CN113732625A - Processing technology of dustproof and antirust hub nut - Google Patents
Processing technology of dustproof and antirust hub nut Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN113732625A CN113732625A CN202110927960.2A CN202110927960A CN113732625A CN 113732625 A CN113732625 A CN 113732625A CN 202110927960 A CN202110927960 A CN 202110927960A CN 113732625 A CN113732625 A CN 113732625A
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- nut
- cap
- nut body
- processing technology
- antirust
- Prior art date
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Links
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 19
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 35
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 238000004080 punching Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 238000004381 surface treatment Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 238000010079 rubber tapping Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 239000002283 diesel fuel Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 238000010030 laminating Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 238000003754 machining Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 238000005554 pickling Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 238000000465 moulding Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 230000006978 adaptation Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- FGUUSXIOTUKUDN-IBGZPJMESA-N C1(=CC=CC=C1)N1C2=C(NC([C@H](C1)NC=1OC(=NN=1)C1=CC=CC=C1)=O)C=CC=C2 Chemical compound C1(=CC=CC=C1)N1C2=C(NC([C@H](C1)NC=1OC(=NN=1)C1=CC=CC=C1)=O)C=CC=C2 FGUUSXIOTUKUDN-IBGZPJMESA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005457 optimization Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 2
- 241000221535 Pucciniales Species 0.000 description 1
- 238000007792 addition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000032683 aging Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007493 shaping process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23P—METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; COMBINED OPERATIONS; UNIVERSAL MACHINE TOOLS
- B23P15/00—Making specific metal objects by operations not covered by a single other subclass or a group in this subclass
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
- B23K26/08—Devices involving relative movement between laser beam and workpiece
- B23K26/0823—Devices involving rotation of the workpiece
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
- B23K26/20—Bonding
- B23K26/21—Bonding by welding
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
- B23K26/70—Auxiliary operations or equipment
- B23K26/702—Auxiliary equipment
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K37/00—Auxiliary devices or processes, not specially adapted to a procedure covered by only one of the preceding main groups
- B23K37/04—Auxiliary devices or processes, not specially adapted to a procedure covered by only one of the preceding main groups for holding or positioning work
- B23K37/0426—Fixtures for other work
- B23K37/0435—Clamps
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Optics & Photonics (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
- Automatic Assembly (AREA)
- Laser Beam Processing (AREA)
Abstract
The invention relates to a processing technology of a dustproof and antirust hub nut, which comprises the following steps: a. processing the nut body: cold heading molding is carried out on the raw materials, then vibration grinding is carried out, the strength and the hardness are improved through heat treatment after grinding, then tapping is carried out on the inner hole, and diesel oil cleaning is carried out after tapping; b. processing a combined flat cushion: forming the combined flat pad by warm upsetting; c. and (3) laminating: sleeving the combined flat gasket on a clamping sleeve at the lower end of the nut body, and extruding the clamping sleeve outwards to complete the pressing of the nut body and the combined flat gasket; d. acid washing: pickling the pressed combined flat gasket and the nut body together; e. and (3) processing a cover cap: the cap is formed by punching; f. cap welding: pressing the cap on the upper end face of the nut body, simultaneously rotating the cap and the nut body, and performing circumferential welding on the joint of the cap and the nut body through laser welding; g. surface treatment: and carrying out surface treatment on the hub nut after the machining is finished.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of nut processing, in particular to a processing technology of a dustproof and antirust hub nut.
Background
The wheel hub nut is the spare part that is used for fixing the wheel hub of vehicle on the vehicle, and current wheel hub nut installation back, the bolt exposes the outside, can spatter earth in complicated road conditions, blocks up the screw thread, exposes for a long time and rusts ageing easily in the outside, leads to the nut not to pull down, consequently can set up a block at the up end of nut, protects the bolt tip through the block.
The existing dustproof and antirust hub nut usually adopts an integrally forged processing mode, so that the processing procedure is complex and the processing cost is high.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the defects of the prior art, the invention provides the processing technology of the dustproof and antirust hub nut, which is convenient to process and low in cost.
