CN113693152A - 富含花青素的软糖及制作工艺 - Google Patents
富含花青素的软糖及制作工艺 Download PDFInfo
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- CN113693152A CN113693152A CN202110930888.9A CN202110930888A CN113693152A CN 113693152 A CN113693152 A CN 113693152A CN 202110930888 A CN202110930888 A CN 202110930888A CN 113693152 A CN113693152 A CN 113693152A
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- anthocyanin
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Abstract
本发明提供一种富含花青素的软糖及制作工艺。本发明通过对不同浓缩果汁和果粉组成的多元花青素复合配方在软糖加工工艺后,对花青素含量的保护能力进行研究,探究多元花色苷复合配方的抗加热能力;并针对植物花青素在热加工过程不耐高温的特性,对调酸、熬糖、熬胶和果汁果粉添加的工艺进行流程优化。结果表明,本发明提供的富含花青素软糖复合配方和优化工艺流程对六种不同类别花青素和其他含花色苷物质在糖果热加工中有显著地保护作用。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及食品加工领域,具体地说,涉及一种富含花青素的软糖及制作工艺。
背景技术
花青素是一种黄酮类的多酚化合物,别称花色素或花色苷,多存在于植物中,自然状态的花青素几乎都以糖苷形式存在,是一种水溶性的天然色素,其安全性较高,对人体没有特异的毒性。花青素的基本结构是3,5,7-三羟基-2-苯基苯并吡喃,目前发现的天然花青素分子量大约在400~1200Da之间。研究发现,国内外植物中有20多种花青素,并拥有250多种异构型的花色苷。根据花青素的国内外研究发现存在于植物中的天然花青素主要分为以下6种:天竺葵色素、矢车菊色素、飞燕草色素、芍药色素、牵牛花色素和锦葵色素,分别约占自然界中花青素含量的50%、12%、12%、12%、7%和7%。
大量体外生物学和体内医学研究发现,花青素具有抑制抑郁、抗氧化、保护心脏、抑制炎症反应、预防代谢性疾病、改善视力以及治疗心血管疾病、癌症和糖尿病的作用。
花青素被广泛应用于健康食品和保健食品中。随着人们生活质量的提高,越来越多的人注重营养。花青素由于具有众多功能性,所以国内外众多食品加工企业将富含花青素的农产品原料进行工业加工,开发成饮料、休闲食品、保健食品等。目前,以蓝莓、越橘、黑加仑、黑米、紫薯为原料生产的果蔬类加工食品较多,如果汁、果酒、果酱、果干、果脯等,这些果蔬在被加工后,还具备较强的抗氧化性和花青素功能性,因此常被用于保健品、功能性食品中。
花青素在加工过程中的不稳定性和易损性。有研究表明,由于花青素活性高,易受环境、地区、光照、温度、pH等外界条件的干扰和影响而分解,在食品加工业中的应用受极大限制。目前,花青素在食物中的研究主要还停留在农产品体态的食品中花青素的变化研究,例如果脯、果干、果酱、果汁等。相关研究例如张燕飞选择紫色茄子为原料,设计了简单食品体系、复杂食品体系和真实食品体系下,研究不同热加工方式下花青素的变化规律,蒸、煮和油炸过程中花青素显著性降低。蒸对茄子皮花青素的破坏强于煮;油炸是破坏茄子皮花青素的最强加工方式。