CN113695588B - High-activity zero-valent iron composite material and preparation method and application thereof - Google Patents
High-activity zero-valent iron composite material and preparation method and application thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CN113695588B CN113695588B CN202111007996.5A CN202111007996A CN113695588B CN 113695588 B CN113695588 B CN 113695588B CN 202111007996 A CN202111007996 A CN 202111007996A CN 113695588 B CN113695588 B CN 113695588B
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- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 81
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 50
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 37
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 20
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 33
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 239000002023 wood Substances 0.000 claims description 28
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000010453 quartz Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon dioxide Inorganic materials O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000003344 environmental pollutant Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 231100000719 pollutant Toxicity 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000001291 vacuum drying Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011363 dried mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002028 Biomass Substances 0.000 abstract description 18
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 abstract description 14
- 230000035939 shock Effects 0.000 abstract description 8
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 abstract description 5
- 150000002505 iron Chemical class 0.000 abstract description 4
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 16
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 15
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 11
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 10
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 9
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000002309 gasification Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000009257 reactivity Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000012298 atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000000498 ball milling Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000005336 cracking Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000007791 liquid phase Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229910002554 Fe(NO3)3·9H2O Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000003638 chemical reducing agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000008367 deionised water Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910021641 deionized water Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- JXTHNDFMNIQAHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N dichloroacetic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C(Cl)Cl JXTHNDFMNIQAHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910001385 heavy metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000197 pyrolysis Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005054 agglomeration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002776 aggregation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001354 calcination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229960005215 dichloroacetic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000000975 dye Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000013399 edible fruits Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229940044631 ferric chloride hexahydrate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012467 final product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000002485 formyl group Chemical group [H]C(*)=O 0.000 description 1
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 159000000014 iron salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- NQXWGWZJXJUMQB-UHFFFAOYSA-K iron trichloride hexahydrate Chemical compound O.O.O.O.O.O.[Cl-].Cl[Fe+]Cl NQXWGWZJXJUMQB-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- SURQXAFEQWPFPV-UHFFFAOYSA-L iron(2+) sulfate heptahydrate Chemical compound O.O.O.O.O.O.O.[Fe+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O SURQXAFEQWPFPV-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 238000011031 large-scale manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000000449 nitro group Chemical group [O-][N+](*)=O 0.000 description 1
- 239000012299 nitrogen atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000035699 permeability Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052573 porcelain Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011946 reduction process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008439 repair process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000010865 sewage Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009827 uniform distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F9/00—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof
- B22F9/16—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using chemical processes
- B22F9/30—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using chemical processes with decomposition of metal compounds, e.g. by pyrolysis
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/70—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by reduction
- C02F1/705—Reduction by metals
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Hydrology & Water Resources (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Water Supply & Treatment (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Compounds Of Iron (AREA)
- Processing Of Solid Wastes (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses a preparation method of a zero-valent iron composite material, which comprises the following steps: (1) mixing biomass with an iron salt to obtain a mixture; (2) And after the mixture is dried, applying 50-400V direct current voltage to shock the mixture for 2-600 ms to obtain the zero-valent iron composite material after the shock is finished. The invention also discloses the zero-valent iron composite material prepared by the preparation method and application thereof. According to the preparation method of the zero-valent iron composite material, the zero-valent iron composite material can be generated only by 2-600 ms by adopting a one-step method, so that the production efficiency is greatly improved; the prepared zero-valent iron composite material has small particle size, high activity and strong stability.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of environmental repair materials, in particular to a high-activity zero-valent iron composite material, and a preparation method and application thereof.
Background
Zero-valent iron is an inexpensive and effective reducing agent for reducing and removing various pollutants in sewage, including chlorinated/nitro/formyl organics, heavy metals and dyes.
