CN113708361A - Parallel direct current system sharing direct current energy consumption device - Google Patents

Parallel direct current system sharing direct current energy consumption device Download PDF

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Publication number
CN113708361A
CN113708361A CN202110828800.2A CN202110828800A CN113708361A CN 113708361 A CN113708361 A CN 113708361A CN 202110828800 A CN202110828800 A CN 202110828800A CN 113708361 A CN113708361 A CN 113708361A
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direct current
energy consumption
end converter
consumption device
current energy
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CN113708361B (en
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王清玲
卢毓欣
赵晓斌
陈帆
辛清明
邹常跃
雷翔胜
许树楷
赵永发
苏计棒
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CSG Electric Power Research Institute
Yangjiang Power Supply Bureau of Guangdong Power Grid Co Ltd
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CSG Electric Power Research Institute
Yangjiang Power Supply Bureau of Guangdong Power Grid Co Ltd
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J1/00—Circuit arrangements for dc mains or dc distribution networks
    • H02J1/10—Parallel operation of dc sources
    • H02J1/102—Parallel operation of dc sources being switching converters
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
    • H02J3/36—Arrangements for transfer of electric power between ac networks via a high-tension dc link
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/60—Arrangements for transfer of electric power between AC networks or generators via a high voltage DC link [HVCD]

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Dc-Dc Converters (AREA)
  • Direct Current Feeding And Distribution (AREA)

Abstract

The invention discloses a parallel direct current system sharing a direct current energy consumption device, which comprises: the system comprises a plurality of sending end converters, a plurality of receiving end converters and a direct current energy consumption device; for a symmetrical unipolar parallel direct current system formed by a sending end converter and a receiving end converter; two ends of a group of direct current energy consumption devices are respectively connected with the direct current side positive electrode line and the direct current side negative electrode line of different symmetrical single-pole parallel direct current systems through switches, so that the direct current energy consumption devices of the symmetrical single-pole multi-circuit parallel direct current systems are shared; for a bipolar parallel direct current system formed by two sending end converters and two receiving end converters, a group of direct current energy dissipation devices are shared between a positive line and a neutral line of a multi-loop bipolar parallel direct current system, another group of direct current energy dissipation devices are shared between a negative line and the neutral line of the multi-loop bipolar parallel direct current system, and the purpose that the bipolar multi-loop parallel direct current system shares two groups of direct current energy dissipation devices is achieved. By sharing the direct current energy consumption devices, the number of groups of the direct current energy consumption devices is reduced, and the equipment cost and the occupied area can be obviously reduced.

Description

Parallel direct current system sharing direct current energy consumption device
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of flexible direct current transmission of power systems, in particular to a parallel direct current system sharing a direct current energy consumption device.
Background
In the new energy high-voltage direct-current transmission project, a direct-current energy consumption device is a vital device. The direct current energy consumption device is mainly applied to the application scene that new energy is transmitted through direct current, if a transmitting end is new energy such as a wind power plant, when a receiving end alternating current system breaks down, energy is accumulated on a direct current side due to limited transmitting power of the receiving end, direct current voltage is increased, and safe operation of equipment is damaged. For offshore wind power engineering, in order to reduce the volume and weight requirements on the offshore converter station platform, the direct current energy consumption device is generally arranged on the receiving-end onshore converter station.
The existing projects of sending out the offshore wind power by adopting direct current transmission are both flexible direct current transmission projects at two ends. With the further development of deep and distant sea wind power resources, the converter station platform is difficult to build due to the increase of wind power transmission capacity, wind energy on the sea side is difficult to converge to a single point for transmission due to the dispersion of the wind power resources, a multi-circuit direct current sending mode can be adopted, and when the direct current side voltages of the multiple circuits of direct current are consistent, a multi-circuit direct current parallel operation mode can be adopted, so that the reliability is improved.
In the prior art, a group of direct current energy consumption devices are required to be arranged at the direct current side outlet of each receiving end converter in a multi-loop direct current parallel system, and the required manufacturing cost is high, the occupied area is large, and the economical efficiency is poor.
Disclosure of Invention
The embodiment of the invention provides a parallel direct current system sharing a direct current energy consumption device, and the receiving end direct current side shares the direct current energy consumption device, so that the equipment cost and the manufacturing cost can be obviously reduced.
An embodiment of the present invention provides a symmetrical unipolar parallel dc system sharing a dc energy dissipation device, including: the system comprises a first sending end converter, a second sending end converter, a first receiving end converter, a second receiving end converter and a direct current energy consumption device;
the positive electrode of the first sending-end converter is connected with the positive electrode of the first receiving-end converter through a first positive electrode line; the negative electrode of the first sending-end converter is connected with the negative electrode of the first receiving-end converter through a first negative electrode wire;
the anode of the second sending-end converter is connected with the anode of the second receiving-end converter through a second anode pole line; the negative electrode of the second sending-end converter is connected with the negative electrode of the second receiving-end converter through a second negative electrode wire;
the first anode electrode wire is connected with a first end of the direct current energy consumption device through a first anode switch, and the first cathode electrode wire is connected with a second end of the direct current energy consumption device through a first cathode switch;
the second anode electrode wire is connected with the first end of the direct current energy consumption device through a second anode switch, and the second cathode electrode wire is connected with the second end of the direct current energy consumption device through a second cathode switch.
Preferably, the number of power modules in the dc energy consumption device
Figure BDA0003174718030000021
Rated current of the direct current energy consumption device
Figure BDA0003174718030000022
Wherein, UdcRated interpolar dc voltage, U, of a symmetrical unipolar parallel dc systemdcSMIs the rated DC voltage, P, of the power module1Is the active transmission power, P, of said first-pass symmetrical unipolar DC system2Is the active transmission power of the second symmetrical monopole direct current system.
Further, when the dc energy dissipation device adopts the centralized energy dissipation resistor, the number of the centralized energy dissipation resistors is 1, and the resistance value of the centralized energy dissipation resistor is
Figure BDA0003174718030000023
The energy E of the centralized energy consumption resistor is t (P)1+P2) (ii) a Wherein alpha isUdThe action constant value of the direct current voltage of the direct current energy consumption device is set, and t is the time length of the direct current energy consumption device.