李金星等[i]经研究发现,蓝莓果汁中的花青素在pH≤3时比较稳定,在60℃以下稳定性很好,对高温、光比较敏感,Vc可以增加花青素的稳定性。因此在蓝莓加工过程中应该要保持适宜的pH值,可适量添加Vc,同时应避免高温加工,果汁包装选择避光材料。Fe3+以及浓度达到0.1mol/L的Mg2+对果汁中花青素的稳定性具有破坏作用;浓度低于0.05mol/L的Mg2+能增加果汁中花青素的稳定性。因此,在果汁加工中应使用纯净水。严红光等在分析兔眼蓝莓品种加工特性时发现,低pH下,蓝莓花青素吸光度高,稳定性好,显红色,当pH升高,吸光度逐渐下降,溶液色泽逐渐向蓝紫色转变,因此酸性pH适宜于蓝莓花青素的保藏。周理红等人对蓝莓花青素的抗氧化活性及其稳定性进行了研究,得出蓝莓花青素在强光、碱性、高温及抗坏血酸存在的环境下较为不稳定,葡萄糖及柠檬酸对蓝莓花青素的稳定性有一定的保护作用。
目前对工业化加工中添加花青素的性质转化规律和抗氧化功能变化的研究相对较少。例如糖果、烘焙制品、发酵食品等加工流程较长、加工前后食品体态变化较大的食品加工方式。Daravingas等发现溶液中糖及其降解产物的含量均会影响花青素稳定性,高浓度糖的存在,减缓花青素生成假碱形式反应,使花青素颜色得到保护,低浓度糖以及二糖,单糖较多的存在会加速花青素降解。贾莹等对花青素饮料包装采用不同遮盖,发现遮光率越高的瓶体花青素稳定性越好。因此,在精深食品加工过程中如何提高花青素的稳定性、尽可能地保留花青素含量成为亟待解决的行业问题。
小浆果类花青素研究进展表明,以蓝莓、越橘、蔓越莓、黑加仑、黑枸杞等为代表的小浆果花青素含量极高,其花青素加工产品(例如果粉、色素等)已经被广泛应用于各行各业。但目前阶段,采用以往的糖果、发酵、烘焙等精深食品加工工艺,不能有效维持花青素的稳定,尤其针对小浆果花青素来说,不易保留。通常地制造流程越复杂,成品中花青素的含量往往越不能达到预期目标,因此如何改进现有工艺流程以提高最终产品花青素的含量是精深食品制造中一个棘手的问题。
在黑枸杞花青素胶囊的加工研究中,有报道不当的加工工艺条件和配方会导致黑枸杞花青素制成胶囊后损失76.5%的有效性。有关紫薯发酵酒的研究表明,在发酵周期中花青素呈现先上升后下降的趋势,发酵时间过长反而会导致花青素损失。
发明内容
本发明围绕糖果加工过程中外源添加花青素不易保留的问题,提供一种富含花青素的软糖及制作工艺。由于糖果加工过程中“熬糖”是一项加热工序,根据在不同温度、不同pH值、不同抗氧化物质情况下都会影响花青素含量和稳定性的特性,推测该工序可能是影响最终糖果中花青素含量和花青素组成的关键步骤。
本发明构思如下:(1)多元花青素来源添加,富含6种天然植物花青素,产生不同生物活性物质之间的抗氧化效应,最大化地保留花色苷种类。(2)对于软糖加工过程中的熬糖加热环节进行工艺优化,最大化地保证富含花青素的原料添加后,不会由于加热出现热分解现象。(3)合理添加柠檬酸和D-异抗坏血酸钠,即作为酸度调节剂。既能调配最佳糖酸比和口感,又能在软糖加工过程中,降低pH值、增强胶体抗氧化性保护花青素。
本发明提供一种富含花青素的软糖,用于制作软糖的成分如下,按质量百分比计:8倍浓缩的蓝莓汁7%,6倍浓缩的越橘汁5%,6倍浓缩的黑加仑汁3%,花青素含量25%的蓝莓粉1.4%,花青素含量25%的蔓越莓粉0.3%,花青素含量25%接骨木莓粉0.3%,白砂糖30%,葡萄糖3%,柠檬酸0.15%,D-异抗坏血酸钠0.1%,琼脂2%,卡拉胶2.5%和水45.25%;软糖的含水量为18.0±1.0%。
本发明还提供一种富含花青素软糖的制作工艺,包括以下步骤:
