227/0306—Heat exchange with the fluid by heating using the same fluid
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    • F17C2270/0197—Rockets
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
    • Y02E60/32—Hydrogen storage

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Filling Or Discharging Of Gas Storage Vessels (AREA)

Abstract

一种用于储存低温介质特别是用于储存氢气的储存系统，包括用于容纳介质的储存容器(1)、用于从储存容器(1)移除气体介质的气体移除管线(2)、以及与气体移除管线(2)流体连接并布置在储存容器(1)外部用于加热介质的第一热交换器(3)和与气体移除管线(2)流体连接并布置在第一热交换器(3)的下游和储存容器(1)的内部用于加热储存容器(1)中的液体介质的罐内热交换器(4)，储存系统还包括用于从储存容器(1)移除液体介质的液体移除管线(5)、布置在气体移除管线(2)中的第一可控截止阀(6)和布置在液体移除管线中的第二可控截止阀(7)、或者构造成在气体移除管线(2)处具有第一入口和在液体移除管线(5)处具有第二入口的可控转换阀。

Description

低温储存系统
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用于储存低温介质特别是用于储存氢气的储存系统。
背景技术
众所周知，低温介质即冷藏且至少部分液态的介质比如氢气可以保存在储存容器中，以便运输能量，例如用于驱动车辆、飞机或火箭。介质通常以部分液体形式以及部分气体形式存在于储存容器中。
为了从储存容器移除介质，已知在储存容器外部加热移除的介质，并将加热介质的部分流再次输送回储存容器，使得返回的部分流周围的介质同样在容器中被加热并因此蒸发。通过控制或调节分支的加热的部分流，可以控制储存容器中产生的蒸发，并且可以相应地调节储存容器中的内部压力。
例如，DE43 20 556A1公开了一种用于低温介质的储存容器，特别是用于液态氢的机动车辆储存容器，具有从储存容器中引出的流入管线和流出管线的蒸发器管布置在储存容器的内部。从储存容器移除的液态和/或气态氢由此被蒸发和加热，并且蒸发和加热的氢的部分流被引导通过储存容器内部的蒸发器管，并且随后与未被引导通过蒸发器管的蒸发和加热的氢的部分流一起被供给到消费装置，例如机动车辆的发动机或燃料电池。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提供一种用于储存低温介质的储存系统，该储存系统允许在移除介质时控制储存系统的储存容器的内部压力，并且该储存系统具有简单的结构并且可以廉价地生产。
该目的通过一种用于储存低温介质特别是用于储存氢气的储存系统来实现，该储存系统包括用于容纳介质的储存容器、用于从储存容器移除气体介质的气体移除管线、以及与气体移除管线流体连接并布置在储存容器外部用于加热介质的第一热交换器和与气体移除管线流体连接并布置在第一热交换器的下游和储存容器的内部用于加热储存容器中的液体介质的罐内热交换器，储存系统还包括用于从储存容器移除液体介质的液体移除管线、布置在气体移除管线中的第一可控截止阀和布置在液体移除管线中的第二可控截止阀。代替第一和第二可控截止阀，可控转换阀可以构造成在气体移除管线处具有第一入口和在液体移除管线处具有第二入口。
