CN113708813A - Multi-user spatial modulation method based on beam forming - Google Patents

Multi-user spatial modulation method based on beam forming Download PDF

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CN113708813A
CN113708813A CN202110979998.4A CN202110979998A CN113708813A CN 113708813 A CN113708813 A CN 113708813A CN 202110979998 A CN202110979998 A CN 202110979998A CN 113708813 A CN113708813 A CN 113708813A
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signal
antennas
base station
spatial modulation
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CN113708813B (en
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吴亮
安博
张在琛
罗锐
陈远浩
党建
朱秉诚
汪磊
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Southeast University
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B7/00—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field
    • H04B7/02—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas
    • H04B7/04—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas
    • H04B7/06—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station
    • H04B7/0613—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station using simultaneous transmission
    • H04B7/0615—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station using simultaneous transmission of weighted versions of same signal
    • H04B7/0617—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station using simultaneous transmission of weighted versions of same signal for beam forming
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B7/00—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field
    • H04B7/02—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas
    • H04B7/04—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas
    • H04B7/0413—MIMO systems
    • H04B7/0452—Multi-user MIMO systems
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B7/00—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field
    • H04B7/02—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas
    • H04B7/04—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas
    • H04B7/08—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the receiving station
    • H04B7/0837—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the receiving station using pre-detection combining
    • H04B7/0842—Weighted combining
    • H04B7/086—Weighted combining using weights depending on external parameters, e.g. direction of arrival [DOA], predetermined weights or beamforming
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L1/00—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received
    • H04L1/004—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received by using forward error control
    • H04L1/0045—Arrangements at the receiver end
    • H04L1/0047—Decoding adapted to other signal detection operation
    • H04L1/0048—Decoding adapted to other signal detection operation in conjunction with detection of multiuser or interfering signals, e.g. iteration between CDMA or MIMO detector and FEC decoder
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L1/00—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received
    • H04L1/004—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received by using forward error control
    • H04L1/0045—Arrangements at the receiver end
    • H04L1/0054—Maximum-likelihood or sequential decoding, e.g. Viterbi, Fano, ZJ algorithms
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02D—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES [ICT], I.E. INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES AIMING AT THE REDUCTION OF THEIR OWN ENERGY USE
    • Y02D30/00—Reducing energy consumption in communication networks
    • Y02D30/70—Reducing energy consumption in communication networks in wireless communication networks

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Abstract

The invention discloses a multi-user spatial modulation method based on beam forming, and belongs to the technical field of wireless communication. First, on the base station side, based on the spatial modulation principle, the base station selects an active antenna to transmit a signal according to information bits to be transmitted by each user. Then, the base station uses all the remaining inactive antennas of each user to perform beamforming on each transmission signal of the user, where the beamforming vector is obtained based on a zero-forcing criterion. And finally, at the user side, decoding by the user through maximum likelihood detection. The invention combines the beam forming technology and the spatial modulation technology, thereby not only eliminating the interference among multiple users, but also playing the effect of beam enhancement on the target user and realizing the popularization of the spatial modulation technology from single user to multiple users.

Description

Multi-user spatial modulation method based on beam forming
Technical Field
The invention relates to a multi-user spatial modulation method, in particular to a multi-user spatial modulation method based on beam forming, which is suitable for the technical field of wireless communication.
Background
Multiple input multiple output[1]The (MIMO: Multiple-Input and Multiple-Output) technology is a technology in which a plurality of transmitting antennas and receiving antennas are used at a transmitting end and a receiving end, respectively, and signals are transmitted and received through the plurality of antennas at the transmitting end and the receiving end. In a wireless communication system, the MIMO technology can provide diversity gain, array gain and space division multiplexing gain, thereby improving the spectrum utilization rate of the whole system, and effectively resisting the problems of channel fading and the like, and is widely applied to the field of wireless communication at present.
The spatial modulation technique is a modulation method proposed based on a multi-antenna architecture. Compared with the traditional modulation mode, the spatial modulation technology further improves the system capacity by introducing the spatial dimension. There are many proposed spatial modulation schemes, such as: space Shift Keying (SSK) Modulation scheme[2]The modulation idea is as follows: a sending end selects one antenna from a plurality of sending antennas as an active antenna to transmit information according to information bits to be transmitted, namely, the information is transmitted by using an antenna serial number; space Modulation (SM) scheme[3]In this scheme, the information bits to be transmitted by the transmitting end are divided into two parts: one part of information bits are used for selecting active antennas, the other part of information bits are used for selecting the pattern of the transmitted symbols, and the system capacity is effectively improved by combining a space domain and a constellation domain; generalized Spatial Modulation (GSM) scheme[4]The scheme is a push to the SM schemeThe method has the advantages that the method allows multiple active antennas to transmit signals in the same time slot, and the number of space patterns is greatly increased, so that the frequency spectrum utilization rate is improved; quadrature Spatial Modulation (QSM) scheme[5]The modulation idea is similar to the SM scheme, but QSM transmits the real part and the imaginary part of the modulation symbol independently with two antennas. Compared with the SM scheme, the QSM effectively improves the system performance under the condition of not increasing the computation complexity.
A new type of spatial modulation scheme has recently been proposed: progressive Coded space Shift Keying (SC-SSK) is a modulation idea that the antennas at the transmitting end are divided into multiple stages, and the number of antennas in each stage is equal. Each stage selects an active antenna to send signals, and the signals transmitted in different stages are different from each other. Compared with the traditional spatial modulation scheme, the SC-SSK has superior performance no matter in error code performance or reachable rate. However, the SC-SSK scheme is proposed for a single-user scenario, and is not suitable for a multi-user scenario, and currently, there are relatively few researches on multi-user spatial modulation schemes, and only some multi-user spatial modulation schemes are very limited in performance.
