CN113681274A - Spline insertion method - Google Patents

Spline insertion method Download PDF

Info

Publication number
CN113681274A
CN113681274A CN202111008707.3A CN202111008707A CN113681274A CN 113681274 A CN113681274 A CN 113681274A CN 202111008707 A CN202111008707 A CN 202111008707A CN 113681274 A CN113681274 A CN 113681274A
Authority
CN
China
Prior art keywords
spline
cylinder
insertion method
move
housing
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Pending
Application number
CN202111008707.3A
Other languages
Chinese (zh)
Inventor
左燕民
刘志涛
成龙
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Kunshan San Tohno Electron Co ltd
Original Assignee
Kunshan San Tohno Electron Co ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Kunshan San Tohno Electron Co ltd filed Critical Kunshan San Tohno Electron Co ltd
Priority to CN202111008707.3A priority Critical patent/CN113681274A/en
Publication of CN113681274A publication Critical patent/CN113681274A/en
Pending legal-status Critical Current

Links

Images

Classifications

    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23PMETAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; COMBINED OPERATIONS; UNIVERSAL MACHINE TOOLS
    • B23P19/00Machines for simply fitting together or separating metal parts or objects, or metal and non-metal parts, whether or not involving some deformation; Tools or devices therefor so far as not provided for in other classes
    • B23P19/04Machines for simply fitting together or separating metal parts or objects, or metal and non-metal parts, whether or not involving some deformation; Tools or devices therefor so far as not provided for in other classes for assembling or disassembling parts

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Automatic Assembly (AREA)

Abstract

The invention discloses a spline insertion method, which comprises the following steps: placing the spline in a positioning block, and driving a first ejector pin to eject out the spline part from bottom to top by a first air cylinder; the second cylinder moves downwards under the buffering force of a spring connected with the bottom of the second cylinder, so that the motor and the third cylinder move downwards slowly at the same time until a second thimble fixed at the bottom of the third cylinder abuts against the upper end face of the spline; a plurality of clamping jaws connected with the outer edge of the third cylinder move oppositely relative to the spline to clamp the spline; the fourth cylinder moves along the horizontal direction to drive the spline to move to the upper side of the spline housing, and the motor drives the third cylinder to rotate while the second cylinder moves downwards, so that the external spline of the spline is matched with the internal spline of the spline housing to realize connection. The invention has at least the following advantages: manual insertion is improved to be full automation, so that the spline and the spline housing are connected, the working efficiency is greatly improved, and the labor cost and the production cost are reduced.