The invention is realized by the following technical scheme, and provides a processing technology of a dustproof and antirust hub nut, which comprises the following steps:
a. processing the nut body: cold heading molding is carried out on the raw materials, then vibration grinding is carried out, the strength and the hardness are improved through heat treatment after grinding, then tapping is carried out on the inner hole, and diesel oil cleaning is carried out after tapping;
b. processing a combined flat cushion: forming the combined flat pad by warm upsetting;
c. and (3) laminating: sleeving the combined flat gasket on a clamping sleeve at the lower end of the nut body, and extruding the clamping sleeve outwards to complete the pressing of the nut body and the combined flat gasket;
d. acid washing: pickling the pressed combined flat gasket and the nut body together;
e. and (3) processing a cover cap: the cap is formed by punching; the cap is formed by punching a steel plate, so that the cost is low and the processing efficiency is high;
f. cap welding: pressing the cap on the upper end face of the nut body, simultaneously rotating the cap and the nut body, and performing circumferential welding on the joint of the cap and the nut body through laser welding; the connection part of the cap and the nut body is welded in a circle by laser welding, so that the welding strength is high, the height of a welding seam is small, the surface is smooth, the welding in the circle is realized by rotating the cap and the nut body, a laser welding gun does not need to move, the processing efficiency is high, and the welding tool is convenient to design;
g. surface treatment: and carrying out surface treatment on the hub nut after the machining is finished.
Preferably, in the step f, the nut body is placed in the center of the turntable, then the cap is placed in the central hole of the cap seat, the cap seat is connected to the fixed shaft in a shaft mode, the fixed shaft is pushed towards the direction of the turntable, so that the cap is pressed on the upper end face of the nut body, and the cap and the nut body are driven to rotate together through rotation of the turntable. Welding frock in this scheme includes carousel, block and fixed axle, promotes through fixed axial carousel direction to press the block at nut body up end, because the center at the carousel is placed to the nut body, and block seat coupling is on the fixed axle, and the carousel drives the cap, nut body and the same rotation of block seat when rotatory, thereby realizes the same rotation of block and nut body.
Preferably, the central hole of the cap seat is matched with the diameter of the cap, and a magnet is arranged in the central hole. Magnet is equipped with in the centre bore in this scheme, places the block to the centre bore after, can prevent that the block from deviating from or removing.
As optimization, the carousel is close to the one end rigid coupling of nut block has the nut cardboard, open on the nut cardboard have with the nut body outer lane adaptation the nut draw-in groove, the nut draw-in groove is including consecutive 4 binding face, 4 consecutive face adaptations on 4 binding face and the nut body. 4 continuous face adaptations on 4 binding faces and the nut body in this scheme to after putting into the nut draw-in groove with the nut, 4 binding faces are laminated with the outer 4 faces of circumference of nut, thereby drive the nut body rotation.
And as optimization, an avoiding gap is reserved between the nut clamping plate and the rotary table, and the edge of the nut clamping plate is fixedly connected with the edge of the rotary table through a connecting plate. The clearance of dodging that sets up in this scheme can make the nut body put into the nut draw-in groove after, and the combination flat pad of nut bottom is placed in dodging the clearance, prevents to interfere.
Preferably, the fixed shaft is fixed on a telescopic shaft of the cylinder, and the cap is pressed on the upper end face of the nut body through the extension of the cylinder. The cylinder in this scheme drives the flexible removal of fixed axle to realize the automation of block and compress tightly and separate.
The invention has the beneficial effects that: according to the processing technology of the dustproof and antirust hub nut, the cap is formed by the steel plate in a stamping mode, the cost is low, the processing efficiency is high, the thickness of the formed cap is small, the circumferential welding is carried out on the joint of the cap and the nut body through laser welding, the welding strength is high, the height of a welding seam is small, the surface is smooth, the cap cannot be welded through, the circumferential welding is realized through rotating the cap and the nut body, a laser welding gun does not need to move, the processing efficiency is high, and the welding tool is convenient to design.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic flow diagram of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a front view of the hub nut of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view taken along plane A-A of FIG. 2 in accordance with the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of the cap of the present invention;
FIG. 5 is a schematic structural view of the welding tool of the present invention;
FIG. 6 is a front view of the welding tool of the present invention;
FIG. 7 is a schematic structural view of a turntable in the welding tool of the present invention;
shown in the figure:
1. nut body, 2, block, 3, combination flat pad, 4, carousel, 5, block seat, 6, fixed axle, 7, cylinder, 8, connecting block, 9, nut cardboard, 10, cutting ferrule.