The current preparation method for preparing zero-valent iron comprises a liquid phase reduction method, a gas phase reduction method and a mechanical ball milling method. The liquid phase reduction method takes ferric chloride hexahydrate or ferrous sulfate heptahydrate as a precursor and uses NaBH 4 Providing a reducing atmosphere to prepare the zero-valent iron particles. But NaBH 4 The reduction method has longer synthesis time (30-60 min) and higher price of the reducing agent, thus increasing the production cost, and the large-scale production of hydrogen is hindered by the generation of a large amount of hydrogen in the synthesis process.
The mechanical ball milling method is to decompose or recombine the blocky iron into nanoscale iron powder by a physical or chemical method, and the operation time is longer (more than 1 h). Although ball milling is high in yield, low in cost and simple in process, the prepared particles are rapidly aggregated into particles with a micron order or larger in water, so that the reactivity of the zero-valent iron material is reduced.
The gas phase reduction method mainly uses hydrogen or hydrogen mixed gas as a reducing atmosphere and ferric salt as a precursor to prepare the zero-valent iron material, and the operation time is longer (more than 1 h). During the reduction calcination process, the metal is easily melted, resulting in agglomeration of the final product, thereby reducing the reactivity of the synthesized zero-valent iron.
The particle size of the conventional zero-valent iron material is larger, the use effect of the zero-valent iron is affected to a certain extent, and the removal rate is slower. And, the larger particles make the zero-valent iron material unsuitable for environments such as soil where certain permeability requirements are imposed on the material. Therefore, reducing the zero-valent iron particle size is one of the main research objectives for zero-valent iron materials.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to overcome the defects and shortcomings of the prior art, the invention aims to provide a preparation method of a high-activity zero-valent iron composite material, which can generate the zero-valent iron composite material only by 2-600 ms by adopting a one-step method, thereby greatly improving the production efficiency.
The invention also aims to provide the zero-valent iron composite material prepared by the preparation method of the high-activity zero-valent iron composite material, which has small particle size and high activity.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide the use of the above-described high activity zero valent iron composite.
The aim of the invention is achieved by the following technical scheme:
the preparation method of the high-activity zero-valent iron composite material comprises the following steps:
(1) Mixing biomass with ferric salt to obtain a mixture;
(2) And after the mixture is dried, applying 50-400V direct current voltage to shock the mixture for 2-600 ms to obtain the zero-valent iron composite material after the shock is finished.
Preferably, in the step (2), the mixture is placed in a quartz tube, and the mixture in the quartz tube is placed between two electrodes connected to a direct current power supply to perform electric shock.
Preferably, the biomass is agricultural and forestry waste.
Preferably, the iron salt is FeCl 3 ·6H 2 O、FeCl 2 ·4H 2 O、Fe(NO 3 ) 3 ·9H 2 O or FeC 2 O 4 ·2H 2 O。
Preferably, the mass ratio of the biomass to the ferric salt is 1: (0.1-2).
Preferably, the mixing of biomass with iron salt in step (1), specifically: the following modes are adopted for mechanical grinding mixing or:
adding biomass and ferric salt into a solvent, and carrying out ultrasonic mixing for 20-40 min.
Preferably, the solvent in the step (1) is absolute ethanol.
Preferably, the particle size of the biomass is less than 75 microns; the particle size of the iron salt is less than 75 microns.
The high-activity zero-valent iron composite material is prepared by a preparation method of the zero-valent iron composite material.
The high-activity zero-valent iron composite material is used for reducing and removing pollutants in water or soil.
The principle of the invention is as follows:
according to the invention, biomass and ferric salt are mixed, instant high-voltage electric shock is directly carried out on the mixture, instant ultrahigh temperature thermal shock cracking reaction is generated under the action of continuous 2-600 ms of 50-400V direct current voltage, and a series of physical and chemical reactions such as bond breaking and the like are generated between the biomass and the ferric salt, so that zero-valent iron particles with small particle size and high activity are formed; meanwhile, organic vapor generated by biomass gasification is deposited on the surface of the zero-valent iron particles, so that the stability of the zero-valent iron composite material is improved.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following advantages and beneficial effects:
(1) According to the preparation method of the high-activity zero-valent iron composite material, the zero-valent iron composite material can be generated only by 2-600 ms, and the production efficiency is greatly improved.