Disclosure of Invention
The purpose of the invention is as follows: aiming at the defects of the prior art, the multi-user spatial modulation method based on the beam forming is provided, which can realize the popularization of spatial modulation schemes such as SC-SSK and the like from single users to multiple users.
The technical scheme is as follows: in order to achieve the above object, a multi-user spatial modulation method based on beamforming of the present invention includes that a base station selects multiple active antennas to send signals to multiple users based on a spatial modulation principle, signals sent by the active antennas are different from each other, and the active antennas are selected by information bits to be transmitted; then, the base station uses all the rest inactive antennas to carry out beam forming on each transmitting signal, so that the transmitting signals obtain an ideal channel state, interference among multiple users is eliminated while beam enhancement is realized, the single-user scene is popularized to a multi-user scene on the basis of the existing spatial modulation scheme, and beam forming vectors are obtained through a zero forcing criterion; and finally, the user receiving the signal directly carries out maximum likelihood detection on the signal vector, and the specific position of the active antenna is distinguished according to the estimated difference of the signals sent by each antenna of the base station end, so that the decoding is correct.
The number of antennas for beam forming of the base station for each signal sent to a user is equal to the number of inactive antennas not selected by the base station and the active antenna originally sending the signal, and the active antenna can also carry out beam forming with other inactive antennas when sending the signal, so that the user side can conveniently distinguish the position of the active antenna from the multiple antennas participating in beam forming.
The method for identifying the active antenna at the base station end by the user specifically comprises the following steps: the multiple active antennas of the base station transmit different single signals, and the inactive antennas of the base station transmit the sum of all the active antenna transmission signals.
Is suitable for communication between a transmitting end and multiple receiving ends, wherein the transmitting end has NtBase station with root antenna, receiving end having NRThe number of users of the antenna is N, m antennas are simultaneously activated by each user in a time slot, the numerical value of m is only influenced by the selected spatial modulation scheme, and m is more than 1 and less than NtM signals with different signal patterns are respectively transmitted, and the jth signal transmitted by the user i is represented as sijSending a signal sijIs a set of serial numbers of all antennasijSignal sijIs a precoding vector of
Figure BDA0003228712120000021
Dimension of (N)t-m +1) × 1, transmission signal sijThe channel matrix of all antennas to user n is
Figure BDA0003228712120000022
Dimension NR×(Nt-m+1)；
The method comprises the following specific steps:
step 1) a base station divides information bits to be sent into a plurality of information blocks with the same length, wherein the length of the information blocks is determined by the dimension of a space pattern, and the space pattern refers to which antennas can be selected by the base station to send signals and is influenced by the selected existing space modulation scheme;
step 2) based on the selected existing spatial modulation scheme, the base station sends signals to the user according to the antennas corresponding to the divided information blocks, wherein the antennas sending the signals are active antennas;
step 3) based on zero forcing criterion, the base station uses the inactive antenna which is not selected to send signals and the active antenna which sends signals to carry out beam forming on each sending signal sent to the user, and the popularization from a single-user scene to a multi-user scene is realized on the basis of the existing spatial modulation technology; the application provides a multi-user spatial modulation scheme, which can realize the popularization of spatial modulation schemes meeting conditions, such as SC-SSK, from single users to multiple users.
Step 4), the signal received by each user has no interference among other users, and the signal only contains Gaussian white noise; based on a maximum likelihood detection algorithm, a user estimates a signal pattern transmitted by each antenna of a base station end, and all antenna sequence sets for transmitting the signal, corresponding to each received signal, of the base station are obtained;
step 5) identifying the specific position and the corresponding number of the active antenna by the user according to the estimated different signals sent by each antenna at the base station end by using the antenna sequence set of the base station corresponding to each received signal;
and 6), the user carries out conventional information decoding according to the spatial modulation scheme adopted by the base station to recover the original information bits.
The requirements that the existing spatial modulation scheme needs to meet are as follows: in the spatial modulation scheme, each user needs to activate multiple antennas at the base station side at the same time in a time slot, and signals sent by the active antennas are different from each other; satisfactory spatial modulation scheme including progressive coded space shift keying SC-SSK: successful Coded Spatial ShiftKeying.
User 1 selects m active antennas to respectively send signals s11,s12,…,s1mThe rest (N) is used by the base station sidet-m) inactive antennas and the pair s of antennas from which the signal was originally transmitted11,s12,…,s1mRespectively carrying out beam forming; namely: using the rest (N)t-m) number of inactive antennas and transmission s11The active antenna pair signal s11Performing beamforming using the remaining (N)t-m) number of inactive antennas and transmission s12The active antenna pair signal s12The wave beam forming is carried out, the steps are repeated, and s can be respectively shaped13,…,s1mEach transmitting signal is shaped into a wave beam; and repeating the steps by other (N-1) users to realize the beamforming of each signal sent by each user.