Detailed Description
In order to clearly illustrate the technical features of the present solution, the present solution is explained below by way of specific embodiments.
As shown in fig. 1 to 7, the processing technology of the dustproof and antirust hub nut of the invention comprises the following steps:
a. processing of the nut body 1: carry out the cold-heading shaping with the raw materials to the cold-heading forms outer hexagon and centre bore, and the cutting ferrule 10 of lower extreme is gone out in the cold-heading simultaneously, then vibrates and grinds, improves nut body 1's outward appearance, and the deburring improves intensity and hardness through heat treatment after grinding, then attacks the tooth to the internal hole, carries out diesel oil after attacking the tooth and washs, gets rid of the greasy dirt, the processing in the later stage of being convenient for.
b. And (3) processing of the combined flat cushion: the combined flat pad 3 is formed by warm upsetting, and an inner hole is processed into a conical shape during cold upsetting, so that later-stage pressing is facilitated.
c. And (3) laminating: the combined flat gasket 3 is sleeved on the clamping sleeve 10 at the lower end of the nut body 1, the clamping sleeve 10 is extruded outwards, the clamping sleeve 10 is expanded outwards to form a cone shape, and the cone shape is matched with the cone-shaped inner hole of the combined flat gasket 3, so that the pressing of the nut body 1 and the combined flat gasket 3 is completed.
d. Acid washing: and pickling the pressed combined flat gasket 3 and the nut body 1 together.
e. And (3) processing of the cap 2: the block 2 is through stamping forming, during the punching press, uses the circular shape sheet material to carry out the punching press to cylindrical block 2 is gone out in the punching press, and the up end punching press of block 2 becomes the plane, and during the punching press becomes the horn mouth with 2 lower extremes punching presses of block.
f. And (3) welding the cap 2: pressing the cap 2 on the upper end surface of the nut body 1, simultaneously rotating the cap 2 and the nut body 1, and performing circumferential welding on the joint of the cap 2 and the nut body 1 through laser welding.
In step f, welding is performed by using a welding tool, as shown in fig. 5, the welding tool comprises a rotary table 4, a cap 2 seat 5 and a fixed shaft 6, the rotary table 4 is driven to rotate by a motor, a rotating shaft is horizontally arranged, the front end face of the rotary table 4 is a circular plane, the rotary table 4 is installed on a fixed plate, the fixed shaft 6 is connected onto the fixed plate in a sliding mode through a connecting block 8, the fixed shaft 6 is fixed onto a telescopic shaft of an air cylinder 7, the fixed shaft 6 can horizontally move through the telescopic function of the air cylinder 7, the cap 2 seat 5 is connected onto the fixed shaft 6 in a shaft mode, a circular central hole is formed in one face, facing the front end face of the rotary table 4, of the cap 2 seat 5, the central hole is equal to the diameter of the cap 2, the central hole is a counter bore, and a magnet is arranged at the bottom of the counter bore.
Carousel 4 is close to the one end rigid coupling of 2 seats 5 of block has nut cardboard 9, nut cardboard 9 is gone up to open has the nut draw-in groove with 1 outer lane adaptation of nut body, the nut draw-in groove is including 4 binding surfaces that link to each other in proper order, 4 binding surfaces and 1 last 4 continuous face adaptations of nut body.
An avoiding gap is reserved between the nut clamping plate 9 and the rotary table 4, and the edge of the nut clamping plate 9 is fixedly connected with the edge of the rotary table 4 through a connecting plate.