A、按比例称取各原料,按质量百分比计:8倍浓缩的蓝莓汁7%,6倍浓缩的越橘汁5%,6倍浓缩的黑加仑汁3%,花青素含量25%的蓝莓粉1.4%,花青素含量25%的蔓越莓粉0.3%,花青素含量25%接骨木莓粉0.3%,白砂糖30%,葡萄糖3%,柠檬酸0.15%,D-异抗坏血酸钠0.1%,琼脂2%,卡拉胶2.5%和水45.25%;
B、复配凝胶剂的制备:①向琼脂中加入琼脂重量20倍的水,在60℃水浴中溶胀1小时,得到琼脂溶液;②向卡拉胶中加入卡拉胶重量30倍的水,在80℃水浴中溶胀1小时,得到卡拉胶溶液;溶胀同时注意搅拌胶体,避免表面形成胶膜;③将琼脂溶液和卡拉胶溶液按4:5的体积比混合,于80±2℃水浴中保温备用;
C、调酸:将柠檬酸用少量水溶解后加至上述复配凝胶剂中,搅拌后加入D-异抗坏血酸钠,搅拌至澄清无沉淀后温水浴备用,得到溶液I;
D、熬糖:将白砂糖和葡萄糖单独进行熬糖,熬糖过程中使用恒温水浴锅进行温度稳定,温度设定为100℃±10℃,不停搅拌至固体糖完全溶解,熬制时间为20min;
E、熬胶:向步骤D熬制好的糖浆中加入步骤C的溶液I,搅拌条件下,与糖浆充分混合,100±10℃熬煮至透明胶体状态,测定胶体中可溶性固形物达到70%时停止熬煮,于80℃下保温放置(以防止凝固);
F、浆果粉及浓缩浆果汁的添加:向步骤E熬制好的胶体中依次加入浓缩的蓝莓汁、浓缩的越橘汁、浓缩的黑加仑汁、蓝莓粉、蔓越莓粉和接骨木莓粉,在搅拌条件下与胶体充分混合,直至胶体颜色均匀一致、粉末全部溶解,于65℃下保温放置(以防止胶体过快凝固);
G、入模:将步骤F所得胶体加入模具中进行形状固定;
H、干燥:入模完成后,于45℃鼓风干燥箱中进行烘干去除部分水分,干燥时间2h;
I、冷却:从干燥箱中取出软糖,在25℃常温下冷却24h,最后从模具中倒出,即得。
按照上述方法制得的富含花青素的软糖,所述软糖的含水量为18.0±1.0%。
本发明中,用于制作花青素软糖的浆果汁,除了蓝莓汁、越橘汁、黑加仑汁之外,还可以选用蔓越莓、木莓(包括接骨木莓)、枸杞(包括黑枸杞)、樱桃(包括针叶樱桃)、桑葚、杨梅等小浆果来源的浆果汁。将浆果直接打浆,或者浆果经去皮、去核后打浆即得浆果汁。
本发明中,调酸所用的酸度调节剂除了柠檬酸和D-异抗坏血酸钠之外,还可以选用酒石酸、乳酸、苹果酸、偏酒石酸、磷酸、乙酸、富马酸等进行调酸。
本发明中,用于制作复配凝胶剂的原料除了琼脂和食用卡拉胶之外,还可以选用市面常见的可替代食用胶,包括但不限于亚麻籽胶、凝结多糖、结冷胶、普鲁兰多糖、明胶、黄原胶、瓜尔豆胶等。
借由上述技术方案,本发明至少具有下列优点及有益效果:
本发明通过对不同浓缩果汁和果粉组成的多元花青素复合配方在软糖加工工艺后,对花青素含量的保护能力进行研究,探究多元花色苷复合配方的抗加热能力;并针对植物花青素在热加工过程不耐高温的特性,对调酸、熬糖、熬胶和果汁果粉添加的工艺进行流程优化。结果表明,本发明提供的富含花青素软糖复合配方和优化工艺流程对六种不同类别花青素和其他含花色苷物质在糖果热加工中有显著地保护作用。
附图说明
图1为本发明实施例1中优化的富含花青素软糖的制作工艺。
图2为传统软糖制作工艺。
图3为本发明实施例1中使用本发明配方和加工工艺对糖果不同天然植物花色苷种类的影响。
图4为对比例1使用传统蓝莓配方对糖果不同天然植物花色苷种类的影响。
图5为对比例2使用传统蓝莓配方对糖果不同天然植物花色苷种类的影响。
图6为本发明富含花青素的软糖配方和加工工艺对加工糖果天然植物花青素损失率的影响。
图7为本发明较佳实施例中不同D-异抗坏血酸钠添加量对加工糖果总花青素含量的影响。
图8为本发明较佳实施例中不同D-异抗坏血酸钠添加量对食用特性的影响。
具体实施方式
以下实施例用于说明本发明,但不用来限制本发明的范围。若未特别指明,实施例中所用的技术手段为本领域技术人员所熟知的常规手段,所用原料均为市售商品。