First, the base station estimates a channel matrix H from all antennas to user N (N ═ 1,2, …, N) at the base stationnAll dimensions of which are Nr×Nt(ii) a The base station then depends on the signal sijSelected antenna combination alphaijFrom HiIn which the proper column vectors are selected to form a matrix
Figure BDA0003228712120000031
Figure BDA0003228712120000032
Representing a signal sijChannel matrix of selected antennas to user i with dimension NR×(Nt-m + 1); the base station then gets the remaining channel matrix H1,H2,…,Hj,…,HN(j ≠ i) selecting proper column vectors to form interference matrix of user i
Figure BDA0003228712120000033
I.e. the signal sijChannel matrix of selected antennas to other (N-1) users with dimension of (N-1) NR×(Nt-m + 1); finally, the base station utilizes
Figure BDA0003228712120000034
And
Figure BDA0003228712120000035
solve to obtain a signal sijCorresponding precoding vector
Figure BDA0003228712120000036
Solving precoding vectors based on zero forcing criterion
Figure BDA0003228712120000037
After the signal is required to be shaped by a wave beam, a null can be formed in the direction of an interference user, the interference between users is eliminated, and meanwhile, constructive interference is realized on a target user, so that the effect of wave beam enhancement is achieved; precoding vectors
Figure BDA0003228712120000041
The solution problem of (a) can be converted into the solution of the following optimization problem:
Figure BDA0003228712120000042
wherein:
Figure BDA0003228712120000043
representing a signal sijOf dimension (N)t-m+1)×1；
Figure BDA0003228712120000044
Representing the transmitted signal sijOf all antennas to user i, with a dimension NR×(Nt-m+1)；
Figure BDA0003228712120000045
The interference matrix representing the user i, i.e. the channel matrix from all active antennas selected by the user i to other (N-1) users, with the dimension of (N-1) NR×(Nt-m+1)；
Since the base station can serve and signal multiple users simultaneously, different usersMay be transmitted together on the same antenna in order to cancel the transmitted signal sijFor the other (N-1) users, calculate
Figure BDA0003228712120000046
Orthogonal to the channel matrix of the other (N-1) users, i.e.:
Figure BDA0003228712120000047
to fall on
Figure BDA0003228712120000048
And ensures that: (N)t-m+1)≥(N-1)NRI.e. transmitting a signal sijThe number of antennas is larger than all the antennas of other (N-1) users, and simultaneously
Figure BDA0003228712120000049
The rank of (c) satisfies:
Figure BDA00032287121200000410
this means that
Figure BDA00032287121200000411
Is present in at least the orthogonal subspace of (N ═ k ═ Nt-m+1)-(N-1)NRAn orthogonal base; obtained by linear combination of the k orthogonal bases
Figure BDA00032287121200000412
Interference between users can be eliminated.
Obtaining the signal s by solving an optimization problemijOf a precoding vector
Figure BDA00032287121200000413
(ii) interference matrix to user i
Figure BDA00032287121200000414
Carrying out SVD decomposition to obtain:
Figure BDA00032287121200000415
wherein:
Figure BDA00032287121200000416
is that
Figure BDA00032287121200000417
The left singular matrix of (a), the dimensionality is: (N-1) NR×(N-1)NR；
Figure BDA00032287121200000418
Is a diagonal matrix whose diagonal values form a matrix
Figure BDA00032287121200000419
Singular value of (N-1) NR×(Nt-m + 1); matrix array
Figure BDA00032287121200000420
Form a result of
Figure BDA00032287121200000421
Respectively corresponding to the right singular matrices
Figure BDA00032287121200000422
The dimensions of the non-zero singular value and the zero singular value are respectively as follows: (N)t-m+1)×(Nt-m+1-k)、(Nt-m+1)×k；
②
Figure BDA00032287121200000423
The column vector of (a) constitutes
Figure BDA00032287121200000424
When precoding vectors
Figure BDA00032287121200000425
Write as:
Figure BDA0003228712120000051
wherein:
Figure BDA0003228712120000052
represents a combined coefficient vector with dimensions: k × 1, to ensure
Figure BDA0003228712120000053
Need to ensure
Figure BDA0003228712120000054
Thirdly, the formula (3) is taken into the formula (1), and the optimization problem is rewritten into the following form:
Figure BDA0003228712120000055
using the definition of the matrix norm, equation (4) is rewritten as follows:
Figure BDA0003228712120000056
Figure BDA0003228712120000057
wherein the content of the first and second substances,
Figure BDA0003228712120000058
is a Hermite matrix, and the optimization problem at this time is converted into a pair combination coefficient vector
Figure BDA0003228712120000059
And (4) solving. Only to find out the optimum
Figure BDA00032287121200000510
The optimal precoding vector can be obtained using equation (3)
Figure BDA00032287121200000511
And (5) solving the nonlinear convex optimization problem with the constraint by using an interior point method.
Further, the base station carries out beam forming on the transmission signal and then transmits the transmission signal, and the user receives the noisy signal and then carries out detection and decoding on the noisy signal; the signal received by the user 1 is:
Figure BDA00032287121200000512
wherein: y is1Is a signal vector received by the user 1 and has a dimension of NRX 1; n is an additive white Gaussian noise vector with dimension NRX 1, where each component obeys a mean of zero and a variance of
Figure BDA00032287121200000513
Complex gaussian distribution.
Further, the maximum likelihood detection for user 1 is represented as:
Figure BDA00032287121200000514
wherein: i | · | purple windFDenotes the Frobenius norm, alpha1jRepresenting the transmitted signal s1jThe set of sequence numbers of all the antennas of (c),
Figure BDA00032287121200000515
representing transmitted signal s under maximum likelihood decoding (ML) detection1jIs estimated for the set of sequence numbers of all antennas.
Has the advantages that:
1. based on the zero forcing criterion, the invention adopts the beam forming technology, which can not only form the null in the direction of the interference user and eliminate the interference between users, but also realize the constructive interference to the target user and achieve the effect of beam enhancement;
2. the invention carries out beam forming on the signal by skillfully selecting the inactive antenna, thereby not only playing the effect of beam forming, but also leading the user end to distinguish the position of the active antenna, thereby smoothly decoding, and effectively solving the contradiction between the space modulation technology and the beam forming technology;
3. the multi-user spatial modulation method based on beam forming has strong applicability and can be applied to the multi-user popularization problem of spatial modulation schemes meeting conditions.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic block diagram of a multi-user spatial modulation method based on beamforming according to the present invention;
fig. 2 is a schematic block diagram of an embodiment of the multi-user spatial modulation method based on beamforming according to the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a graph comparing bit error rate performance for single user versus multiple users;
FIG. 4 is a graph of the number of transmit antennas versus bit error rate performance;
fig. 5 is a graph of bit error rate performance versus different schemes.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present application more apparent, the present application is described in further detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and embodiments. It should be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are merely illustrative of the present application and are not intended to limit the present application.