During welding, place nut body 1 in the nut draw-in groove of the center department of carousel 4, then place block 2 in the centre bore of block 2 seat 5, promote fixed axle 6 to 4 directions of carousel through cylinder 7, thereby press block 2 at the up end of nut body 1 through the extension of cylinder 7, rotation through carousel 4, it is together rotatory to drive block 2 and nut body 1, during the welding, laser welder is located block 2 and nut body 1's top, thereby make molten bath after the laser melting flow into in the gap between block 2 and nut body 1 downwards, after the welding is accomplished, cylinder 7 shrink, nut body 1 and block 2 remain in the nut draw-in groove.
g. Surface treatment: and carrying out surface treatment on the hub nut after the machining is finished.
Of course, the above description is not limited to the above examples, and the undescribed technical features of the present invention can be implemented by or using the prior art, and will not be described herein again; the above embodiments and drawings are only for illustrating the technical solutions of the present invention and not for limiting the present invention, and the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the preferred embodiments, it should be understood by those skilled in the art that changes, modifications, additions or substitutions within the spirit and scope of the present invention may be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit of the present invention, and shall also fall within the scope of the claims of the present invention.
Claims (6)
1. The processing technology of the dustproof and antirust hub nut is characterized by comprising the following steps of:
a. processing the nut body: cold heading molding is carried out on the raw materials, then vibration grinding is carried out, the strength and the hardness are improved through heat treatment after grinding, then tapping is carried out on the inner hole, and diesel oil cleaning is carried out after tapping;
b. processing a combined flat cushion: forming the combined flat pad by warm upsetting;
c. and (3) laminating: sleeving the combined flat gasket on a clamping sleeve at the lower end of the nut body, and extruding the clamping sleeve outwards to complete the pressing of the nut body and the combined flat gasket;
d. acid washing: pickling the pressed combined flat gasket and the nut body together;
e. and (3) processing a cover cap: the cap is formed by punching;
f. cap welding: pressing the cap on the upper end face of the nut body, simultaneously rotating the cap and the nut body, and performing circumferential welding on the joint of the cap and the nut body through laser welding;
g. surface treatment: and carrying out surface treatment on the hub nut after the machining is finished.
2. The processing technology of the dustproof and antirust hub nut as claimed in claim 1, wherein the processing technology comprises the following steps: and f, placing the nut body in the center of the rotary table, then placing the cap in a central hole of the cap seat, connecting the cap seat on the fixed shaft in a shaft mode, pushing the fixed shaft to the direction of the rotary table, pressing the cap on the upper end face of the nut body, and driving the cap and the nut body to rotate together through rotation of the rotary table.
3. The processing technology of the dustproof and antirust hub nut as claimed in claim 2, wherein the processing technology comprises the following steps: the central hole of the cap seat is matched with the diameter of the cap, and a magnet is arranged in the central hole.
4. The processing technology of the dustproof and antirust hub nut as claimed in claim 2, wherein the processing technology comprises the following steps: the carousel is close to the one end rigid coupling of nut seat has the nut cardboard, open on the nut cardboard have with the nut draw-in groove of nut body outer lane adaptation, the nut draw-in groove is including 4 binding surfaces that link to each other in proper order, 4 continuous face adaptations on 4 binding surfaces and the nut body.
5. The processing technology of the dustproof and antirust hub nut as claimed in claim 4, wherein the processing technology comprises the following steps: an avoiding gap is reserved between the nut clamping plate and the rotary table, and the edge of the nut clamping plate is fixedly connected with the edge of the rotary table through a connecting plate.