以下实施例中使用的8倍浓缩的蓝莓汁购自浙江蓝美股份有限公司,浓缩倍数为8倍浓缩,即8kg原果汁浓缩为1kg浓缩越橘果汁。浓缩果汁加工工艺如下:原料挑选-清洗-去除烂果-消毒-破碎-35℃果浆加热-果浆压榨-过滤果渣-酶解澄清-超滤-55~95℃蒸发浓缩-浓汁装罐。
6倍浓缩的越橘汁购自浙江蓝美股份有限公司,浓缩倍数为6倍浓缩,即6kg原果汁浓缩为1kg浓缩越橘果汁。浓缩果汁加工工艺如下:原料挑选-清洗-去除烂果-消毒-破碎-35℃果浆加热-果浆压榨-过滤果渣-酶解澄清-超滤-55~95℃蒸发浓缩-浓汁装罐。
6倍浓缩的黑加仑汁,浓缩黑加仑汁购自浙江蓝美股份有限公司,浓缩倍数为6倍浓缩,即6kg原果汁浓缩为1kg浓缩越橘果汁。浓缩果汁加工工艺如下:原料挑选-清洗-去除烂果-消毒-破碎-35℃果浆加热-果浆压榨-过滤果渣-酶解澄清-超滤-55~95℃蒸发浓缩-浓汁装罐。
花青素含量25%的蓝莓粉购自西安华庚生物科技有限公司,花青素测定方法为高效液相色谱法。蓝莓粉加工工艺如下:浆果—粉碎榨取—醇提—过滤—上吸附住—乙醇洗脱—浓缩—喷雾干燥-包装。
花青素含量25%的蔓越莓粉购自西安华庚生物科技有限公司,花青素含量为25%,花青素测定方法为高效液相色谱法。蔓越莓粉加工工艺如下:浆果—粉碎榨取—醇提—过滤—上吸附住—乙醇洗脱—浓缩—喷雾干燥-包装。
花青素含量25%接骨木莓粉购自西安华庚生物科技有限公司,花青素含量为25%,花青素测定方法为高效液相色谱法。接骨木莓粉加工工艺如下:浆果—粉碎榨取—醇提—过滤—上吸附住—乙醇洗脱—浓缩—喷雾干燥-包装。
实施例1多种浓缩浆果汁和浆果粉组成多元花青素复合配方、不同熬糖和花青素原料添加工艺对软糖花青素的影响
本实施例提供的富含花青素软糖,(1)配方上采用3种浓缩小浆果果汁和3种小浆果果粉组成复配配方。在添加原料上选5种不同种类的小浆果,保障最终制成糖果中含有6大类天然花青素,并在加工过程中形成花青素群抗氧化保护效果,更多地保留糖果最终花色苷种类和花青素含量。(2)在传统加工工艺流程上,将调酸工艺提前至熬胶、果汁果粉添加工艺之前,保障添加果汁前溶液环境为酸性环境,从而降低花青素敏感性,增强其对热的抵抗能力,更多地保留糖果最终花色苷种类和花青素含量。
优化后的软糖制作工艺流程如图1所示,浆果汁及浆果粉、柠檬酸、D-异抗坏血酸钠、卡拉胶、琼脂、白砂糖、葡萄糖和纯净水的添加比例如表1和表2所示。其中表1是软糖制作中所用富含花青素的果粉和浓缩果汁的配方及用量,表2是糖、水、柠檬酸、复配凝胶剂(琼脂和卡拉胶)用料。表1与表2中所有原料的添加量总和为100%,所用原料均为食品级。
表1软糖制作所需浆果粉及浓缩浆果汁用量表
表2其他糖果辅料及用量表
具体的软糖制作工艺包括以下步骤:
1、原料称量:按照上述比例,将柠檬酸、D-异抗坏血酸钠、各种浓缩浆果汁和浆果粉、白砂糖,葡萄糖、复配凝胶剂(琼脂和卡拉胶)在电子天平上称量好后备用。
2、复配凝胶剂的制备:
①向琼脂中加入琼脂重量20倍的水,在60℃水浴中溶胀1小时,得到琼脂溶液;
②向卡拉胶中加入卡拉胶重量30倍的水,在80℃水浴中溶胀1小时,得到卡拉胶溶液;溶胀同时注意搅拌胶体,避免表面形成胶膜;
③将琼脂溶液和卡拉胶溶液按4:5的体积比混合,于80±2℃水浴中保温备用。
3、调酸:将称量好的0.15%柠檬酸用少量水进行溶解,加至复配凝胶剂中,充分搅拌,然后加入0.1%的D-异抗坏血酸钠,搅拌至澄清无沉淀后于80±2℃水浴中保温备用。
4、熬糖:将称量好的30%白砂糖和3%葡萄糖单独进行熬糖,过程中使用恒温水浴锅进行温度稳定,温度设定为100℃,并不停搅拌至固体糖完全溶解,熬制时间为20min。