(2) Compared with the zero-valent iron composite material prepared by the traditional preparation method of the zero-valent iron composite material, the zero-valent iron composite material prepared by the preparation method of the high-activity zero-valent iron composite material has small particle size and high activity, and the removal efficiency of pollutants such as heavy metal ions and organic matters is greatly improved.
(3) The preparation method of the high-activity zero-valent iron composite material has the advantages of simple operation steps and low production cost.
(4) The zero-valent iron composite material prepared by the preparation method of the high-activity zero-valent iron composite material has high stability, and the stability of the zero-valent iron composite material is improved because the organic vapor generated by biomass gasification is deposited on the surfaces of the zero-valent iron particles in the preparation process.
Drawings
FIG. 1 shows the high activity zero valent iron composite material prepared in examples 1-3 of the present invention against 10mg/L Cr 6+ Is a graph of the removal effect of (3).
FIG. 2 shows the high activity zero valent iron composite material prepared in example 3, comparative example 1, comparative example 2 of the present invention versus 10mg/L Cr 6+ Is a graph of the removal effect of (3).
Fig. 3 is an energy spectrum (Fe) of the high activity zero valent iron composite material prepared in example 3.
Fig. 4 is an energy spectrum (Fe) of the high-activity zero-valent iron composite material prepared in comparative example 2.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be described in further detail with reference to examples, but embodiments of the present invention are not limited thereto.
Example 1
Wood chips and FeCl 3 ·6H 2 O is evenly mixed by adopting a dry method, and then is placed in a quartz tube, and is placed between two electrodes connected with a direct-current voltage source. Regulating the output direct-current voltage to 150V, wherein the time is set to be 50ms; and (5) opening the starting switch for 50ms to obtain the zero-valent iron composite material. When the adding amount of the material is 1g/L, cr in water is treated 6+ The removal efficiency (initial concentration: 10 mg/L) was 90.3% after 1h, and the removal effect curve was as shown in FIG. 1 (corresponding to 150V).
In this embodiment, wood chips and FeCl 3 ·6H 2 The mass ratio of O is 1:0.1.
in this example, the wood chips and FeCl 3 ·6H 2 The particle size of O is less than 75 microns.
This example is carried out by mixing wood chips with FeCl 3 ·6H 2 O is mixed, instant high-voltage electric shock is directly carried out on the mixture, instant high-temperature thermal shock reaction is generated under the action of continuous 50ms of 150V direct-current voltage, and a series of physical and chemical reactions such as bond breaking and the like are generated between biomass and ferric salt, so that zero-valent iron particles with small particle size and high activity are formed; meanwhile, organic vapor generated by biomass gasification is deposited on the surface of the zero-valent iron particles, so that the stability of the zero-valent iron composite material is improved.
Example 2
Wood chips and FeCl 3 ·6H 2 Adding O into absolute ethyl alcohol, ultrasonically mixing for 30min, placing into a quartz tube, and drying at 60 ℃ in a vacuum drying oven. And placing the dried mixture between two electrodes connected with a direct-current voltage source. Regulating the output direct-current voltage to 200V, and setting the time to 50ms; and (5) opening the starting switch for 50ms to obtain the zero-valent iron composite material. When the adding amount of the material is 1g/L, cr in water is treated 6+ The removal efficiency (initial concentration: 10 mg/L) was 93.5% after 1h, and the removal effect curve was as shown in FIG. 1 (corresponding to 200V). When the addition amount of the material is 1g/L, the removal rate of dichloroacetic acid (initial concentration is 15.7 mg/L) in water is 62.8% after 72 h.
In this example, wood chips and FeCl 3 ·6H 2 The mass ratio of O is 1:2.
in this example, the wood chips and FeCl 3 ·6H 2 The particle size of O is less than 75 microns.