Description

Spline insertion method
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of spline connection, in particular to a spline insertion method.
Background
The spline is the same as a flat key, a semicircular key, an inclined key and the like and is used for transmitting mechanical torque, a longitudinal key groove is formed in the outer surface of the spline, and a corresponding key groove is formed in the spline sleeve sleeved on the spline and can keep synchronous rotation with the spline. When spline and spline housing butt joint are connected, often make spline and spline housing can accurately aim at through the mode of artifical observation alignment, the manual work of rethread is inserted, and the precision is lower, still need consume a large amount of human costs, and production efficiency is also lower.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to overcome the defects in the prior art, the embodiment of the invention provides a spline insertion method, which is used for solving the problems of low efficiency and low precision of manual insertion.
The embodiment of the application discloses a spline insertion method, wherein manual insertion is improved into full automation to realize connection of a spline and a spline sleeve, a second cylinder drives a third cylinder to move downwards, so that a first ejector pin is abutted against the end face of the spline, and a plurality of clamping jaws on the third cylinder clamp the spline from the outer edge of the spline; then the fourth cylinder drives the spline moves to the die cavity top, and the second cylinder drives through the motor rotation when slowly descending under the spring action power the third cylinder is rotatory, makes the spline with the spline housing contra-rotating realizes accurate connection, has improved work efficiency greatly, has reduced human cost and manufacturing cost.
The spline insertion method comprises the following steps:
placing the spline in a positioning block, and driving a first ejector pin to eject out the spline part from bottom to top by a first air cylinder;
the second air cylinder arranged above the spline moves downwards along the vertical direction under the action of the buffering force of a spring connected with the bottom of the second air cylinder, so that the motor connected with one side of the second air cylinder and the third air cylinder move downwards slowly at the same time until a second ejector pin fixed at the bottom of the third air cylinder is abutted against the upper end face of the spline;
a plurality of clamping jaws connected to the outer edge of the third cylinder move oppositely relative to the spline so as to clamp the spline;
the fourth cylinder moves along the horizontal direction to drive the spline to move to the spline housing top, the second cylinder is in the vertical direction downstream under the buffer power of spring, thereby simultaneously the motor drives the third cylinder is rotatory to make the external splines of spline with the internal spline of spline housing matches and is in order to realize connecting.
Furthermore, the positioning block is fixed on the rack through a supporting plate, a through hole is formed in the positioning block, and the through hole is in clearance fit with the spline.
Furthermore, the first cylinder is fixed on one side of the supporting plate and connected with the bottom of the first ejector pin.
Further, before the step "the second cylinder disposed above the spline moves downward in the vertical direction by the buffering force of the spring connected to the bottom thereof", the spring has a certain compression stroke in an initial state.
Further, the motor is connected with the third air cylinder through a coupler.
Furthermore, the second cylinder is connected with the fourth cylinder through a first connecting plate, and the second cylinder is connected with the third cylinder through a second connecting plate.
Furthermore, in the step that the fourth cylinder moves along the horizontal direction to drive the spline to move to the position above the spline sleeve, the spline driving device further comprises a sliding rail arranged at the bottom of the rack along the horizontal direction, and the fourth cylinder is connected with the sliding rail in a sliding manner so as to drive the third cylinder to move along the horizontal direction.
Furthermore, in the step of driving the third cylinder to rotate by the motor so as to enable the external spline of the spline to be matched with the internal spline of the spline housing to realize connection, the device also comprises a cavity for fixing the spline housing, a plurality of cavities are fixed on the carrier plate at intervals, and the carrier plate is in sliding connection with the linear guide rail fixed at the bottom end of the rack so as to enable the carrier plate to slide along the horizontal direction.
Furthermore, the spline sleeve is embedded in the cavity to ensure that the spline is stably connected with the spline sleeve.
The invention has the following beneficial effects:
1. according to the spline insertion method, manual insertion is improved into full automation, connection between a spline and a spline sleeve is achieved, a second cylinder drives a third cylinder to move downwards, a first ejector pin is abutted against the end face of the spline, and a plurality of clamping jaws on the third cylinder clamp the spline from the outer edge of the spline; then the fourth cylinder drives the spline moves to the die cavity top, and the second cylinder drives through the motor rotation when slowly descending under the spring action power the third cylinder is rotatory, makes the spline with the spline housing contra-rotating realizes accurate connection, has improved work efficiency greatly, has reduced human cost and manufacturing cost.