As another preferred mode, when the dc energy dissipation device employs distributed energy dissipation resistors, the number of the distributed energy dissipation resistors is equal to the number of the power modules, and the resistance value of the distributed energy dissipation resistors is equal to
Figure BDA0003174718030000024
Energy of distributed energy consumption resistor
Figure BDA0003174718030000025
Wherein alpha isUdThe value is a fixed value of the dc voltage operation at which the dc energy consuming device is put into operation, t is a duration of time for which the dc energy consuming device is put into operation, and j is 1, …, x.
Another embodiment of the present invention provides a symmetrical unipolar parallel dc system sharing a dc energy dissipation device, the system comprising: the system comprises m sending end converters, m receiving end converters and a direct current energy consumption device;
the positive electrode of the kth sending-end converter is connected with the positive electrode of the kth receiving-end converter through a kth positive electrode line; the negative electrode of the kth sending-end converter is connected with the negative electrode of the kth receiving-end converter through the kth negative electrode line;
the kth positive electrode line is connected with the first end of the direct current energy consumption device through a kth positive electrode switch, and the kth negative electrode line is connected with the second end of the direct current energy consumption device through a kth negative electrode switch, wherein m is greater than 0, and k is 1, …, m.
Preferably, the number of power modules in the dc energy consumption device
Figure BDA0003174718030000031
Rated current of the direct current energy consumption device
Figure BDA0003174718030000032
Wherein, UdcRated interpolar dc voltage, U, of a symmetrical unipolar parallel dc systemdcSMIs the rated DC voltage, P, of the power modulekIs the active transmission power of the kth symmetrical monopole direct current system.
Further, when the dc energy dissipation device adopts the centralized energy dissipation resistor, the number of the centralized energy dissipation resistors is 1, and the resistance value of the centralized energy dissipation resistor is
Figure BDA0003174718030000033
Energy of the centralized energy consumption resistor
Figure BDA0003174718030000034
Wherein alpha isUdThe action constant value of the direct current voltage of the direct current energy consumption device is set, and t is the time length of the direct current energy consumption device.
As a preferred mode, when the dc energy dissipation device employs distributed energy dissipation resistors, the number of the distributed energy dissipation resistors is equal to the number of the power modules, and the resistance value of the distributed energy dissipation resistors is
Figure BDA0003174718030000035
Energy of distributed energy consumption resistor
Figure BDA0003174718030000036
Wherein alpha isUdThe value is a fixed value of the dc voltage operation at which the dc energy consuming device is put into operation, t is a duration of time for which the dc energy consuming device is put into operation, and j is 1, …, x.
Yet another embodiment of the present invention provides a bipolar parallel dc system sharing dc power consuming devices, the system comprising: the power supply system comprises a first transmitting end converter, a second transmitting end converter, a third transmitting end converter, a fourth transmitting end converter, a first receiving end converter, a second receiving end converter, a third receiving end converter, a fourth receiving end converter, a first direct current energy consumption device and a second direct current energy consumption device;
the high-voltage side of the first sending-end converter is connected with the high-voltage side of the first receiving-end converter through a first anode pole line; the low-voltage side of the first transmitting end converter is connected with the low-voltage side of the second receiving end converter through a first neutral line; the low-voltage side of the first sending end converter is connected with the low-voltage side of the second sending end converter; the low-voltage side of the first receiving end converter is connected with the low-voltage side of the second receiving end converter; the high-voltage side of the second sending-end converter is connected with the high-voltage side of the second receiving-end converter through a first cathode line;
the high-voltage side of the third transmitting-end converter is connected with the high-voltage side of the third receiving-end converter through a second anode pole line; the low-voltage side of the third transmitting-end converter is connected with the low-voltage side of the third receiving-end converter through a second neutral line; the low-voltage side of the third transmitting end converter is connected with the low-voltage side of the fourth transmitting end converter; the low-voltage side of the third receiving end converter is connected with the low-voltage side of the fourth receiving end converter; the high-voltage side of the fourth transmitting-end converter is connected with the high-voltage side of the fourth receiving-end converter through a second cathode line;
the first positive electrode line is connected with the first end of the first direct current energy consumption device through a first positive switch, and the second positive electrode line is connected with the first end of the first direct current energy consumption device through a second positive switch;
the first neutral line is connected with the second end of the first direct current energy consumption device through a first neutral switch, and the second neutral line is connected with the second end of the first direct current energy consumption device through a second neutral switch;
the first neutral line is connected with the first end of the second direct current energy consumption device through a third neutral switch, and the second neutral line is connected with the first end of the second direct current energy consumption device through a fourth neutral switch;
the first negative electrode line is connected with a second end of the second direct current energy consumption device through a first negative electrode switch, and the second negative electrode line is connected with a second end of the second direct current energy consumption device through a second negative electrode switch.
As a preferred mode, the number of the first power modules in the first dc energy consumption device and the number of the second power modules in the second dc energy consumption device are both x;
the rated current of the first direct current energy consumption device and the rated current of the second direct current energy consumption device are I;
when the first direct current energy consumption device and the second direct current energy consumption device both adopt a centralized energy consumption resistor, the resistance value of the centralized energy consumption resistor of the first direct current energy consumption device and the resistance value of the centralized energy consumption resistor of the second direct current energy consumption device are both R, and the energy of the centralized energy consumption resistor of the first direct current energy consumption device and the energy of the centralized energy consumption resistor of the second direct current energy consumption device are both E;
when the first direct current energy consumption device and the second direct current energy consumption device both adopt distributed energy consumption resistors, the number of the distributed energy consumption resistors of the first direct current energy consumption device and the number of the centralized energy consumption resistors of the second direct current energy consumption device are both x, and the resistance value of the distributed energy consumption resistors of the first direct current energy consumption device is R1jResistance of distributed dissipation resistor of the second DC dissipation deviceA value of R2jThe energy of the distributed energy consumption resistor of the first direct current energy consumption device is E1jThe energy of the distributed energy consumption resistor of the second direct current energy consumption device is E2j；
Wherein the content of the first and second substances,
Figure BDA0003174718030000051
E＝t×(P1+P2)，
Figure BDA0003174718030000052
Udcrated unipolar direct voltage, U, for a bipolar parallel direct current systemdcSMIs the rated DC voltage of the first power module or the rated DC voltage of the second power module, P1Is the unipolar active transmission power, P, of a first-return bipolar DC system2Is the unipolar active transmission power, alpha, of the second-turn bipolar DC systemUdThe value is a dc voltage action fixed value at which the first dc energy consuming device or the second dc energy consuming device is put into operation, t is a duration of time at which the first dc energy consuming device or the second dc energy consuming device is put into operation, and j is 1, …, x.