This example is carried out by mixing wood chips with FeCl 3 ·6H 2 The mixture of O is subjected to instant high-voltage electric shock, under the action of continuous 50ms of 200V direct-current voltage, instant ultrahigh temperature thermal shock cracking reaction is generated, and biomass and ferric salt generate a series of physical and chemical reactions such as bond breaking and the like, so that zero-valent iron particles with small particle size and high activity are formed; simultaneously, organic vapor generated by biomass gasification is deposited on the surface of the zero-valent iron particles, thereby improving the zero-valent iron compoundingStability of the material.
Example 3
Wood chips and FeCl 3 ·6H 2 O is uniformly mixed and then placed in a quartz tube, and the quartz tube is placed between two electrodes connected with a direct-current voltage source. Regulating the output direct-current voltage to 250V, wherein the time is set to be 50ms; and (5) opening the starting switch for 50ms to obtain the zero-valent iron composite material. When the adding amount of the material is 1g/L, cr in water is treated 6+ The removal efficiency (initial concentration: 10 mg/L) was 95.6% after 1h, and the removal effect curve was as shown in FIG. 1 (corresponding to 250V).
In this example, wood chips and FeCl 3 ·6H 2 The mass ratio of O is 1:1.
in this example, the wood chips and FeCl 3 ·6H 2 The particle size of O is less than 75 microns.
This example is carried out by mixing wood chips with FeCl 3 ·6H 2 The mixture of O is subjected to instant high-voltage electric shock, under the action of continuous 50ms of 250V direct-current voltage, instant ultrahigh temperature thermal shock cracking reaction is generated, and biomass and ferric salt generate a series of physical and chemical reactions such as bond breaking and the like, so that zero-valent iron particles with small particle size and high activity are formed; meanwhile, organic vapor generated by biomass gasification is deposited on the surface of the zero-valent iron particles, so that the stability of the zero-valent iron composite material is improved.
Comparative example 1 (conventional NaBH) 4 Liquid phase reduction process
Firstly, respectively preparing FeCl with the concentration of 0.01mol/L by using oxygen-free deionized water 3 ·6H 2 O solution 150mL and NaBH 0.04mol/L 4 150mL of solution. FeCl in nitrogen atmosphere 3 ·6H 2 Mixing the O solution with wood chips with equal mass, and fully stirring in a three-neck flask for 20min. The prepared NaBH is then used 4 The solution was dropped into the mixture at a rate of 10mL/min, and the reaction was continued with stirring for 30min. Repeatedly washing the black precipitate with oxygen-free deionized water, vacuum filtering, deoxidizing with absolute ethanol, and vacuum drying to obtain zero-valent iron material (NaBH) 4 Reduction). When the adding amount of the material is 1g/L, cr in water is treated 6+ The removal efficiency (initial concentration: 10 mg/L) was 1hThe latter 64.8%.
In this comparative example, wood chips and FeCl 3 ·6H 2 The mass ratio of O is 1:1.
in this comparative example, the wood chips were mixed with FeCl 3 ·6H 2 The particle size of O is less than 75 microns.
Comparative example 2 (gas phase thermal reduction method)
Wood chips and FeCl 3 ·6H 2 After O is uniformly mixed, the obtained mixture is filled into a porcelain ark (50 mm in length and 28mm in width), and is placed into a tube furnace to be pyrolyzed in a hydrogen atmosphere, wherein the pyrolysis temperature is 600 ℃, the temperature is maintained for 3 hours, and the gas flow is 100mL/min; after the pyrolysis reaction, the obtained product is cooled to room temperature and taken out, and the zero-valent iron material (H) 2 Reduction). When the adding amount of the material is 1g/L, cr in water is treated 6+ The removal efficiency (initial concentration: 10 mg/L) was 31.1% after 1 h.