The invention relates to a multi-user spatial modulation method based on beam forming, which comprises the following steps that firstly, a base station selects a plurality of active antennas to send signals to a plurality of users based on a spatial modulation principle, the signals sent by the active antennas are different from each other, and the active antennas are selected through information bits to be transmitted; then, the base station uses all the rest inactive antennas to carry out beam forming on each transmitting signal, so that the transmitting signals obtain an ideal channel state, interference among multiple users is eliminated while beam enhancement is realized, the single-user scene is popularized to a multi-user scene on the basis of the existing spatial modulation scheme, and beam forming vectors are obtained through a zero forcing criterion; and finally, the user receiving the signal directly carries out maximum likelihood detection on the signal vector, and the specific position of the active antenna is distinguished according to the estimated difference of the signals sent by each antenna of the base station end, so that the decoding is correct. The number of antennas for beam forming of the base station for each signal sent to a user is equal to the number of inactive antennas not selected by the base station and the active antenna originally sending the signal, and the active antenna can also carry out beam forming with other inactive antennas when sending the signal, so that the user side can conveniently distinguish the position of the active antenna from the multiple antennas participating in beam forming.
Suppose that there are 5 antennas at the base station side, user 1 selects the 1 st and 2 nd antennas as active antennas to respectively transmit signal s1、s2 User 2 selects the 2 nd and 3 rd antennas as active antennas to respectively send signals s3、s4Then the base station side transmit signal configuration is as shown in fig. 2. Taking user 1 as an example, for signal s1The base station uses the four antennas 1, 3, 4 and 5 to perform beam forming; for the signal s2The base station uses the four antennas 2, 3, 4, 5 to perform beamforming. S is sent on the 1 st antenna and the 2 nd antenna respectively1、s2The two single signals, and the sum s of all active antenna transmission signals are transmitted on the 3 rd antenna, the 4 th antenna and the 5 th antenna1+s2Through maximum likelihood detection, the user 1 can distinguish the 1 st antenna and the 2 nd antenna as active antennas according to the difference of the signals sent by each antenna, and the user 1 can correctly decode according to the selected spatial modulation scheme.
3. The multi-user spatial modulation method based on beamforming according to claim 1, wherein the method for the user to distinguish the active antennas at the base station side specifically comprises: the multiple active antennas of the base station transmit different single signals, and the inactive antennas of the base station transmit the sum of all the active antenna transmission signals.
As shown in FIG. 1, the present invention is applicable to communication between a transmitting end and a plurality of receiving ends, wherein the transmitting end has NtBase station with root antenna, receiving end having NRThe number of users of the antenna is N, m antennas are simultaneously activated by each user in a time slot, the numerical value of m is only influenced by the selected spatial modulation scheme, and m is more than 1 and less than NtM signals with different signal patterns are respectively transmitted, and the jth signal transmitted by the user i is represented as sijSending a signal sijIs a set of serial numbers of all antennasijSignal sijIs a precoding vector of
Figure BDA0003228712120000071
Dimension of (N)t-m +1) × 1, transmission signal sijThe channel matrix of all antennas to user n is
Figure BDA0003228712120000072
Dimension NR×(Nt-m+1)；
The method comprises the following specific steps:
step 1) a base station divides information bits to be sent into a plurality of information blocks with the same length, wherein the length of the information blocks is determined by the dimension of a space pattern, and the space pattern refers to which antennas can be selected by the base station to send signals and is influenced by the selected existing space modulation scheme;
step 2) based on the selected existing spatial modulation scheme, the base station sends signals to the user according to the antennas corresponding to the divided information blocks, wherein the antennas sending the signals are active antennas;
step 3) based on zero forcing criterion, the base station uses the inactive antenna which is not selected to send signals and the active antenna which is used to send signals to carry out beam forming on each sending signal sent to the user, so that the popularization from a single-user scene to a multi-user scene is realized on the basis of the existing spatial modulation technology;
step 4), the signal received by each user has no interference among other users, and the signal only contains Gaussian white noise; based on a maximum likelihood detection algorithm, a user estimates a signal pattern transmitted by each antenna of a base station end, and all antenna sequence sets for transmitting the signal, corresponding to each received signal, of the base station are obtained;
step 5) identifying the specific position and the corresponding number of the active antenna by the user according to the estimated different signals sent by each antenna at the base station end by using the antenna sequence set of the base station corresponding to each received signal;
and 6), the user carries out conventional information decoding according to the spatial modulation scheme adopted by the base station to recover the original information bits.
5. The method of claim 4, wherein the method comprises: the requirements that the existing spatial modulation scheme needs to meet are as follows: in the spatial modulation scheme, each user needs to activate multiple antennas at the base station side at the same time in a time slot, and signals sent by the active antennas are different from each other; satisfactory spatial modulation scheme including progressive coded space shift keying SC-SSK: successfervodedspatial ShiftKeying.