The parallel direct current system sharing the direct current energy consumption device provided by the embodiment of the invention comprises: the system comprises a plurality of sending end converters, a plurality of receiving end converters and a direct current energy consumption device; for a symmetrical unipolar parallel direct current system formed by a sending end converter and a receiving end converter; two ends of the direct current energy consumption device are respectively connected with the direct current side of the symmetrical single-pole parallel direct current system through a switch, so that the direct current energy consumption device of the multi-turn symmetrical single-pole parallel direct current system is shared; for a bipolar parallel direct current system formed by two sending end converters and two receiving end converters, a group of direct current energy consumption devices are shared by positive pole lines and neutral lines of a multi-loop bipolar parallel direct current system, another group of direct current energy consumption devices are shared by negative pole lines and neutral lines of the multi-loop bipolar parallel direct current system, and the purpose that the multi-loop bipolar parallel direct current system shares one group of direct current energy consumption devices is achieved. By sharing the direct current energy consumption devices, the number of groups of the direct current energy consumption devices is reduced, and the equipment cost and the occupied area can be obviously reduced.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of a symmetrical unipolar parallel dc system sharing a dc energy consumption device according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic circuit diagram of a centralized energy dissipation resistor according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a schematic circuit diagram of a distributed energy dissipating resistor according to an embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 4 is a schematic structural diagram of a bipolar parallel dc system sharing a dc energy consumption device according to another embodiment of the present invention.
Detailed Description
The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the drawings in the embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all of the embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
Referring to fig. 1, a schematic structural diagram of a symmetrical unipolar parallel dc system sharing a dc energy consuming device according to an embodiment of the present invention is shown, and includes: the system comprises a first sending end converter, a second sending end converter, a first receiving end converter, a second receiving end converter and a direct current energy consumption device;
the positive electrode of the first sending-end converter is connected with the positive electrode of the first receiving-end converter through a first positive electrode line; the negative electrode of the first sending-end converter is connected with the negative electrode of the first receiving-end converter through a first negative electrode wire;
the anode of the second sending-end converter is connected with the anode of the second receiving-end converter through a second anode pole line; the negative electrode of the second sending-end converter is connected with the negative electrode of the second receiving-end converter through a second negative electrode wire;
the first anode electrode wire is connected with a first end of the direct current energy consumption device through a first anode switch, and the first cathode electrode wire is connected with a second end of the direct current energy consumption device through a first cathode switch;
the second anode electrode wire is connected with the first end of the direct current energy consumption device through a second anode switch, and the second cathode electrode wire is connected with the second end of the direct current energy consumption device through a second cathode switch.
In this embodiment, the system includes: the system comprises a sending end converter 1, a sending end converter 2, a receiving end converter 1, a receiving end converter 2 and a direct current energy consumption device T;
the positive electrode of the sending-end converter 1 is connected with the positive electrode of the receiving-end converter 1 through a positive electrode polar line 1; the negative electrode of the sending end converter 1 is connected with the negative electrode of the receiving end converter 1 through a negative electrode polar line 1;
the positive electrode of the sending end converter 2 is connected with the positive electrode of the receiving end converter 2 through the positive electrode polar line 2; the negative electrode of the sending-end converter 2 is connected with the negative electrode of the receiving-end converter 2 through a negative electrode line 2;
the anode electrode line 1 is connected with a first end of the direct current energy consumption device T through a first anode switch K1, and the cathode electrode line 1 is connected with a second end of the direct current energy consumption device T through a first cathode switch K2;
the positive electrode line 2 is connected to a first end of the dc energy dissipation device T through a second positive electrode switch K3, and the negative electrode line 2 is connected to a second end of the dc energy dissipation device T through a second negative electrode switch K4.
In addition, the alternating current side of the transmission end converter 1 is used for being connected with a fan WT of the wind farm 1 through a transformer, and the fan WT is used for supplying power to the transmission end converter 1; the alternating current side of the sending end converter 2 is used for being connected with a fan WT of the wind power plant 2 through a transformer, and the fan WT is used for supplying power to the sending end converter 2; the receiving end converter 1 and the receiving end converter 2 are connected with an alternating current end AC through a transformer and used for supplying power.
The working principle of the direct current energy consumption device is as follows: when the converter at the receiving end fails and the energy at the transmitting end cannot be completely transmitted and absorbed, the direct-current voltage is increased, when the direct-current voltage exceeds a design threshold value, the direct-current energy consumption device is triggered, the energy consumption resistor in the loop is connected through the on-off of high-power devices such as an IGBT (insulated gate bipolar transistor) and the like, surplus power is consumed, and the stability of the direct-current voltage is maintained.
The embodiment of the invention provides a symmetrical unipolar parallel direct current system sharing a direct current energy consumption device, which comprises: the system comprises a first sending end converter, a second sending end converter, a first receiving end converter, a second receiving end converter and a direct current energy consumption device; a first symmetrical-return single-pole direct-current system formed by the first transmitting-end converter and the first receiving-end converter, and a second symmetrical-return single-pole direct-current system formed by the second transmitting-end converter and the second receiving-end converter; two ends of the direct current energy consumption device are respectively connected with the direct current side of the receiving end converter of the sending end converter of the symmetrical unipolar parallel direct current system through switches. If one of the symmetrical unipolar parallel direct current systems stops running, the direct current energy consumption device can be disconnected with the loop direct current by turning on the switch equipment; by sharing the direct current energy consumption devices, the number of groups of the direct current energy consumption devices is reduced, and the equipment cost and the occupied area can be obviously reduced.