5、熬胶:向熬制好的糖浆中加入步骤3的复配凝胶剂,并持续搅拌,和糖液充分混合,100±10℃熬煮至透明,使用可溶性固形物测定仪实时测定胶体可溶性固形物达到70%时即停止,并持续使用80℃加热防止凝固,备用。
6、浆果粉及浓缩浆果汁添加:向熬制好的胶体中加入称好的浓缩浆果汁和浆果粉,按照浓缩蓝莓汁、浓缩越橘汁、浓缩黑加仑汁、蓝莓粉、蔓越莓粉、接骨木莓粉的顺序加入,并持续搅拌,与胶体充分混合,待胶体颜色呈现一致、粉末全部溶解后,即可停止搅拌,添加果汁过程中持续使用65℃水浴加热防止胶体过快凝固。
7、入模:将熬制好的软糖加入模型中进行形状固定。
8、干燥:入模完成后,将其放入设定为45℃的电子鼓风干燥箱(烘箱)中进行烘干去除部分水分,干燥时间为2h,烘干至软糖最终含水量18.0±1.0%。
9、冷却:干燥后的模具盘,取出烘箱后在25℃常温下冷却24h。
10、定型:将冷却完成的软糖,倒出模具,即为完成软糖制作。所述软糖的含水量为18.0±1.0%。
样品花青素检测:液相条件主要包括色谱柱:ACQUITY BEH C18 1.7μm,2.1mm×100mm;两种流动相:含0.1%甲酸的超纯水,含0.1%甲酸的甲醇;洗脱梯度:0.00min B相比例为5%,6.00min增至50%,12min增至95%,保持2min,14min降至5%,并平衡2min;流速:在柱温为40℃和进样量为2μL的条件下,流速为0.35mL/min。测定步骤如下:(1)取出材料样本研磨后涡旋混匀样本,移取50μL溶解于950μL提取液(50%的甲醇水溶液,含0.1%盐酸)中;(2)涡旋处理,超声5分钟,转速12000转/分钟,离心3分钟,用微孔滤膜(0.22μm poresize)过滤上清液,最后将过滤样品置于进样瓶中,利用液相色谱串联质谱(LC-MS/MS)进行分析。利用软件Analyst 1.6.3处理质谱数据。下图所示为样本的总离子流色谱图(TIC)和提取离子流色谱图(XIC)。根据标准品的保留时间与峰型的信息,对每种物质在不同样本中检测到的质谱峰进行校正,以确保定性定量的准确。对所有样本进行定性定量分析,每个色谱峰的峰面积(Area)代表对应物质的相对含量,代入线性方程和计算公式,最终得到所有样本要检测物质的定性定量分析结果。配制0.01ng/mL、0.02ng/mL、0.05ng/mL、0.1ng/mL、0.5ng/mL、1ng/mL、5ng/mL、10ng/mL、50ng/mL、100ng/mL、500ng/mL、1000ng/mL、2000ng/mL、5000ng/mL不同浓度的标准品溶液,获取各个浓度标准品的对应定量信号的质谱峰强度数据。
样本中花青素的含量(μg/mL)=c×V1/1000000/V2
式中:
c:样本中积分峰面积比值代入标准曲线得到的浓度值(ng/mL);
V1:提取时所用溶液的体积(μL);
V2:移取的样本体积(mL)。
对比例1
本对比例为市面常见的花青素软糖产品使用配方,由于蓝莓产量大、提取工艺完善,主要使用蓝莓浓缩果汁和果粉。与实施例1相比,该配方的花青素涵盖不全,花色苷种类较少。其制作工艺与实施例1相同,仅配方与实施例1有差异。
对比例1软糖制作中所用富含花青素的果粉和浓缩果汁的配方及用量见表3,其中对比例1使用的浓缩蓝莓汁和蓝莓果粉与实施例1为同一品牌、同一批次样品。所用原料均为食品级。
表3对比例1糖果原料及用量表
除了配方与实施例1不同外,其余实验步骤同实施例1。
对比例2
该对比例是传统软糖制作工艺流程,软糖传统的制作工艺流程如图2所示,本对比例主要是加工工艺流程与实施例1不同,浆果汁及浆果粉、柠檬酸、D-异抗坏血酸钠、卡拉胶、琼脂、白砂糖、葡萄糖和纯净水的添加比例完全按照实施例1中优化的配方进行添加。