根据本发明，介质因此可以以两种不同的方式从储存容器移除，即一方面通过液体移除管线，其在储存容器的正常操作状态下延伸到液体介质中，另一方面通过第二气体移除管线，其不同于液体移除管线并且其在储存容器的正常操作状态下延伸到气体介质中。因为气体介质位于储存容器中液体介质的上方，所以液体移除管线的入口优选位于储存容器的底部附近，气体移除管线优选位于储存容器的顶部附近。两个单独移除管线中的每个都具有其自己相关的截止阀，使得根据两个截止阀的位置，介质可以仅通过液体移除管线或仅通过气体移除管线移除，或者优选地也通过这两个管线移除。可替代地，可控转换阀可以构造成具有在气体移除管线处的第一入口和在液体移除管线处的第二入口，使得同样地，根据转换阀的位置，介质可以仅通过液体移除管线或者仅通过气体移除管线被移除。液体或气体介质可以用单个转换阀移除。这种优选具有两个入口和一个出口的转换阀可以打开“液体”入口或“气体”入口，并且优选还具有阻塞两个入口或出口的附加功能。
从储存容器移除的介质被第一热交换器加热，并且加热的介质被供给到消费装置，例如燃料电池。
在第一热交换器之后，所有加热介质再次流过储存容器，即流过布置在储存容器内部用于加热储存容器中的液体介质的罐内热交换器。罐内热交换器为此优选地布置在储存容器的区域中，在该区域中，液体介质通常位于储存容器中，也就是说优选地在储存容器的底部附近。
通过有目的地打开或关闭第一和/或第二截止阀，或者转换阀的第一和/或第二入口，介质的移除可以仅通过液体移除管线或仅通过气体移除管线或通过这两个管线进行，也就是说以液体形式或气体形式或者同时以两种状态。
当气体从储存容器移除时，储存容器中的压力会下降。这特别在储存容器处于或接近工作压力的上限(MAWP，最大允许工作压力)时会发生。
当液体从储存容器移除时，储存容器中的压力会增加。这特别在储存容器处于或接近工作压力的下限(NWP，额定工作压力)时会发生。
通过控制第一和第二关闭阀或转换阀，储存容器中的压力可以在移除介质时相应地被调节。因此，对于压力控制来说，不需要用于仅将一部分被移除的介质返回到罐内热交换器的可控三通阀或分流阀。因此，与其他已知的储存系统相比，该储存系统可以更简单地构造，并且生产成本更低。
罐内热交换器的尺寸优选为使得尽管在罐内热交换器处蒸发但当通过气体移除管线移除气体时储存容器中的压力下降，并且当通过液体移除管线移除液体时储存容器中的压力上升，至少是由于罐内热交换器处的蒸发。
优选地，至少在第一热交换器的下游，在气体移除管线或液体移除管线中不布置可控三通阀，使得通过气体移除管线和/或液体移除管线移除并由第一热交换器加热的所有介质到达罐内热交换器。
特别优选地，在气体移除管线或液体移除管线中不布置可控三通阀，使得通过气体移除管线和/或液体移除管线移除的所有介质到达罐内热交换器。
储存系统优选地包括控制单元，并且控制单元适于在移除介质时控制储存容器中的压力，因为控制单元打开第一或第二截止阀，或者打开转换阀的第一入口或第二入口，使得介质经由气体移除管线或液体移除管线从储存容器移除。控制单元还可以优选地同时打开或同时关闭第一截止阀和第二截止阀，或者转换阀的第一入口和第二入口。
储存系统优选地包括用于容纳介质的双壁容器，储存容器形成双壁容器的内部容器，并且双壁容器还包括围绕储存容器的外部容器。
第一热交换器优选地布置在形成内部容器的储存容器和外部容器之间。
可替代地，第一热交换器可以布置在外部容器的外部。
相同的第一热交换器优选流体连接到气体移除管线和液体移除管线。
第一截止阀和第二截止阀优选布置在第一热交换器的上游。
用于加热介质的第二热交换器优选布置在罐内热交换器的下游和储存容器的外部。
当储存系统包括用于容纳介质的双壁容器时，储存容器形成双壁容器的内部容器，并且双壁容器还包括围绕储存容器的外部容器，第二热交换器优选地布置在形成内部容器的储存容器和外部容器之间。可替代地，第二热交换器也可以布置在外部容器的外部。
如这里针对第二热交换器所述，储存系统的其他部件特别是与控制储存系统相关的其他部件例如第一和第二截止阀、止回阀等可以优选地布置在内部容器(即储存容器)和外部容器之间，即优选在真空空间中。可替代地，这些部件也可以布置在外部容器的外部。
第一和第二热交换器可以设计成两个独立的热交换器，或者设计成具有用于低温介质的两个独立通道和用于传热介质的公共通道的公共热交换器。
经由气体移除管线和/或液体移除管线移除的介质优选在罐内热交换器的下游被供给到消费装置，特别是燃料电池。
已经被移除的介质优选在第二热交换器之后到达消费装置。