In another embodiment of the present invention, the number of power modules in the dc energy consumption device
Figure BDA0003174718030000081
Rated current of the direct current energy consumption device
Figure BDA0003174718030000082
Wherein, UdcRated DC voltage, U, of symmetrical unipolar parallel DC systemsdcSMIs the rated DC voltage, P, of the power module1Is the active transmission power, P, of the first-pass symmetrical unipolar DC system2Is the active transmission power of the second symmetrical monopole direct current system.
In the embodiment, the number of power modules in the dc energy consumption device
Figure BDA0003174718030000083
Rated current of DC energy consumption device
Figure BDA0003174718030000084
Wherein, UdcRated interpolar dc voltage for symmetrical unipolar parallel dc systems，UdcSMIs the rated DC voltage, P, of the power module1Is the active transmission power, P, of the first-pass symmetrical unipolar DC system2Is the active transmission power of the second symmetrical monopole direct current system.
In another embodiment of the present invention, when the dc energy consumption device adopts a centralized energy consumption resistor, the number of the centralized energy consumption resistor is 1, and the resistance value of the centralized energy consumption resistor is 1
Figure BDA0003174718030000085
The energy E of the centralized energy consumption resistor is t (P)1+P2) (ii) a Wherein alpha isUdThe action constant value of the direct current voltage of the direct current energy consumption device is set, and t is the time length of the direct current energy consumption device.
In specific implementation of this embodiment, referring to fig. 2, a schematic circuit diagram of a centralized energy dissipation resistor provided in an embodiment of the present invention is shown, where the centralized energy dissipation resistor includes a centralized resistor R and a plurality of power modules including transistors, diodes, and capacitors, and the transistors are insulated gate bipolar transistors or injection enhancement type gate transistors.
It should be noted that the centralized energy consumption resistor provided in this embodiment is formed by a resistor, a triode, and a diode, and is only an optional manner of the centralized energy consumption resistor of the present invention.
When the direct current energy consumption device adopts the centralized energy consumption resistor, the number of the centralized energy consumption resistors is 1, and the resistance value of the centralized energy consumption resistor R is
Figure BDA0003174718030000091
Energy E of centralized energy consumption resistor R is t (P)1+P2) (ii) a Wherein alpha isUdThe action constant value of the direct current voltage of the direct current energy consumption device is set, and t is the time length of the direct current energy consumption device in working.
As a side-by-side example, the straight lineWhen the current energy consumption device adopts the distributed energy consumption resistors, the number of the distributed energy consumption resistors is equal to that of the power modules, and the resistance value of the distributed energy consumption resistors is
Figure BDA0003174718030000092
Energy of distributed energy consumption resistor
Figure BDA0003174718030000093
Wherein alpha isUdThe value is a fixed value of the dc voltage operation at which the dc energy consuming device is put into operation, t is a duration of time for which the dc energy consuming device is put into operation, and j is 1, …, x.
In specific implementation of this embodiment, referring to fig. 3, a schematic circuit diagram of a distributed energy-consuming resistor according to an embodiment of the present invention is shown, where the distributed energy-consuming resistor includes a plurality of power modules formed by parallel connection of a transistor, a capacitor, a diode, and a distributed energy-consuming resistor Ri.
It should be noted that the centralized energy consumption resistor provided in this embodiment is formed by a resistor, a triode, and a diode, and is only an optional manner of the centralized energy consumption resistor of the present invention.
When the direct current energy consumption device adopts the distributed energy consumption resistors, the number of the distributed energy consumption resistors is equal to the number of the power modules, namely x, and the resistance value of the distributed energy consumption resistors is x
Figure BDA0003174718030000094
Energy of distributed energy consumption resistor
Figure BDA0003174718030000095
Wherein alpha isUdThe value is a fixed value of the dc voltage operation at which the dc energy consuming device is put into operation, t is a duration of time for which the dc energy consuming device is put into operation, and j is 1, …, x.
The two-circuit symmetrical single-pole parallel direct current system shares 1 group of direct current energy consumption devices, the rated current and the energy absorption requirements of the direct current energy consumption devices can be increased, and the normal and stable operation of the symmetrical single-pole parallel direct current system can be ensured through the calculation and the limitation of parameters of the direct current energy consumption devices, and meanwhile, the reduction of the number of equipment such as power modules, resistors and the like can obviously reduce the total equipment floor area and the manufacturing cost.
It should be noted that, in this embodiment, a specific implementation of the common dc energy dissipation device is described by taking two symmetrical single-pole parallel dc systems as an example, when there are multiple symmetrical single-pole parallel dc systems, each two symmetrical single-pole parallel dc systems may share one group of dc energy dissipation devices, which is the same as in this embodiment and is not described herein.
The embodiment of the invention provides a symmetrical unipolar parallel direct current system sharing a direct current energy consumption device, which comprises: the system comprises a first sending end converter, a second sending end converter, a first receiving end converter, a second receiving end converter and a direct current energy consumption device; a first symmetrical-return single-pole direct-current system formed by the first transmitting-end converter and the first receiving-end converter, and a second symmetrical-return single-pole direct-current system formed by the second transmitting-end converter and the second receiving-end converter; two ends of the direct current energy consumption device are respectively connected with the direct current side of the symmetrical monopole parallel direct current system through a switch. If one of the symmetrical unipolar parallel direct current systems stops running, the direct current energy consumption device can be disconnected with the loop direct current by turning on the switch equipment; by sharing the direct current energy consumption devices, the number of groups of the direct current energy consumption devices is reduced, and the equipment cost and the occupied land cost can be obviously reduced.
In another embodiment of the present invention, a symmetrical unipolar parallel dc system sharing dc energy consuming devices is provided, the system comprising: the system comprises m sending end converters, m receiving end converters and a direct current energy consumption device;
the positive electrode of the kth sending-end converter is connected with the positive electrode of the kth receiving-end converter through a kth positive electrode line; the negative electrode of the kth sending-end converter is connected with the negative electrode of the kth receiving-end converter through the kth negative electrode line;
the kth positive electrode line is connected with the first end of the direct current energy consumption device through a kth positive electrode switch, and the kth negative electrode line is connected with the second end of the direct current energy consumption device through a kth negative electrode switch, wherein m is greater than 0, and k is 1, …, m.