具体的软糖制作工艺包括以下步骤:
1、原料称量:操作同实施例1。
2、复配凝胶剂的制备:操作同实施例1。
3、熬糖:将称量好的30%白砂糖和3%葡萄糖单独进行熬糖,过程中使用恒温水浴锅进行温度稳定,温度设定为100℃,并不停搅拌至固体糖完全溶解,熬制时间为20min。
4、浆果粉及浓缩浆果汁添加:向熬制好的糖液中加入浓缩浆果汁和浆果粉,按照浓缩蓝莓汁、浓缩越橘汁、浓缩黑加仑汁、蓝莓粉、蔓越莓粉、接骨木莓粉的顺序加入,并持续搅拌,添加果汁过程中持续使用80℃等待胶体加入。
5、调酸:将称量好的0.15%柠檬酸和0.1%的D-异抗坏血酸钠加至复配凝胶剂中,在80℃条件下充分搅拌,备用。
6、熬胶:向熬制好的糖浆中加入步骤5的复配凝胶剂,并持续搅拌,与糖液充分混合,100±10℃熬煮至透明,使用可溶性固形物测定仪实时测定胶体可溶性固形物达到70%时即停止,并持续使用80℃加热防止凝固。
7、入模:操作同实施例1中步骤7。
8、干燥:操作同实施例1中步骤8。
9、冷却:操作同实施例1中步骤9。
10、定型:操作同实施例1中步骤10。
样品花青素检测:操作同实施例1。
多种浓缩浆果汁和浆果粉配方对加工软糖花色苷种类和花青素含量的影响如下:
表4是三种不同加工工艺流程和配方的原料、成品糖果在高效液相质谱下测定的具体花色苷含量结果。从表4可以看出,采用本发明的方法工艺和配方加工后的糖果花色苷总量808.7mg/kg,而对比例1的传统单一蓝莓配方加工制成的糖果总花色苷含量为497.3mg/kg,仅为实施例1的61.5%。在加工流程完全一致的情况下,对比例1的糖果总花色苷含量显著的低于本发明配方,这可能是因为对比例1中使用单一蓝莓配方,较实施例1的复合配方相比更不耐糖果热加工。从实施例1和对比例1的添加原料可以看出,同质量的浓缩果汁和果汁粉原料的总花色苷含量分别为985.6mg/kg和861.4mg/kg,对比例1原料的总花色苷含量比实施例1低12.6%。这可能是因为对比例1的配方中花色苷组成单一,从图3和图4中可以对比看出,本发明工艺和配方的实施例1原料花色苷总数量为82种,加工为糖果后剩余64种,在加工过程中仅损失18种;而传统单一蓝莓配方的对比例1尽管总花色苷含量与实施例1相近,但添加原料花色苷种类仅为49种,加工后仅剩余34种,花色苷多样性上大幅度低于实施例1。这可能导致对比例1溶液体系在糖果熬糖、熬胶的加热过程中对热分解的抵抗能力低于实施例1,从而导致最终糖果的花色苷分解,从含量和种类上均明显下降。
通过对比表4中实施例1和对比例2,可以发现,在配方完全相同的条件下,仅改变加工工艺流程,也会对最终糖果花色苷含量与组成产生影响。表4中对比例2和实施例1的糖果原料花色苷总量和各单一花色苷的含量完全一致,均为985.6mg/kg。但加工为糖果后,对比例2的花色苷总量仅为421.8mg/kg,和原料相比下降了57.2%,而实施例1在相同配方的情况下从985.6mg/kg下降至808.7mg/kg,损失率仅为17.9%。从图3和图5对比可以看出,对比例2的传统加工损失40种花色苷,比实施例1多损失22种。并且对比例2是三个处理组中唯一一个损失芍药花色素、飞草燕素、矢车菊素、天竺葵素、锦葵色素、矮牵牛素六种花色苷和其他含花色苷的物质的组别;本发明实施例1仅在加工过程中损失芍药花色素、天竺葵素、锦葵色素和矮牵牛素4种花色苷;对比例1除锦葵色素外,损失其余5中花色苷和含花色苷结构物质。这说明热分解是导致花色苷损失更严重的一个因素。此外,本发明经优化调整后的工艺流程可以很好地防止花色苷在糖果加工过程中产生热分解。