第三截止阀优选地布置在罐内热交换器之后和消费装置之前。第三截止阀可以特别布置在第二热交换器之后的流动路径中。
附图说明
下面将参照附图通过示例描述本发明。
图1是根据本发明的储存系统的示意图。
图2是根据本发明的另一储存系统的示意图。
具体实施方式
图1示出了根据本发明的储存系统，用于储存低温介质，特别是用于储存氢气。
储存系统包括用于容纳介质的储存容器1。储存容器1形成双壁容器的内部容器，双壁容器还包括外部容器11。在外部容器11和内部容器即储存容器1之间形成真空。在外部容器11和内部容器之间的一些区域中还布置有安装件13，以便将双壁容器的两个壳体相对于彼此定位。
在储存容器1的下部区域，即在图中以波浪线表示的液面之下，低温介质特别是氢以液体的形式存在于容器中，在波浪液面之上，它以气态存在。
气体移除管线2适于从储存容器1移除气体介质，使得气体移除管线2的自由端终止于储存容器1中液面上方，在储存容器1的顶部附近。
液体移除管线5适于从储存容器1移除液体介质，使得液体移除管线5的自由端终止于储存容器1中液面下方，在储存容器1的底部附近。
因此，术语“顶部”和“底部”是指储存容器的通常安装位置，例如在驾驶或飞行的运输装置中，在运输装置的正常操作中，重力在朝向储存容器底部的方向上起作用。
第一可控截止阀6布置在气体移除管线2中，第二可控截止阀7布置在液体移除管线5中。两个截止阀都位于储存容器1的外部。在图1中，截止阀也位于外部容器11的外部。
在图2所示的储存系统的替代实施例中，两个截止阀布置在外部容器11内部，即在内部容器(储存容器1)和双壁储存容器的外部容器之间，特别是在真空空间中。
截止阀可由控制装置控制，控制装置同样布置在真空空间(图2)中或者作为整体布置在容器外部(图1)。因此，优选地，通过截止阀的流动不仅可以被中断或启动，而且还可以减少。
储存容器1从再加料装置14的再加料也可以经由气体移除管线2和/或液体移除管线5进行，优选地也经由第一截止阀6和/或第二截止阀7。
气体移除管线2和液体移除管线5在两个截止阀6、7之后被汇合在一起以形成公共管线。整流阀特别是止回阀15可以布置在气体移除管线2中，使得仅允许从第一截止阀6到第一热交换器3的流动方向，相反的方向被阻断。
公共管线形式的气体移除管线2和液体移除管线5流体连接到第一热交换器3，其布置在储存容器1的外部，例如在储存容器1和双壁储存容器的外部容器11之间(图2)，用于加热已被移除的介质。
用于加热储存容器1中的液体介质的罐内热交换器4布置在第一热交换器3的下游于储存容器1内，从储存容器1移除的加热介质流过罐内热交换器。作为罐内热交换器4加热的结果，储存容器1中的液体介质被部分加热和蒸发。
在气体移除管线2或液体移除管线5中不布置可控三通阀，使得通过气体移除管线2和/或液体移除管线5移除并由第一热交换器3加热的所有介质到达罐内热交换器4。
由于储存容器1中的压力通过第一和第二截止阀6、7来调节，因此不需要可控三通阀。
储存系统的控制单元适于在移除介质时控制储存容器1中的压力，因为控制单元打开第一截止阀6和/或第二截止阀7，使得介质经由气体移除管线2和/或液体移除管线5从储存容器1移除。
用于加热介质的第二热交换器8布置在罐内热交换器4的下游，并且在储存容器1的外部、双壁容器的外部容器11的外部(图1)或内部(图2)。
经由气体移除管线2和/或液体移除管线5移除的介质在罐内热交换器4的下游被供给到消费装置10，特别是燃料电池。第三截止阀9布置在第二热交换器8和消费装置10之间。
图2的实施例与图1的不同之处在于，储存系统中与控制相关的部件比如第一热交换器3、第二热交换器8、第一截止阀6和第二截止阀7以及止回阀15布置在外部容器11的内部，而不是如图1那样布置在外部容器11的外部，并且因此布置在形成真空空间的双壁容器的中间空间中。
附图标记列表
1 储存容器
2 气体移除管线
3 第一热交换器
4 罐内热交换器
5 液体移除管线
6 第一可控截止阀
7 第二可控截止阀
8 第二热交换器
9 第三可控截止阀
10 消费装置
11 外部容器
13 安装件
14 再加料装置
15 止回阀。