In the specific implementation of this embodiment, the symmetrical unipolar parallel dc system includes multiple loops, and the multiple loops share the same dc energy dissipation device, so that the cost of the dc energy dissipation device can be reduced to a greater extent.
In another embodiment of the present invention, the number of power modules in the dc energy consumption device
Figure BDA0003174718030000101
Rated current of the direct current energy consumption device
Figure BDA0003174718030000102
Wherein, UdcRated interpolar dc voltage, U, of a symmetrical unipolar parallel dc systemdcSMIs the rated DC voltage, P, of the power modulekIs the active transmission power of the kth symmetrical monopole direct current system.
In another embodiment of the present invention, when the dc energy consumption device adopts a centralized energy consumption resistor, the number of the centralized energy consumption resistor is 1, and the resistance value of the centralized energy consumption resistor is 1
Figure BDA0003174718030000111
Energy of the centralized energy consumption resistor
Figure BDA0003174718030000112
Wherein alpha isUdThe action constant value of the direct current voltage of the direct current energy consumption device is set, and t is the time length of the direct current energy consumption device.
In this embodiment, the centralized energy dissipation resistor includes a centralized resistor R and a plurality of power modules each including a transistor, a diode, and a capacitor, where the transistor is an igbt or an injection enhancement type gate transistor.
When the direct current energy consumption device adopts the centralized energy consumption resistor, the number of the centralized energy consumption resistors is 1, and the resistance value of the centralized energy consumption resistorIs composed of
Figure BDA0003174718030000113
Energy of the centralized energy consumption resistor
Figure BDA0003174718030000114
Wherein alpha isUdThe action constant value of the direct current voltage of the direct current energy consumption device is set, and t is the time length of the direct current energy consumption device.
In a parallel implementation manner provided by the present invention, when the dc energy dissipation device employs distributed energy dissipation resistors, the number of the distributed energy dissipation resistors is equal to the number of the power modules, and the resistance value of the distributed energy dissipation resistors is equal to
Figure BDA0003174718030000115
Energy of distributed energy consumption resistor
Figure BDA0003174718030000116
Wherein alpha isUdThe value is a fixed value of the dc voltage operation at which the dc energy consuming device is put into operation, t is a duration of time for which the dc energy consuming device is put into operation, and j is 1, …, x.
In this embodiment, the distributed energy dissipation resistor includes a plurality of power modules formed by connecting a transistor, a capacitor, a diode, and a distributed energy dissipation resistor Ri in parallel.
When the direct current energy consumption device adopts the distributed energy consumption resistors, the quantity of the distributed energy consumption resistors is equal to that of the power modules, and the resistance value of the distributed energy consumption resistors is
Figure BDA0003174718030000117
Energy of distributed energy consumption resistor
Figure BDA0003174718030000118
Wherein alpha isUdIs the DC voltage action fixed value of the DC energy consumption device, t is the DC energy consumption deviceThe duration of the commissioning, j ═ 1, …, x.
In the specific implementation of the invention, the direct current energy consumption device can be a distributed energy consumption resistor or a centralized energy consumption resistor.
The embodiment of the invention provides a symmetrical unipolar parallel direct current system sharing a direct current energy consumption device, which comprises: the system comprises m sending end converters, m receiving end converters and a direct current energy consumption device; two ends of the direct current energy consumption device are respectively connected with the direct current side of the symmetrical monopole parallel direct current system through a switch. If one of the symmetrical unipolar parallel direct current systems stops running, the direct current energy consumption device can be disconnected with the loop direct current by turning on the switch equipment; by sharing the direct current energy consumption devices, the number of groups of the direct current energy consumption devices is reduced, and the equipment cost and the occupied area can be obviously reduced.
The embodiment of the invention also provides a bipolar parallel direct current system sharing the direct current energy consumption device, and the system comprises: the power supply system comprises a first transmitting end converter, a second transmitting end converter, a third transmitting end converter, a fourth transmitting end converter, a first receiving end converter, a second receiving end converter, a third receiving end converter, a fourth receiving end converter, a first direct current energy consumption device and a second direct current energy consumption device;
the high-voltage side of the first sending-end converter is connected with the high-voltage side of the first receiving-end converter through a first anode pole line; the low-voltage side of the first transmitting end converter is connected with the low-voltage side of the second receiving end converter through a first neutral line; the low-voltage side of the first sending end converter is connected with the low-voltage side of the second sending end converter; the low-voltage side of the first receiving end converter is connected with the low-voltage side of the second receiving end converter; the high-voltage side of the second sending-end converter is connected with the high-voltage side of the second receiving-end converter through a first cathode line;
the high-voltage side of the third transmitting-end converter is connected with the high-voltage side of the third receiving-end converter through a second anode pole line; the low-voltage side of the third transmitting-end converter is connected with the low-voltage side of the third receiving-end converter through a second neutral line; the low-voltage side of the third transmitting end converter is connected with the low-voltage side of the fourth transmitting end converter; the low-voltage side of the third receiving end converter is connected with the low-voltage side of the fourth receiving end converter; the high-voltage side of the fourth transmitting-end converter is connected with the high-voltage side of the fourth receiving-end converter through a second cathode line;
the first positive electrode line is connected with the first end of the first direct current energy consumption device through a first positive switch, and the second positive electrode line is connected with the first end of the first direct current energy consumption device through a second positive switch;
the first neutral line is connected with the second end of the first direct current energy consumption device through a first neutral switch, and the second neutral line is connected with the second end of the first direct current energy consumption device through a second neutral switch;
the first neutral line is connected with the first end of the second direct current energy consumption device through a third neutral switch, and the second neutral line is connected with the first end of the second direct current energy consumption device through a fourth neutral switch;
the first negative electrode line is connected with a second end of the second direct current energy consumption device through a first negative electrode switch, and the second negative electrode line is connected with a second end of the second direct current energy consumption device through a second negative electrode switch.