图6为三种处理方式在加工前后的各种花色苷类物质含量的综合损失率。可以看出,实施例1中仅有天竺葵素一种花色苷种类的总量损失率超过20%,其余均在20%左右。对比例1使用传统蓝莓单一配方,在加工为糖果后的综合损失率均高于39%,其中天竺葵素、飞草燕素和锦葵色素的含量损失率超过45%。对比例2使用传统加工工艺流程,各种花色苷的综合损失率均高于41%,其中飞草燕素总含量的损失率达到81.98%,矢车菊素、芍药花色素、天竺葵素和锦葵色素的综合损失率都在60%左右。说明本发明专利申请的复合配方和优化工艺流程对六种不同类别花青素和其他含花色苷物质在糖果热加工中有显著地保护作用。
实施例2D-抗坏血酸钠添加量对糖果综合品质的影响
软糖制作工艺同实施例1,仅改变D-异抗坏血酸钠的添加量,D-异抗坏血酸钠除了可以调整溶液酸性,还具有抗氧化性。
本实验在保证柠檬酸添加量为0.15%的情况下,调整D-异抗坏血酸钠的添加量,随着D-异抗坏血酸钠的添加量增减,配方中纯净水的添加量也相应增减,保证配方总添加量为100%。具体配方如表5所示:
表5D-抗坏血酸钠添加量对糖果影响
由于D-异抗坏血酸钠添加量的变化可以影响花青素等生活性物质的保留率,还会影响食用口感,因此检测指标选择花青素总含量和感官食用评分进行综合评价。
糖果中总花青素含量的测定方法如下:
样品制备:将软糖成品研磨搅碎,过滤,取滤液10mL,用50mL 60%乙醇在室温下超声提取20分钟,转速5000r/min离心15分钟,取上清液备用。
△A=(Amax-A700nm)PH1.0-(Amax-A700nm)PH4.5
花色苷含量(mg/100g)=(△A/£L)×M×V×F)/m×100
£:矢车菊-3-葡萄糖苷的摩尔消光系数,为26900L/(mol·cm);
M:矢车菊-3-葡萄糖苷的相对分子质量449.2g/mol;
V:最后定容的体积(mL);F:稀释倍数;M:样品质量(g);
L:比色皿的宽度(1cm)。
糖果的感官品鉴方法如下:邀请20名食品专业品鉴员进行感官评分,对各组软糖的各项指标进行综合性评价,软糖感官评价标准表如表6所示:
表6软糖感官评价标准表
实验结果如图7和图8所示,图7为不同D-异抗坏血酸钠添加量对加工糖果总花青素含量的影响,图8为不同D-异抗坏血酸钠添加量对食用特性的影响。
从图7可以看出,对比例3在其他配方和加工方式都和实施例1相同的情况下,不添加D-异抗坏血酸钠(添加量为0),其最终的花青素含量显著低于其他四个组别(p>0.05),仅有617.4mg/kg。而实施例1和对比例4、5、6在添加了D-异抗坏血酸钠的情况下,糖果总花青素含量均超过750mg/kg,其中添加0.1%的对比例4显著低于实施例1和对比例5、6(p>0.05),而尽管对比例5、6的D-异抗坏血酸钠的添加量比实施例1高,但最终总花青素含量与实施例1差异并不显著(p<0.05)。这说明D-异抗坏血酸钠作为酸度调节剂和抗氧化剂的作用,随着添加浓度的增加,其效率逐步趋同,因此,在实施例1中添加0.1%D-异抗坏血酸钠效果和添加0.15%、2.0%相近的情况下,结合成本因素考量,认为实施例1中添加0.1%D-异抗坏血酸钠对糖果总花青素含量的保护有效。