2. The bottom of the support plate is provided with the linear guide rail, so that after the spline sleeves in the cavities on the support plate are connected with the splines, the support plate automatically slides forwards to enable the next support plate to move forwards to a station, and automatic material collection is realized.
In order to make the aforementioned and other objects, features and advantages of the invention comprehensible, preferred embodiments accompanied with figures are described in detail below.
Drawings
In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the present invention or the technical solutions in the prior art, the drawings used in the description of the embodiments or the prior art will be briefly described below, it is obvious that the drawings in the following description are only some embodiments of the present invention, and for those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained according to the drawings without creative efforts.
FIG. 1 is a schematic structural view of a spline insertion method in an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic view of a portion of a spline insertion method in an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a schematic structural view of a third cylinder and a spline of the spline insertion method in the embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 4 is a schematic structural view of a spline housing and spline connection of the spline insertion method in an embodiment of the present invention.
Reference numerals of the above figures: 1. a frame; 2. a spline; 3. positioning blocks; 4. a first cylinder; 5. a first thimble; 6. A second cylinder; 7. a spring; 8. a motor; 9. a third cylinder; 10. a second thimble; 11. a clamping jaw; 12. a fourth cylinder; 13. A carrier plate; 14. a cavity; 15. a spline housing; 16. a support plate; 17. a coupling; 18. a first connecting plate; 19. a second connecting plate; 20. a slide rail; 21. a linear guide rail.
Detailed Description
The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the drawings in the embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all of the embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
It should be noted that the terms "first", "second", etc. are used for descriptive purposes only and are not to be construed as indicating or implying relative importance or implying any number of technical features indicated. Thus, a feature defined as "first," "second," etc. may explicitly or implicitly include one or more of that feature.
According to the spline insertion method, manual insertion is improved into full automation, connection between the spline and the spline sleeve is achieved, the second cylinder drives the third cylinder to move downwards, the first ejector pin abuts against the end face of the spline, and the clamping jaws on the third cylinder clamp the spline from the outer edge of the spline; then the fourth cylinder drives the spline moves to the die cavity top, and the second cylinder drives through the motor rotation when slowly descending under the spring action power the third cylinder is rotatory, makes the spline with the spline housing contra-rotating realizes accurate connection, has improved work efficiency greatly, has reduced human cost and manufacturing cost.
The present invention will be described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and examples.
The spline insertion method according to the embodiment includes the following steps:
placing the spline 2 in a positioning block 3, and driving a first thimble 5 by a first cylinder 4 to eject out part of the spline 2 from bottom to top;
a second cylinder 6 arranged above the spline 2 moves downwards along the vertical direction under the action of the buffering force of a spring 7 connected with the bottom of the second cylinder, so that a motor 8 and a third cylinder 9 connected with one side of the second cylinder 6 move downwards slowly at the same time until a second ejector pin 10 fixed at the bottom of the third cylinder 9 is abutted with the upper end face of the spline 2;
a plurality of clamping jaws 11 connected to the outer edge of the third cylinder 9 move oppositely relative to the spline 2 to clamp the spline 2;
the fourth cylinder 12 moves along the horizontal direction to drive the spline 2 to move to the upper side of the spline housing 15, the second cylinder 6 moves downwards along the vertical direction under the buffering force of the spring 7, and meanwhile, the motor 8 drives the third cylinder 9 to rotate so that the external spline 2 of the spline 2 is matched with the internal spline 2 of the spline housing 15 to realize connection.
With reference to fig. 1 and fig. 2, in particular, in the present embodiment, the spline 2 insertion method includes the following steps:
firstly, in the previous machining process, a machined spline 2 is placed in a through hole of a positioning block 3, the through hole is in clearance fit with the spline 2, and a first cylinder 4 arranged below the positioning block 3 drives a first ejector pin 5 fixedly connected with the first cylinder to eject part of the spline 2 to the upper end face of the positioning block 3 from bottom to top.
Secondly, the second cylinder 6 arranged above the spline 2 slowly moves downwards along the vertical direction under the action of the buffering force of the spring 7 connected with the bottom of the second cylinder, the spring 7 has a certain compression stroke in an initial state, so that the motor 8 and the third cylinder 9 connected with one side of the second cylinder 6 slowly move downwards simultaneously until the second ejector pin 10 fixed at the bottom of the third cylinder 9 is abutted against the upper end face of the spline 2, and the phenomenon that the second ejector pin 10 is too large under the action of the second cylinder 6 and the force is too large when the second ejector pin 10 is in contact with the spline 2, thereby damaging the spline 2 is avoided.