In the specific implementation of this embodiment, referring to fig. 4, it is a schematic structural diagram of a bipolar parallel dc system sharing a dc energy consumption device according to another embodiment of the present invention, where the system includes: a sending end converter 1.1, a sending end converter 1.2, a sending end converter 2.1, a sending end converter 2.2, a receiving end converter 1.1, a receiving end converter 1.2, a receiving end converter 2.1, a receiving end converter 2.2, a direct current energy consumption device T1 and a direct current energy consumption device T2;
the high-voltage side of the sending end converter 1.1 is connected with the high-voltage side of the receiving end converter 1.1 through a positive electrode polar line 1.0; the low-voltage side of the sending-end converter 1.1 is connected with the low-voltage side of the receiving-end converter 1.2 through a neutral line 1.0; the low-voltage side of the sending end converter 1.1 is connected with the low-voltage side of the sending end converter 1.2; the low-voltage side of the receiving end converter 1.1 is connected with the low-voltage side of the receiving end converter 1.2; the high-voltage side of the sending-end converter 1.2 is connected with the high-voltage side of the receiving-end converter 1.2 through a cathode line 1.0;
the high-voltage side of the sending end converter 2.1 is connected with the high-voltage side of the receiving end converter 2.1 through a positive electrode line 2.0; the low-voltage side of the sending-end converter 2.1 is connected with the low-voltage side of the receiving-end converter 2.1 through a neutral line 2.0; the low-voltage side of the sending-end converter 2.1 is connected with the low-voltage side of the sending-end converter 2.2; the low-voltage side of the receiving end converter 2.1 is connected with the low-voltage side of the receiving end converter 2.2; the high-voltage side of the sending-end converter 2.2 is connected with the high-voltage side of the receiving-end converter 2.2 through a cathode line 2.0;
the anode line 1.0 is connected to a first end of the dc energy dissipation device T1 through a first anode switch K1.0, and the anode line 2.0 is connected to a first end of the dc energy dissipation device T1 through a second anode switch K2.0;
the neutral line 1.0 is connected to the second terminal of the dc consumer T1 via a first neutral switch K3.0, and the neutral line 2.0 is connected to the second terminal of the dc consumer T1 via a second neutral switch K4.0;
the neutral line 1.0 is connected to the first terminal of the dc consumer T2 via a third neutral switch K5.0, and the neutral line 2.0 is connected to the first terminal of the dc consumer T2 via a fourth neutral switch K6.0;
the negative pole line 1.0 is connected to the second terminal of the dc energy consuming device T2 through a first negative pole switch K7.0, and the negative pole line 2.0 is connected to the second terminal of the dc energy consuming device T2 through a second negative pole switch K8.0.
It should be noted that, in this embodiment, the connection relationship of the common dc energy consuming devices is described by taking a two-turn bipolar parallel dc system as an example, for a bipolar multi-turn dc system, the positive pole line and the neutral line of all the multi-turn bipolar parallel dc systems share one group of dc energy consuming devices, and the negative pole line and the neutral line of the multi-turn bipolar parallel dc system share another group of dc energy consuming devices, so that the multi-turn bipolar parallel dc systems share one group of dc energy consuming devices, which is not described herein again.
In addition, the alternating current side of the sending end converter 1.1 is used for being connected with a fan WT of the wind farm 1.1 through a transformer, and the fan WT is used for supplying power to the sending end converter 1.1; the alternating current side of the sending end converter 1.2 is used for being connected with a fan WT of the wind power plant 1.2 through a transformer, and the fan WT is used for supplying power to the sending end converter 1.2; the alternating current side of the sending end converter 2.1 is used for being connected with a fan WT of the wind power plant 2.1 through a transformer, and the fan WT is used for supplying power to the sending end converter 2.1; the alternating current side of the sending end converter 2.2 is used for being connected with a fan WT of the wind power plant 2.2 through a transformer, and the fan WT is used for supplying power to the sending end converter 2.2; the receiving end converter 1.1, the receiving end converter 1.2, the receiving end converter 2.1 and the receiving end converter 2.2 are connected with an alternating current end AC through a transformer and used for supplying power.
In another embodiment provided by the present invention, the number of the first power modules in the first dc energy consumption device and the number of the second power modules in the second dc energy consumption device are both x;
the rated current of the first direct current energy consumption device and the rated current of the second direct current energy consumption device are I;
Figure BDA0003174718030000141
when the second direct current energy consumption device of the first direct current energy consumption device adopts a centralized energy consumption resistor, the resistance value of the centralized energy consumption resistor of the first direct current energy consumption device and the resistance value of the centralized energy consumption resistor of the second direct current energy consumption device are both R, and the energy of the centralized energy consumption resistor of the first direct current energy consumption device and the energy of the centralized energy consumption resistor of the second direct current energy consumption device are both E;
when the second dc energy consuming devices of the first dc energy consuming device all use distributed energy consuming resistors, the number of the distributed energy consuming resistors of the first dc energy consuming device and the number of the centralized energy consuming resistors of the second dc energy consuming device are both x, and the resistance value of the distributed energy consuming resistors of the first dc energy consuming device is R1jThe resistance value of the distributed energy consumption resistor of the second direct current energy consumption device is R2jThe energy of the distributed energy consumption resistor of the first direct current energy consumption device is E1jSaid second DC power consumptionThe energy of the distributed energy consumption resistor of the energy device is E2j；
Wherein the content of the first and second substances,
Figure BDA0003174718030000151
E＝t×(P1+P2)，
Figure BDA0003174718030000152
Udcrated unipolar direct voltage, U, for a bipolar parallel direct current systemdcSMIs the rated DC voltage of the first power module or the rated DC voltage of the second power module, P1Is the unipolar active transmission power, P, of a first-return bipolar DC system2Is the unipolar active transmission power, alpha, of the second-turn bipolar DC systemUdThe value is a dc voltage action fixed value at which the first dc energy consuming device or the second dc energy consuming device is put into operation, t is a duration of time at which the first dc energy consuming device or the second dc energy consuming device is put into operation, and j is 1, …, x.