The invention will be further described with reference to the accompanying drawings. Referring to fig. 1, fig. 1 is a schematic block diagram of multi-user spatial modulation based on beamforming according to an embodiment;
without loss of generality, assume that the base station side has NtRoot antenna, number of users N, each user NRA root antenna, based on the selected space modulation scheme, activating m antennas simultaneously in one time slot for each user, and respectively transmitting m different signals, sijThe j-th signal transmitted by user i, i.e. the signal transmitted by user 1, is: s11,s12,…,s1mThe signal sent by user 2 is: s21,s22,…,s2mThe signal sent by the user N is: sN1,sN2,…,sNmWherein: sij≠si'j'I ≠ i 'or j ≠ j'. Alpha is alphaijRepresenting the transmitted signal sijThe set of sequence numbers of all the antennas of (c),
Figure BDA0003228712120000081
representing a signal sijOf dimension (N)t-m+1)×1。
Figure BDA0003228712120000082
Representing the transmitted signal sijOf all antennas to user N, with a dimension NR×(Nt-m+1)。
A multi-user spatial modulation method based on beamforming can be embodied by the following four processes:
(1) spatial modulation process
Step 1) a base station divides information bits into a plurality of information blocks with the same length, and the length of the information blocks is determined by the dimension of a space pattern;
and 2) based on the selected spatial modulation scheme, the base station selects an active antenna to send signals according to the divided information blocks. Here, it is assumed that each user selects m active antennas to transmit signals;
(2) beamforming process
Step 3) for each user, the base station uses all the non-active antennas which are not selected by the user to carry out beam forming on each signal sent by the user;
take user 1 as an example. User 1 selects m active antennas to respectively send signals s11,s12,…,s1mSo that the base station side can use the rest (N)t-m) inactive antenna pairs s11,s12,…,s1mAnd respectively carrying out beam forming. Namely: using the rest (N)t-m) number of inactive antennas and transmission s11The active antenna pair signal s11And carrying out beam forming. Using the rest (N)t-m) number of inactive antennas and transmission s12The active antenna pair signal s12And carrying out beam forming. Repeating the above steps to respectively pair s13,…,s1mAnd carrying out beam forming. The above steps are repeated by other (N-1) users, and each signal transmitted by each user can be shaped by beams.
Step 4) based on zero forcing criterion, the base station solves the corresponding precoding vector, carries out beam forming on the signal, and then sends out the signal through an antenna;
first, the base station estimates a channel matrix H from all antennas to user N (N ═ 1,2, …, N) at the base stationnAll dimensions of which are Nr×Nt(ii) a The base station then depends on the signal sijSelected antenna combination alphaijFrom HiIn which the proper column vectors are selected to form a matrix
Figure BDA0003228712120000091
Figure BDA0003228712120000092
Representing a signal sijChannel matrix of selected antennas to user i with dimension NR×(Nt-m + 1). The base station then gets the remaining channel matrix H1,H2,…,Hj,…,HN(j ≠ i) selecting proper column vectors to form interference matrix of user i
Figure BDA0003228712120000093
I.e. the transmission signal sijTo other (N-1) users, with a dimension of (N-1) NR×(Nt-m + 1); finally, the base station utilizes
Figure BDA0003228712120000094
And
Figure BDA0003228712120000095
solve to obtain a signal sijCorresponding precoding vector
Figure BDA0003228712120000096
Here, we solve the precoding vector based on the zero forcing criterion
Figure BDA0003228712120000097
Namely, after the signal is required to be shaped into a beam, the null can be formed in the direction of an interference user, the interference between users is eliminated, and meanwhile, constructive interference is realized on a target user, so that the effect of beam enhancement is achieved. Thus, precoding vectors
Figure BDA0003228712120000098
The solution problem of (a) can be converted into the solution of the following optimization problem:
Figure BDA0003228712120000099
wherein:
Figure BDA00032287121200000910
representing a signal sijOf dimension (N)t-m+1)×1；
Figure BDA00032287121200000911
Representing the transmitted signal sijOf all antennas to user i, with a dimension NR×(Nt-m+1)；
Figure BDA00032287121200000912
The interference matrix representing user i, i.e. transmission signal sijTo other (N-1) users, with a dimension of (N-1) NR×(Nt-m+1)。
To eliminate the signal sijInterference to other (N-1) users, we require
Figure BDA00032287121200000913
Orthogonal to the channel matrix of the other (N-1) users, i.e.:
Figure BDA0003228712120000101
to fall on
Figure BDA0003228712120000102
On the orthogonal subspace. At this time we want to guarantee that: (N)t-m+1)≥(N-1)NRI.e. transmitting a signal sijIs greater than all the antennas of the other (N-1) users, so that
Figure BDA0003228712120000103
Orthogonal subspaces exist. At the same time
Figure BDA0003228712120000104
The rank of (c) satisfies:
Figure BDA0003228712120000105
this means that
Figure BDA0003228712120000106
Is present in at least the orthogonal subspace of (N ═ k ═ Nt-m+1)-(N-1)NRAn orthogonal basis. By linear combination of these k orthogonal bases we can get
Figure BDA0003228712120000107
Thereby eliminating interference between users.
Next, we obtain the signal s by solving an optimization problemijOf a precoding vector
Figure BDA0003228712120000108
(ii) interference matrix to user i
Figure BDA0003228712120000109
Carrying out SVD decomposition to obtain:
Figure BDA00032287121200001010
wherein:
Figure BDA00032287121200001011
is that
Figure BDA00032287121200001012
The left singular matrix of (a), the dimensionality is: (N-1) NR×(N-1)NR；
Figure BDA00032287121200001013
Is a diagonal matrix whose diagonal values form a matrix
Figure BDA00032287121200001014
Singular value of (N-1) NR×(Nt-m + 1); matrix array
Figure BDA00032287121200001015
Form a result of
Figure BDA00032287121200001016
Respectively corresponding to the right singular matrices
Figure BDA00032287121200001017
The dimensions of the non-zero singular value and the zero singular value are respectively as follows: (N)t-m+1)×(Nt-m+1-k)、(Nt-m+1)×k。
②
Figure BDA00032287121200001018
The column vector of (a) constitutes
Figure BDA00032287121200001019
When precoding vectors
Figure BDA00032287121200001020
Can be written as:
Figure BDA00032287121200001021
wherein:
Figure BDA00032287121200001022
represents a combined coefficient vector with dimensions: k × 1. Here, in order to guarantee
Figure BDA00032287121200001023
We require
Figure BDA00032287121200001024
Thirdly, the optimization problem can be rewritten into the following form by taking the formula (3) into the formula (1):
Figure BDA00032287121200001025
with the definition of the matrix norm, equation (4) can be rewritten as follows:
Figure BDA0003228712120000111
Figure BDA0003228712120000112
wherein the content of the first and second substances,
Figure BDA0003228712120000113
is a Hermite matrix. At this point, our optimization problem is transformed into a pair-combination coefficient vector
Figure BDA0003228712120000114
And (4) solving. Only to find out the optimum
Figure BDA0003228712120000115
The optimal precoding vector can be obtained using equation (3)
Figure BDA0003228712120000116
And fourthly, observing the formula (5), the problem is a nonlinear optimization problem with constraint and a convex optimization problem. We can use the interior point method to solve. Matlab has a built-in optimization function library, and we can also use fmincon function to solve the above optimization problem.