Then, a plurality of clamping jaws 11 connected at intervals on the outer edge of the third cylinder 9 move towards the spline 2 to clamp the spline 2 from the outer edge of the spline 2. The second thimble 10 provides a force from top to bottom, and the clamping jaw 11 provides a circumferential force, so that the spline 2 can be stably conveyed. The first ejector pin 5 is driven by the first cylinder 4 to move downwards to be separated from the spline 2.
Finally, a fourth cylinder 12 connected with the third cylinder 9 moves horizontally through a sliding rail 20 connected with the third cylinder 9 to drive the spline 2 to move to the upper side of the spline housing 15, the second cylinder 6 slowly moves downwards along the vertical direction under the buffering force of the spring 7, meanwhile, the motor 8 drives the third cylinder 9 to rotate until the external spline 2 of the spline 2 is matched with the internal spline 2 of the spline housing 15, and the second cylinder 6 continues to drive the spline 2 to move downwards so that the spline 2 is inserted into the spline housing 15 to realize connection.
According to the spline 2 inserting method, manual insertion is improved into full automation, so that the spline 2 is connected with the spline sleeve 15, the working efficiency is greatly improved, and the labor cost and the production cost are reduced.
Specifically, in the present embodiment, the positioning block 3 is fixed on the frame 1 by a supporting plate 16. The positioning block 3 may be a rectangular parallelepiped. And a through hole is formed in the positioning block 3. The through hole is in clearance fit with the spline 2, so that the spline 2 can be ejected out of the through hole to the upper end face of the positioning block 3 under the action force of the first ejector pin 5.
In a preferred embodiment, the first cylinder 4 is fixed on one side of the supporting plate 16 and connected to the bottom of the first thimble 5. The first cylinder 4 drives the first ejector pin 5 to move upwards along the vertical direction so as to eject the spline 2 to the upper end face of the positioning block 3. When the spline 2 is positioned by the second thimble 10 and the clamping jaw 11, the first cylinder 4 drives the first thimble 5 to move downwards so as to separate the first thimble 5 from the spline 2.
Specifically, in the present embodiment, before the step "the second cylinder 6 disposed above the spline 2 moves downward in the vertical direction by the damping force of the spring 7 connected to the bottom thereof", the spring 7 has a certain compression stroke in the initial state. Spring 7 is in provide the cushion force when second cylinder 6 downstream, avoid second thimble 10 with effort is great when spline 2 contacts, and is right spline 2 causes the damage, reduction in production cost.
Referring to fig. 2 specifically, in this embodiment, the motor 8 is connected to the third air cylinder 9 through a coupling 17, so that the motor 8 can drive the third air cylinder 9 to move.
Specifically, in the present embodiment, the second cylinder 6 and the fourth cylinder 12 are connected by a first connecting plate 18. The first connector plate 18 may be rectangular in shape. The second cylinder 6 is able to follow the fourth cylinder 12 jointly in the horizontal direction. The second cylinder 6 is connected with the third cylinder 9 through a second connecting plate 19. The second connecting plate 19 may be rectangular. The third cylinder 9 can follow the second cylinder 6 and move together along the vertical direction, so that automatic production is realized, and the labor cost is reduced.
Specifically, in this embodiment, in the step "the fourth cylinder 12 moves in the horizontal direction to drive the spline 2 to move above the spline housing 15", the slide rail 20 disposed at the bottom of the frame 1 in the horizontal direction is further included. The slide rail 20 is linear. The fourth cylinder 12 is slidably connected to the slide rail 20, so as to drive the third cylinder 9 to move to above the cavity 14 along the horizontal direction.
Specifically, in this embodiment, in the step "at the same time, the motor 8 drives the third cylinder 9 to rotate, so that the external spline 2 of the spline 2 is matched with the internal spline 2 of the spline housing 15 to realize connection", the method further includes a cavity 14 for fixing the spline housing 15. The cavity 14 opens upwards. A plurality of said cavities 14 are fixed at intervals on the carrier plate 13. The carrier plate 13 is slidably connected with a linear guide rail 21 fixed at the bottom end of the rack 1, so that the plurality of cavities 14 on the carrier plate 13 can slide forward along the horizontal direction after being connected with the spline 2, and the next carrier plate 13 moves forward to a processing station, thereby realizing automatic production.
Referring specifically to fig. 3 and 4, in a preferred embodiment, the spline housing 15 is embedded inside the cavity 14. When the spline 2 rotates and moves downwards, the spline housing 15 is fixed, so that the spline 2 can be stably connected with the spline housing 15, and the production efficiency is improved.
The principle and the implementation mode of the invention are explained by applying specific embodiments in the invention, and the description of the embodiments is only used for helping to understand the technical scheme and the core idea of the invention; meanwhile, for a person skilled in the art, according to the idea of the present invention, there may be variations in the specific embodiments and the application scope, and in summary, the content of the present specification should not be construed as a limitation to the present invention.