It should be noted that, in this embodiment, specific parameter settings are described by taking a two-circuit parallel bipolar parallel dc system as an example, for a multi-circuit parallel bipolar parallel dc system, two sets of dc energy consuming devices can be shared, the parameter settings of the two sets of dc energy consuming devices are the same, specifically, the number of power modules in the dc energy consuming devices is x; rated current of the direct current energy consumption device is I;
when the direct current energy consumption device adopts a centralized energy consumption resistor, the resistance value of the centralized energy consumption resistor of the direct current energy consumption device is R, and the energy of the centralized energy consumption resistor of the direct current energy consumption device is E;
when the direct current energy consumption device adopts the distributed energy consumption resistors, the number of the distributed energy consumption resistors of the direct current energy consumption device is x, and the resistance value of the distributed energy consumption resistors of the direct current energy consumption device is RjThe energy of the distributed energy dissipation resistor of the direct current energy dissipation device is Ej；
Wherein the content of the first and second substances,
Figure BDA0003174718030000161
Figure BDA0003174718030000162
m is the return number, U, of the bipolar parallel DC systemdcRated unipolar direct voltage, U, for a bipolar parallel direct current systemdcSMIs the rated DC voltage of the first power module or the rated DC voltage of the second power module, PkIs the unipolar active transmission power, alpha, of the kth bipolar DC systemUdThe value is a dc voltage action fixed value at which the first dc energy consuming device or the second dc energy consuming device is put into operation, t is a duration of time at which the first dc energy consuming device or the second dc energy consuming device is put into operation, and j is 1, …, x.
For a multi-loop bipolar direct current parallel system, the positive pole and the neutral line of the multi-loop bipolar parallel direct current system share 1 group of energy dissipation devices, the negative pole and the neutral line share 1 group of energy dissipation devices, the parameters of the two groups of energy dissipation devices are set identically, the number of the groups of the direct current energy dissipation devices is reduced by sharing the direct current energy dissipation devices, and the equipment cost and the floor space cost are obviously reduced.
The invention provides a parallel direct current system sharing a direct current energy consumption device, which comprises: the system comprises a plurality of sending end converters, a plurality of receiving end converters and a direct current energy consumption device; for a symmetrical unipolar parallel direct current system formed by a sending end converter and a receiving end converter; two ends of the direct current energy consumption device are respectively connected with the direct current side of the symmetrical single-pole parallel direct current system through a switch, so that the direct current energy consumption device of the multi-turn symmetrical single-pole parallel direct current system is shared; for a bipolar parallel direct current system formed by two sending end converters and two receiving end converters, a group of direct current energy consumption devices are shared by positive pole lines and neutral lines of a multi-loop bipolar parallel direct current system, another group of direct current energy consumption devices are shared by negative pole lines and neutral lines of the multi-loop bipolar parallel direct current system, and the purpose that the multi-loop bipolar parallel direct current system shares one group of direct current energy consumption devices is achieved. By sharing the direct current energy consumption devices, the number of groups of the direct current energy consumption devices is reduced, and the equipment cost and the occupied area can be obviously reduced.
While the foregoing is directed to the preferred embodiment of the present invention, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.

Claims (10)

1. A symmetrical unipolar parallel dc system sharing dc dissipation devices, comprising: the system comprises a first sending end converter, a second sending end converter, a first receiving end converter, a second receiving end converter and a direct current energy consumption device;
the positive electrode of the first sending-end converter is connected with the positive electrode of the first receiving-end converter through a first positive electrode line; the negative electrode of the first sending-end converter is connected with the negative electrode of the first receiving-end converter through a first negative electrode wire;
the anode of the second sending-end converter is connected with the anode of the second receiving-end converter through a second anode pole line; the negative electrode of the second sending-end converter is connected with the negative electrode of the second receiving-end converter through a second negative electrode wire;
the first anode electrode wire is connected with a first end of the direct current energy consumption device through a first anode switch, and the first cathode electrode wire is connected with a second end of the direct current energy consumption device through a first cathode switch;
the second anode electrode wire is connected with the first end of the direct current energy consumption device through a second anode switch, and the second cathode electrode wire is connected with the second end of the direct current energy consumption device through a second cathode switch.
2. The symmetrical unipolar parallel dc system of claim 1, wherein the number of power modules in the dc dissipation device is greater than the number of power modules in the dc dissipation device
Figure FDA0003174718020000011
Rated current of the direct current energy consumption device
Figure FDA0003174718020000012
Wherein, UdcIs rated for symmetrical unipolar parallel DC systemInterpolar direct voltage, UdcSMIs the rated DC voltage, P, of the power module1Is the rated active transmission power, P, of the first DC-return system2Is the rated active transmission power of the second flyback system.
3. The symmetrical unipolar parallel dc system with dc power dissipation devices as claimed in claim 2, wherein when the dc power dissipation devices employ centralized power dissipation resistors, the number of the centralized power dissipation resistors is 1, and the resistance of the centralized power dissipation resistors is equal to
Figure FDA0003174718020000013
The energy E of the centralized energy consumption resistor is t (P)1+P2) (ii) a Wherein alpha isUdThe action constant value of the direct current voltage of the direct current energy consumption device is set, and t is the time length of the direct current energy consumption device.
4. The symmetrical unipolar parallel dc system according to claim 2, wherein when the dc dissipation device employs distributed dissipation resistors, the number of the distributed dissipation resistors is equal to the number of the power modules, and the resistance of the distributed dissipation resistors is equal to
Figure FDA0003174718020000021
Energy of distributed energy consumption resistor
Figure FDA0003174718020000022
Wherein alpha isUdThe value is a fixed value of the dc voltage operation at which the dc energy consuming device is put into operation, t is a duration of time for which the dc energy consuming device is put into operation, and j is 1, …, x.