(3) Detection process
Step 5), estimating the transmitted spatial pattern by the user according to the encoding process;
the base station carries out beam forming on the signals and then sends out the signals, and the user receives the signals containing noise and then carries out detection and decoding on the signals. Taking user 1 as an example, the signals received by user 1 are as follows:
Figure BDA0003228712120000117
wherein: y is1Is a signal vector received by the user 1 and has a dimension of NRX 1; n is additive white Gaussian noiseVector of dimension NRX 1, where each component obeys a mean of zero and a variance of
Figure BDA0003228712120000118
Complex gaussian distribution.
Because the precoding vector obtained based on the zero forcing criterion completely eliminates the interference between users, the user 1 only receives the signal of the user and cannot receive the signals of other users.
Step 6) as in step 5), based on the maximum likelihood detection algorithm, the user estimates the signals sent by each antenna of the base station end;
taking user 1 as an example, the maximum likelihood detection can be expressed as:
Figure BDA0003228712120000119
wherein: i | · | purple windFDenotes the Frobenius norm, alpha1jRepresenting the transmitted signal s1jThe set of sequence numbers of all the antennas of (c),
Figure BDA00032287121200001110
representing the transmitted signal s under ML detection1jIs estimated for the set of sequence numbers of all antennas.
(4) Decoding process
Step 7) according to the signals processed in the step 6), the user distinguishes the specific position of the active antenna;
and 8) according to the spatial modulation scheme adopted by the base station, the user utilizes the detected position of the active antenna to decode the information and recover the original information bit.
Take user 1 as an example. By ML detection, the user 1 can estimate the transmitted signal s11,s12,…,s1mThe sequence numbers of all antennas of (1), namely:
Figure BDA0003228712120000121
user 1 then has to distinguish the location of the active antennas from the set of sequence numbers of these antennas. We note that: base stationIn beamforming, each active antenna transmits only s11,s12,…,s1mIs transmitted simultaneously with the inactive antenna11,s12,…,s1mThese m signals. By utilizing the difference of the signals sent by the antennas, the user 1 can successfully distinguish the positions of the active antennas, namely: using estimated
Figure BDA0003228712120000122
The user 1 can know which signals are transmitted by each antenna of the base station, and only s is transmitted11,s12,…,s1mThe antenna of one signal is an active antenna, and the rest antennas are inactive antennas. Finally, user 1 can decode smoothly by the location of the active antenna based on the selected spatial modulation scheme.
(5) Simulation result
In the simulation, a complex Gaussian random channel matrix is randomly generated, the real part and the imaginary part of each element in the channel matrix are subject to mean value of 0, and variance is
Figure BDA0003228712120000123
A gaussian distribution of (a). The spatial modulation scheme we choose here meets the previously mentioned requirement that multiple antennas are activated at a time, each transmitting a different signal. In addition, all the multi-user scenes in the following simulation refer to scenes including two users, and the user side adopts ML demodulation.
First, we compare the bit error rate performance of a single-user scenario with a multi-user scenario based on this patent. For the sake of fairness of comparison, the number of antennas of the base station in two scenarios is set to be 5, the number of receiving antennas of each user is set to be 2, and the power of a signal sent by each user is set to be 1.
As shown in fig. 3, when the signal-to-noise ratio is less than or equal to 10dB, the bit error rate performance of the multi-user scenario is almost the same as that of the single-user scenario, and the total transmission rate of the multi-user scenario can reach 8 bits/transmission, which is twice that of the single-user scenario; when the signal-to-noise ratio is larger than 10dB, the error rate performance of a single-user scene is better than that of a single-user sceneA multi-user scenario. For example, when BER is 1 × 10-3In time, the signal-to-noise ratio required by a single-user scenario is about 20.5dB, the signal-to-noise ratio required by a multi-user scenario is about 23dB, and the single user has a gain of 2.5dB over the multi-user. Note, however, that the total transmission rate of the multi-user scenario is still twice that of the single-user scenario at this point.
Then, the influence of the number of base station antennas on the bit error rate performance of a multi-user scene is studied. Here, the number of antennas of the base station is 5 and 15, the number of receiving antennas of each user is 2, the power of a signal transmitted by each user is 1, and the total transmission rate in both scenarios is 8 bits/transmission.
As shown in fig. 4, under the condition that the transmission rate is not changed, when the number of base station antennas is increased from 5 to 15, the average bit error rate performance of the system is obviously improved. For example, when BER is 1 × 10-2The signal-to-noise ratio required for 15 transmit antennas is about 12dB, the signal-to-noise ratio required for 5 transmit antennas is about 16.5dB, and the former has a gain of 4.5dB over the latter. This is because the more the number of antennas at the base station, the more the number of antennas used for beamforming, the better the signal enhancement effect, and the lower the error rate.