In this comparative example, wood chips and FeCl 3 ·6H 2 The mass ratio of O is 1:1.
in this comparative example, the wood chips were mixed with FeCl 3 ·6H 2 The particle size of O is less than 75 microns.
Comparison of the removal effect of Cr6+ at 10mg/L for the zero valent iron composites prepared in example 3, comparative examples 1-2:
example 3 zero valent iron composite prepared in comparative examples 1-2 vs. 10mg/L Cr 6+ As can be seen from the graph shown in FIG. 2, the sample of example 3 was compared with comparative examples 1 and 2 in terms of Cr 6+ Has higher reduction efficiency. Thus, the sample of example 3 had a higher reactivity.
Comparison of the energy spectrum test results of the zero-valent iron composite material prepared in example 3 and comparative example 2:
the results of the spectrum tests of the samples prepared in example 3 and comparative example 2 are shown in FIGS. 3 to 4, respectively, and it can be seen from the graph that the sample of example 3 has a smaller nano zero-valent iron particle size, a more uniform distribution of zero-valent iron, and thus higher reactivity, cr, than that of comparative example 2 6+ Reduction effectThe fruit is better.
In the above examples, feCl 3 ·6H 2 O may also be FeCl 2 ·4H 2 O、Fe(NO 3 ) 3 ·9H 2 O or FeC 2 O 4 ·2H 2 Iron salts such as O.
In the above embodiment, the wood chips may be other vegetation biomass such as other agricultural and forestry waste.
The embodiments described above are preferred embodiments of the present invention, but the embodiments of the present invention are not limited to the embodiments described above, and any other changes, modifications, substitutions, combinations, and simplifications that do not depart from the spirit and principles of the present invention should be made in the equivalent manner, and are included in the scope of the present invention.
Claims (5)
1. The preparation method of the high-activity zero-valent iron composite material is characterized by comprising the following steps of:
wood chips and FeCl 3 ∙6H 2 O is uniformly mixed by adopting a dry method, and then is placed in a quartz tube, and is placed between two electrodes connected with a direct-current voltage source; adjusting the output direct current voltage to 150V, and setting the time to 50ms; turning on the start switch to obtain zero-valent iron composite material after 50ms, wherein the wood chips and FeCl 3 ∙6H 2 The mass ratio of O is 1:0.1; the wood chips and FeCl 3 ∙6H 2 The particle size of O is less than 75 microns.
2. The preparation method of the high-activity zero-valent iron composite material is characterized by comprising the following steps of:
wood chips and FeCl 3 ∙6H 2 Adding O into absolute ethyl alcohol, ultrasonically mixing for 30min, placing into a quartz tube, and drying at 60 ℃ in a vacuum drying oven; placing the dried mixture between two electrodes connected with a direct-current voltage source; regulating the output direct current voltage to 200V, wherein the time is set to 50ms; turning on the start switch to obtain zero-valent iron composite material after 50ms, wherein the wood chips and FeCl 3 ∙6H 2 The mass ratio of O is 1:2; the wood chips and FeCl 3 ∙6H 2 O (O)The particle size is less than 75 microns.
3. The preparation method of the high-activity zero-valent iron composite material is characterized by comprising the following steps of:
wood chips and FeCl 3 ∙6H 2 O is uniformly mixed and then is placed in a quartz tube, and the quartz tube is placed between two electrodes connected with a direct-current voltage source; the output direct current voltage is regulated to 250V, and the time is set to 50ms; turning on the start switch to obtain zero-valent iron composite material after 50ms, wherein the wood chips and FeCl 3 ∙6H 2 The mass ratio of O is 1:1, a step of; the wood chips and FeCl 3 ∙6H 2 The particle size of O is less than 75 microns.
4. A high activity zero valent iron composite material prepared by the method for preparing the high activity zero valent iron composite material of any one of claims 1 to 3.
5. Use of the high activity zero valent iron composite material of claim 4 for reducing and removing pollutants in water or soil.
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