5. A symmetrical unipolar parallel dc system sharing dc energy consuming devices, the system comprising: the system comprises m sending end converters, m receiving end converters and a direct current energy consumption device;
the positive electrode of the kth sending-end converter is connected with the positive electrode of the kth receiving-end converter through a kth positive electrode line; the negative electrode of the kth sending-end converter is connected with the negative electrode of the kth receiving-end converter through the kth negative electrode line;
the kth positive electrode line is connected with the first end of the direct current energy consumption device through a kth positive electrode switch, and the kth negative electrode line is connected with the second end of the direct current energy consumption device through a kth negative electrode switch, wherein m is greater than 0, and k is 1, …, m.
6. The symmetrical unipolar parallel dc system of claim 5, wherein the number of power modules in the dc dissipation device is greater than the number of power modules in the dc dissipation device
Figure FDA0003174718020000023
Rated current of the direct current energy consumption device
Figure FDA0003174718020000024
Wherein, UdcRated interpolar dc voltage, U, of a symmetrical unipolar parallel dc systemdcSMIs the rated DC voltage, P, of the power modulekIs the rated active transmission power of the kth symmetrical monopole direct current system.
7. The symmetrical unipolar parallel dc system with dc power dissipation devices as claimed in claim 6, wherein when the dc power dissipation devices employ centralized power dissipation resistors, the number of the centralized power dissipation resistors is 1, and the resistance of the centralized power dissipation resistors is equal to
Figure FDA0003174718020000031
Energy of the centralized energy consumption resistor
Figure FDA0003174718020000032
Wherein alpha isUdIs the DC voltage at which the DC energy consuming device is put into operationAnd (4) setting an action constant value, wherein t is the time length of the direct current energy consumption device in working.
8. The symmetrical unipolar parallel dc system according to claim 6, wherein when the dc dissipation device employs distributed dissipation resistors, the number of distributed dissipation resistors is equal to the number of power modules, and the resistance of the distributed dissipation resistors is equal to
Figure FDA0003174718020000033
Energy of distributed energy consumption resistor
Figure FDA0003174718020000034
Wherein alpha isUdThe value is a fixed value of the dc voltage operation at which the dc energy consuming device is put into operation, t is a duration of time for which the dc energy consuming device is put into operation, and j is 1, …, x.
9. A bipolar parallel dc system sharing dc power consuming devices, the system comprising: the power supply system comprises a first transmitting end converter, a second transmitting end converter, a third transmitting end converter, a fourth transmitting end converter, a first receiving end converter, a second receiving end converter, a third receiving end converter, a fourth receiving end converter, a first direct current energy consumption device and a second direct current energy consumption device;
the high-voltage side of the first sending-end converter is connected with the high-voltage side of the first receiving-end converter through a first anode pole line; the low-voltage side of the first transmitting end converter is connected with the low-voltage side of the second receiving end converter through a first neutral line; the low-voltage side of the first sending end converter is connected with the low-voltage side of the second sending end converter; the low-voltage side of the first receiving end converter is connected with the low-voltage side of the second receiving end converter; the high-voltage side of the second sending-end converter is connected with the high-voltage side of the second receiving-end converter through a first cathode line;
the high-voltage side of the third transmitting-end converter is connected with the high-voltage side of the third receiving-end converter through a second anode pole line; the low-voltage side of the third transmitting-end converter is connected with the low-voltage side of the third receiving-end converter through a second neutral line; the low-voltage side of the third transmitting end converter is connected with the low-voltage side of the fourth transmitting end converter; the low-voltage side of the third receiving end converter is connected with the low-voltage side of the fourth receiving end converter; the high-voltage side of the fourth transmitting-end converter is connected with the high-voltage side of the fourth receiving-end converter through a second cathode line;
the first positive electrode line is connected with the first end of the first direct current energy consumption device through a first positive switch, and the second positive electrode line is connected with the first end of the first direct current energy consumption device through a second positive switch;
the first neutral line is connected with the second end of the first direct current energy consumption device through a first neutral switch, and the second neutral line is connected with the second end of the first direct current energy consumption device through a second neutral switch;
the first neutral line is connected with the first end of the second direct current energy consumption device through a third neutral switch, and the second neutral line is connected with the first end of the second direct current energy consumption device through a fourth neutral switch;
the first negative electrode line is connected with a second end of the second direct current energy consumption device through a first negative electrode switch, and the second negative electrode line is connected with a second end of the second direct current energy consumption device through a second negative electrode switch.
10. The bipolar parallel dc system of claim 9, wherein the number of first power modules in the first dc energy consuming device and the number of second power modules in the second dc energy consuming device are both x;
the rated current of the first direct current energy consumption device and the rated current of the second direct current energy consumption device are I;
when the first direct current energy consumption device and the second direct current energy consumption device both adopt a centralized energy consumption resistor, the resistance value of the centralized energy consumption resistor of the first direct current energy consumption device and the resistance value of the centralized energy consumption resistor of the second direct current energy consumption device are both R, and the energy of the centralized energy consumption resistor of the first direct current energy consumption device and the energy of the centralized energy consumption resistor of the second direct current energy consumption device are both E;
when the first direct current energy consumption device and the second direct current energy consumption device both adopt distributed energy consumption resistors, the number of the distributed energy consumption resistors of the first direct current energy consumption device and the number of the centralized energy consumption resistors of the second direct current energy consumption device are both x, and the resistance value of the distributed energy consumption resistors of the first direct current energy consumption device is R1jThe resistance value of the distributed energy consumption resistor of the second direct current energy consumption device is R2jThe energy of the distributed energy consumption resistor of the first direct current energy consumption device is E1jThe energy of the distributed energy consumption resistor of the second direct current energy consumption device is E2j；
Wherein the content of the first and second substances,
Figure FDA0003174718020000051
E＝t×(P1+P2)，
Figure FDA0003174718020000052
Udcrated unipolar direct voltage, U, for a bipolar parallel direct current systemdcSMIs the rated DC voltage of the first power module or the rated DC voltage of the second power module, P1Is the unipolar active transmission power, P, of a first-return bipolar DC system2Is the unipolar active transmission power, alpha, of the second-turn bipolar DC systemUdThe value is a dc voltage action fixed value at which the first dc energy consuming device or the second dc energy consuming device is put into operation, t is a duration of time at which the first dc energy consuming device or the second dc energy consuming device is put into operation, and j is 1, …, x.
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