Finally, we compare the bit error rate performance of different multi-user schemes. We choose a multi-user spatial modulation scheme based on antenna grouping as the comparison target. In order to ensure fairness, the number of base station end antennas of the two schemes is 15, each scheme is provided with two users, the number of antennas of each user is 2, and the total transmission rate of the system is 8 bits/transmission.
As shown in fig. 5, the multi-user spatial modulation scheme based on beamforming proposed by this patent is superior to the scheme based on antenna grouping in bit error rate performance. For example, when BER is 1 × 10-2The signal-to-noise ratio required by the scheme is about 12dB, the signal-to-noise ratio required by the packet-based scheme is about 15.5dB, and the scheme has a gain of 3.5dB over the packet-based scheme. This highlights the superiority of the performance of the solution. Meanwhile, when the base station has 15 antennas, the scheme can completely support transmission with higher speed.

Claims (9)

1. A multi-user spatial modulation method based on beam forming is characterized in that: firstly, a base station selects a plurality of active antennas based on a spatial modulation principle to send signals to a plurality of users, the signals sent by each active antenna are different from each other, and the active antennas are selected by information bits to be transmitted; then, the base station uses all the rest inactive antennas to carry out beam forming on each transmitting signal, so that the transmitting signals obtain an ideal channel state, interference among multiple users is eliminated while beam enhancement is realized, the single-user scene is popularized to a multi-user scene on the basis of the existing spatial modulation scheme, and beam forming vectors are obtained through a zero forcing criterion; and finally, the user receiving the signal directly carries out maximum likelihood detection on the signal vector, and the specific position of the active antenna is distinguished according to the estimated difference of the signals sent by each antenna of the base station end, so that the decoding is correct.
2. The multi-user spatial modulation method based on beamforming of claim 1, wherein: the number of antennas for beam forming of the base station for each signal sent to a user is equal to the number of inactive antennas not selected by the base station and the active antenna originally sending the signal, and the active antenna can also carry out beam forming with other inactive antennas when sending the signal, so that the user side can conveniently distinguish the position of the active antenna from the multiple antennas participating in beam forming.
3. The multi-user spatial modulation method based on beamforming of claim 1, wherein: the method for identifying the active antenna at the base station end by the user specifically comprises the following steps: the multiple active antennas of the base station transmit different single signals, and the inactive antennas of the base station transmit the sum of all the active antenna transmission signals.
4. The multi-user spatial modulation method based on beamforming according to claim 1, wherein: is suitable for communication between a transmitting end and multiple receiving ends, wherein the transmitting end has NtBase station with root antenna, receiving end having NRThe number of users of the antenna is N, m antennas are simultaneously activated by each user in a time slot, the numerical value of m is only influenced by the selected spatial modulation scheme, and m is more than 1 and less than NtM signals with different signal patterns are respectively transmitted, and the jth signal transmitted by the user i is represented as sijSending a signal sijIs a set of serial numbers of all antennasijSignal sijIs a precoding vector of
Figure FDA0003228712110000011
Dimension of (N)t-m +1) × 1, transmission signal sijThe channel matrix of all antennas to user n is
Figure FDA0003228712110000012
Dimension NR×(Nt-m+1)；
The method comprises the following specific steps:
step 1) a base station divides information bits to be sent into a plurality of information blocks with the same length, wherein the length of the information blocks is determined by the dimension of a space pattern, and the space pattern refers to which antennas can be selected by the base station to send signals and is influenced by the selected existing space modulation scheme;
step 2) based on the selected existing spatial modulation scheme, the base station selects a corresponding antenna according to the divided information blocks to send signals to the user, wherein the antenna for sending the signals is an active antenna;
step 3) based on zero forcing criterion, the base station uses the inactive antenna which is not selected to send signals and the active antenna which sends signals to carry out beam forming on each sending signal sent to the user, and the popularization from a single-user scene to a multi-user scene is realized on the basis of the existing spatial modulation technology;
step 4), the signal received by each user has no interference among other users, and the signal only contains Gaussian white noise; based on a maximum likelihood detection algorithm, a user estimates a signal pattern transmitted by each antenna of a base station end, and all antenna sequence sets for transmitting the signal, corresponding to each received signal, of the base station are obtained;
step 5) identifying the specific position and the corresponding number of the active antenna by the user according to the estimated different signals sent by each antenna at the base station end by using the antenna sequence set of the base station corresponding to each received signal;
and 6), the user carries out conventional information decoding according to the spatial modulation scheme adopted by the base station to recover the original information bits.
5. The multi-user spatial modulation method based on beamforming of claim 4, wherein: the requirements that the existing spatial modulation scheme needs to meet are as follows: in the spatial modulation scheme, each user needs to activate multiple antennas at the base station side at the same time in a time slot, and signals sent by the active antennas are different from each other; satisfactory spatial modulation scheme including progressive coded space shift keying SC-SSK: successful Coded Spatial Shift Keying.
6. The multi-user spatial modulation method based on beamforming of claim 4, wherein: user 1 selects m active antennas to respectively send signals s11,s12,…,s1mThe rest (N) is used by the base station sidet-m) inactive antennas and the pair s of antennas from which the signal was originally transmitted11,s12,…,s1mRespectively carrying out beam forming; namely: using the rest (N)t-m) number of inactive antennas and transmission s11The active antenna pair signal s11Performing beamforming using the remaining (N)t-m) number of inactive antennas and transmission s12The active antenna pair signal s12The wave beam forming is carried out, the steps are repeated, and s can be respectively shaped13,…,s1mEach transmitting signal is shaped into a wave beam; and repeating the steps by other (N-1) users to realize the beamforming of each signal sent by each user.