6. The processing technology of the dustproof and antirust hub nut as claimed in claim 2, wherein the processing technology comprises the following steps: the fixed shaft is fixed on a telescopic shaft of the cylinder, and the nut cap is pressed on the upper end face of the nut body through the extension of the cylinder.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202110927960.2A CN113732625B (en) | 2021-08-13 | 2021-08-13 | Processing technology of dustproof and antirust hub nut |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202110927960.2A CN113732625B (en) | 2021-08-13 | 2021-08-13 | Processing technology of dustproof and antirust hub nut |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN113732625A true CN113732625A (en) | 2021-12-03 |
| CN113732625B CN113732625B (en) | 2024-08-09 |
Family
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Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202110927960.2A Active CN113732625B (en) | 2021-08-13 | 2021-08-13 | Processing technology of dustproof and antirust hub nut |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CN (1) | CN113732625B (en) |
Citations (12)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE2210472A1 (en) * | 1971-03-08 | 1972-09-28 | Goering A | Safety nut |
| KR200416661Y1 (en) * | 2006-03-03 | 2006-05-19 | 김영호 | Cover cap with nut |
| US20150102021A1 (en) * | 2013-10-15 | 2015-04-16 | Hyundai Motor Company | Laser welding device |
| CN104551561A (en) * | 2014-12-11 | 2015-04-29 | 海盐三马标准件有限公司 | Nut processing technology |
| CN205578470U (en) * | 2016-04-11 | 2016-09-14 | 刘凤翼 | Locking taking off from jack panel external member |
| CN106424391A (en) * | 2016-10-27 | 2017-02-22 | 宁波长华长盛汽车零部件有限公司 | Automatic riveting pressure monitoring device |
| CN109353808A (en) * | 2018-12-04 | 2019-02-19 | 常熟市常力紧固件有限公司 | A kind of automatic charging device welding nut cap nut |
| CN208870913U (en) * | 2018-06-19 | 2019-05-17 | 中山市天一五金制品有限公司 | A kind of capping type gasket nut |
| CN209340308U (en) * | 2018-11-28 | 2019-09-03 | 上海用一精密五金制品有限公司 | A kind of quadrangle flange surface nut |
| CN110961871A (en) * | 2019-12-23 | 2020-04-07 | 温州市瑞泰紧固件有限公司 | Nut machining process |
| CN210565667U (en) * | 2019-07-04 | 2020-05-19 | 浙江瑞博汽车部件有限公司 | Square welded nut |
| CN210587830U (en) * | 2019-08-02 | 2020-05-22 | 上海强毅紧固件有限公司 | Welding positioning die |
-
2021
- 2021-08-13 CN CN202110927960.2A patent/CN113732625B/en active Active
Patent Citations (13)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE2210472A1 (en) * | 1971-03-08 | 1972-09-28 | Goering A | Safety nut |
| GB1374915A (en) * | 1971-03-08 | 1974-11-20 | Hattan M Green W P | Formation of nuts |
| KR200416661Y1 (en) * | 2006-03-03 | 2006-05-19 | 김영호 | Cover cap with nut |
| US20150102021A1 (en) * | 2013-10-15 | 2015-04-16 | Hyundai Motor Company | Laser welding device |
| CN104551561A (en) * | 2014-12-11 | 2015-04-29 | 海盐三马标准件有限公司 | Nut processing technology |
| CN205578470U (en) * | 2016-04-11 | 2016-09-14 | 刘凤翼 | Locking taking off from jack panel external member |
| CN106424391A (en) * | 2016-10-27 | 2017-02-22 | 宁波长华长盛汽车零部件有限公司 | Automatic riveting pressure monitoring device |
| CN208870913U (en) * | 2018-06-19 | 2019-05-17 | 中山市天一五金制品有限公司 | A kind of capping type gasket nut |
| CN209340308U (en) * | 2018-11-28 | 2019-09-03 | 上海用一精密五金制品有限公司 | A kind of quadrangle flange surface nut |
| CN109353808A (en) * | 2018-12-04 | 2019-02-19 | 常熟市常力紧固件有限公司 | A kind of automatic charging device welding nut cap nut |
| CN210565667U (en) * | 2019-07-04 | 2020-05-19 | 浙江瑞博汽车部件有限公司 | Square welded nut |
| CN210587830U (en) * | 2019-08-02 | 2020-05-22 | 上海强毅紧固件有限公司 | Welding positioning die |
| CN110961871A (en) * | 2019-12-23 | 2020-04-07 | 温州市瑞泰紧固件有限公司 | Nut machining process |
Non-Patent Citations (2)
| Title |
|---|
| 刘道科;: "端面滚压和内孔滚压工具", 新技术新工艺, no. 02, 31 December 1989 (1989-12-31), pages 24 * |
| 张立福等: "九江长江大桥技术总结", vol. 1, 30 April 1996, 武汉测绘科技大学出版社, pages: 311 - 312 * |
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| CN113732625B (en) | 2024-08-09 |
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