Claims (10)

1.一种用于储存低温介质特别是用于储存氢气的储存系统，包括用于容纳介质的储存容器(1)、用于从储存容器(1)移除气体介质的气体移除管线(2)、以及与气体移除管线(2)流体连接并布置在储存容器(1)外部用于加热介质的第一热交换器(3)和与气体移除管线(2)流体连接并布置在第一热交换器(3)的下游和储存容器(1)的内部用于加热储存容器(1)中的液体介质的罐内热交换器(4)，
其特征在于，所述储存系统还包括用于从储存容器(1)移除液体介质的液体移除管线(5)、布置在气体移除管线(2)中的第一可控截止阀(6)和布置在液体移除管线中的第二可控截止阀(7)、或者构造成在气体移除管线(2)处具有第一入口和在液体移除管线(5)处具有第二入口的可控转换阀。
2.根据权利要求1所述的储存系统，
其特征在于，至少在第一热交换器(3)的下游，在气体移除管线(2)或液体移除管线(5)中没有布置可控三通阀，使得通过气体移除管线(2)和/或液体移除管线(5)移除并由第一热交换器(3)加热的所有介质到达罐内热交换器(4)。
3.根据权利要求1所述的储存系统，
其特征在于，所述储存系统包括控制单元，并且控制单元适于在移除介质时控制储存容器(1)中的压力，因为控制单元打开第一截止阀(6)和/或第二截止阀(7)，或者打开转换阀的第一入口和/或第二入口，使得介质经由气体移除管线(2)和/或经由液体移除管线(5)从储存容器(1)移除。
4.根据权利要求1所述的储存系统，
其特征在于，所述储存系统包括用于容纳介质的双壁容器，所述储存容器(1)形成该双壁容器的内部容器，并且该双壁容器还包括围绕储存容器(1)的外部容器(11)。
5.根据权利要求4所述的储存系统，
其特征在于，所述第一热交换器(3)布置在形成内部容器的储存容器(1)和外部容器(11)之间。
6.根据权利要求4所述的储存系统，
其特征在于，所述第一热交换器(3)布置在外部容器(11)的外部。
7.根据权利要求1所述的储存系统，
其特征在于，所述第一热交换器(3)流体连接到气体移除管线(2)和液体移除管线(5)。
8.根据权利要求7所述的储存系统，
其特征在于，所述第一截止阀(6)和第二截止阀(7)或转换阀布置在第一热交换器(3)的上游。
9.根据权利要求1所述的储存系统，
其特征在于，用于加热介质的第二热交换器(8)布置在罐内热交换器(4)的下游和储存容器(1)的外部，所述储存系统优选地包括用于容纳介质的双壁容器，储存容器(1)形成该双壁容器的内部容器，并且该双壁容器还包括围绕储存容器(1)的外部容器(11)，第二热交换器(8)布置在形成内部容器的储存容器(1)和外部容器(11)之间，或者第二热交换器(8)布置在外部容器(11)的外部。
10.根据权利要求1所述的储存系统，
其特征在于，经由所述气体移除管线(2)和/或液体移除管线(5)移除的介质在罐内热交换器(4)的下游被供给到消费装置(10)，特别是燃料电池。
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