从图8可以看出,D-异抗坏血酸钠添加量的不同大幅度的影响了糖果最终的色泽及滋味气味两项感官指标,而对组织状态和口感的影响不大。研究结果表明,在D-异抗坏血酸钠添加量低于1.0%(实施例1)的条件下,糖果最终色泽感官评分均低于15分,品鉴员将对比例3和对比例4的糖果色泽描述为“几乎为黑色,视觉感受不佳”和“深紫色,略微偏紫色,颜色不明朗”。而实施例1和对比例5、6的糖果最终色泽呈现深紫红色,其色泽感官评分相近,均在17分以上。实施例1和对比例3、4、5、6在滋味及气味的感官评分上差异较大,对比例3(添加量0)、对比例4(添加量0.05%)、实施例1(添加量0.1%)、对比例5(添加量0.15%)、对比例6(添加量0.2%)的滋味及气味得分分别为19.3、21.2、22.3、14.5、8.8分。对比例6虽然D-异抗坏血酸钠添加量最高,对色泽和花青素含量的保留最佳,但是过高的添加量导致其酸度超出糖果最佳的糖酸比口感,品鉴员反馈“对比例6糖果过于酸,且出现少许化学感的异味,不适宜食用”。对比例3,在不添加的情况下,糖果最终偏甜;而实施例1的D-异抗坏血酸钠添加量正好适宜。因此,综合糖果花青素含量和感官品鉴,实施例1的D-异抗坏血酸钠添加量适用于本发明的花青素软糖配方,可以有效的保留加工后糖果中花青素含量,并保证其食用感。
虽然,上文中已经用一般性说明及具体实施方案对本发明作了详尽的描述,但在本发明基础上,可以对之做一些修改或改进,这对本领域技术人员而言是显而易见的。因此,在不偏离本发明精神的基础上所做的这些修改或改进,均属于本发明要求保护的范围。
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Claims (3)
1.富含花青素的软糖,其特征在于,用于制作软糖的成分如下,按质量百分比计:8倍浓缩的蓝莓汁7%,6倍浓缩的越橘汁5%,6倍浓缩的黑加仑汁3%,花青素含量25%的蓝莓粉1.4%,花青素含量25%的蔓越莓粉0.3%,花青素含量25%接骨木莓粉0.3%,白砂糖30%,葡萄糖3%,柠檬酸0.15%,D-异抗坏血酸钠0.1%,琼脂2%,卡拉胶2.5%和水45.25%;软糖的含水量为18.0±1.0%。
2.富含花青素软糖的制作工艺,其特征在于,包括以下步骤:
A、按比例称取各原料,按质量百分比计:8倍浓缩的蓝莓汁7%,6倍浓缩的越橘汁5%,6倍浓缩的黑加仑汁3%,花青素含量25%的蓝莓粉1.4%,花青素含量25%的蔓越莓粉0.3%,花青素含量25%接骨木莓粉0.3%,白砂糖30%,葡萄糖3%,柠檬酸0.15%,D-异抗坏血酸钠0.1%,琼脂2%,卡拉胶2.5%和水45.25%;
B、复配凝胶剂的制备:①向琼脂中加入琼脂重量20倍的水,在60℃水浴中溶胀1小时,得到琼脂溶液;②向卡拉胶中加入卡拉胶重量30倍的水,在80℃水浴中溶胀1小时,得到卡拉胶溶液;③将琼脂溶液和卡拉胶溶液按4:5的体积比混合,于80±2℃水浴中保温备用;
C、调酸:将柠檬酸用少量水溶解后加至上述复配凝胶剂中,搅拌后加入D-异抗坏血酸钠,搅拌至澄清无沉淀后温水浴备用,得到溶液I;
D、熬糖:将白砂糖和葡萄糖单独进行熬糖,熬糖过程中使用恒温水浴锅进行温度稳定,温度设定为100℃±10℃,不停搅拌至固体糖完全溶解,熬制时间为20min;
E、熬胶:向步骤D熬制好的糖浆中加入步骤C的溶液I,搅拌条件下,与糖浆充分混合,100±10℃熬煮至透明胶体状态,测定胶体中可溶性固形物达到70%时停止熬煮,于80℃下保温放置;
F、浆果粉及浓缩浆果汁的添加:向步骤E熬制好的胶体中依次加入浓缩的蓝莓汁、浓缩的越橘汁、浓缩的黑加仑汁、蓝莓粉、蔓越莓粉和接骨木莓粉,在搅拌条件下与胶体充分混合,直至胶体颜色均匀一致、粉末全部溶解,于65℃下保温放置;
G、入模:将步骤F所得胶体加入模具中进行形状固定;
H、干燥:入模完成后,于45℃鼓风干燥箱中进行烘干去除部分水分,干燥时间2h;
I、冷却:从干燥箱中取出软糖,在25℃常温下冷却24h,最后从模具中倒出,即得。
3.按照权利要求2所述方法制得的富含花青素的软糖,所述软糖的含水量为18.0±1.0%。
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