7. The multi-user spatial modulation method based on beamforming of claim 4, wherein:
first, the base station estimates a channel matrix H from all antennas to user N (N ═ 1,2, …, N) at the base stationnAll dimensions of which are Nr×Nt(ii) a The base station then depends on the signal sijSelected antenna combination alphaijFrom HiIn which the proper column vectors are selected to form a matrix
Figure FDA0003228712110000021
Figure FDA0003228712110000026
Representing a signal sijChannel matrix of selected antennas to user i with dimension NR×(Nt-m + 1); the base station then gets the remaining channel matrix H1,H2,…,Hj,…,HN(j ≠ i) selecting proper column vectors to form interference matrix of user i
Figure FDA0003228712110000022
I.e. the signal sijChannel matrix of selected antennas to other (N-1) users with dimension of (N-1) NR×(Nt-m + 1); finally, the base station utilizes
Figure FDA0003228712110000023
And
Figure FDA0003228712110000024
solve to obtain a signal sijCorresponding precoding vector
Figure FDA0003228712110000025
Solving precoding vectors based on zero forcing criterion
Figure FDA0003228712110000031
Namely, after the signal is required to be shaped by a wave beam, the null can be formed in the direction of an interference user, the interference between users is eliminated, and simultaneously, the target user is realizedConstructive interference, which has the effect of beam enhancement; precoding vectors
Figure FDA0003228712110000032
The solution problem of (a) can be converted into the solution of the following optimization problem:
Figure FDA0003228712110000033
wherein:
Figure FDA0003228712110000034
representing a signal sijOf dimension (N)t-m+1)×1；
Figure FDA0003228712110000035
Representing the transmitted signal sijOf all antennas to user i, with a dimension NR×(Nt-m+1)；
Figure FDA0003228712110000036
The interference matrix representing user i, i.e. transmission signal sijTo other (N-1) users, with a dimension of (N-1) NR×(Nt-m+1)；
Since the base station can serve and transmit signals to multiple users simultaneously, signals of different users can be transmitted together on the same antenna in order to eliminate the transmitted signal sijFor the other (N-1) users, calculate
Figure FDA0003228712110000037
Orthogonal to the channel matrix of the other (N-1) users, i.e.:
Figure FDA0003228712110000038
to fall on
Figure FDA0003228712110000039
And ensures that: (N)t-m+1)≥(N-1)NRI.e. transmitting a signal sijThe number of antennas is larger than all the antennas of other (N-1) users, and simultaneously
Figure FDA00032287121100000310
The rank of (c) satisfies:
Figure FDA00032287121100000311
this means that
Figure FDA00032287121100000312
Is present in at least the orthogonal subspace of (N ═ k ═ Nt-m+1)-(N-1)NRAn orthogonal base; obtained by linear combination of the k orthogonal bases
Figure FDA00032287121100000313
Interference between users can be eliminated.
Obtaining the signal s by solving an optimization problemijOf a precoding vector
Figure FDA00032287121100000314
(ii) interference matrix to user i
Figure FDA00032287121100000315
Carrying out SVD decomposition to obtain:
Figure FDA00032287121100000316
wherein:
Figure FDA00032287121100000317
is that
Figure FDA00032287121100000318
The left singular matrix of (a), the dimensionality is: (N-1) NR×(N-1)NR；
Figure FDA00032287121100000323
Is a diagonal matrix whose diagonal values form a matrix
Figure FDA00032287121100000319
Singular value of (N-1) NR×(Nt-m + 1); matrix array
Figure FDA00032287121100000320
Form a result of
Figure FDA00032287121100000321
Respectively corresponding to the right singular matrices
Figure FDA00032287121100000322
The dimensions of the non-zero singular value and the zero singular value are respectively as follows: (N)t-m+1)×(Nt-m+1-k)、(Nt-m+1)×k；
②
Figure FDA0003228712110000041
The column vector of (a) constitutes
Figure FDA0003228712110000042
When precoding vectors
Figure FDA0003228712110000043
Write as:
Figure FDA0003228712110000044
wherein:
Figure FDA0003228712110000045
represents a combined coefficient vector with dimensions: k × 1, to ensure
Figure FDA0003228712110000046
Need to ensure
Figure FDA0003228712110000047
Thirdly, the formula (3) is taken into the formula (1), and the optimization problem is rewritten into the following form:
Figure FDA0003228712110000048
using the definition of the matrix norm, equation (4) is rewritten as follows:
Figure FDA0003228712110000049
wherein the content of the first and second substances,
Figure FDA00032287121100000410
is a Hermite matrix, and the optimization problem at this time is converted into a pair combination coefficient vector
Figure FDA00032287121100000411
And (4) solving. Only to find out the optimum
Figure FDA00032287121100000412
The optimal precoding vector can be obtained using equation (3)
Figure FDA00032287121100000413
And (5) solving the nonlinear convex optimization problem with the constraint by using an interior point method.
8. The multi-user spatial modulation method based on beamforming of claim 4, wherein: the base station carries out beam forming on the sending signal and then sends out the sending signal, and the user detects and decodes the noisy signal after receiving the noisy signal; the signal received by the user 1 is:
Figure FDA00032287121100000414
wherein: y is1Is a signal vector received by the user 1 and has a dimension of NRX 1; n is an additive white Gaussian noise vector with dimension NRX 1, where each component obeys a mean of zero and a variance of
Figure FDA00032287121100000415
Complex gaussian distribution.
9. The multi-user spatial modulation method based on beamforming of claim 4, wherein: the maximum likelihood detection for user 1 is represented as:
Figure FDA0003228712110000051
wherein: i | · | purple windFDenotes the Frobenius norm, alpha1jRepresenting the transmitted signal s1jThe set of sequence numbers of all the antennas of (c),
Figure FDA0003228712110000052
representing transmitted signal s under maximum likelihood decoding (ML) detection1jIs estimated for the set of sequence numbers of all antennas.
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