Claims (9)

1. A spline insertion method, comprising the steps of:
placing the spline in a positioning block, and driving a first ejector pin to eject out the spline part from bottom to top by a first air cylinder;
the second air cylinder arranged above the spline moves downwards along the vertical direction under the action of the buffering force of a spring connected with the bottom of the second air cylinder, so that the motor connected with one side of the second air cylinder and the third air cylinder move downwards slowly at the same time until a second ejector pin fixed at the bottom of the third air cylinder is abutted against the upper end face of the spline;
a plurality of clamping jaws connected to the outer edge of the third cylinder move oppositely relative to the spline so as to clamp the spline;
the fourth cylinder moves along the horizontal direction and drives the spline to move to the spline housing top, the second cylinder is in the vertical direction downstream under the buffer power of spring, thereby simultaneously the motor drives the third cylinder is rotatory to make the external splines of spline with the internal spline of spline housing matches and is in order to realize connecting.
2. The spline insertion method according to claim 1, wherein the positioning block is fixed to the frame by a support plate, and a through hole is provided in the positioning block, the through hole being in clearance fit with the spline.
3. The spline insertion method according to claim 2, wherein the first cylinder is fixed to one side of the support plate and connected to a bottom portion of the first thimble.
4. A spline insertion method according to claim 1, wherein the spring has a certain compression stroke in an initial state before the step "the second cylinder disposed above the spline moves downward in a vertical direction under a buffering force of a spring connected to a bottom thereof".
5. The spline insertion method according to claim 1, wherein the motor and the third cylinder are connected by a coupling.
6. The spline insertion method according to claim 1, wherein the second cylinder and the fourth cylinder are connected by a first connecting plate, and the second cylinder and the third cylinder are connected by a second connecting plate.
7. The spline insertion method according to claim 1, wherein in the step "a fourth cylinder moves in a horizontal direction to drive the spline to move above a spline housing", a slide rail disposed at the bottom of the rack in the horizontal direction is further included, and the fourth cylinder is slidably connected to the slide rail to drive the third cylinder to move in the horizontal direction.
8. The spline insertion method according to claim 1, wherein in the step "simultaneously, the motor drives the third cylinder to rotate so that the external splines of the splines are matched with the internal splines of the spline housing to realize connection", further comprising a cavity for fixing the spline housing, wherein a plurality of cavities are fixed on a carrier plate at intervals, and the carrier plate is slidably connected with a linear guide rail fixed at the bottom end of the rack so that the carrier plate can slide in a horizontal direction.
9. A spline insertion method according to claim 8, wherein the spline housing is embedded inside the cavity to ensure smooth connection of the spline with the spline housing.
CN202111008707.3A 2021-08-31 2021-08-31 Spline insertion method Pending CN113681274A (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CN202111008707.3A CN113681274A (en) 2021-08-31 2021-08-31 Spline insertion method

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CN202111008707.3A CN113681274A (en) 2021-08-31 2021-08-31 Spline insertion method

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
CN113681274A true CN113681274A (en) 2021-11-23

Family

ID=78584121

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
CN202111008707.3A Pending CN113681274A (en) 2021-08-31 2021-08-31 Spline insertion method

Country Status (1)

Country Link
CN (1) CN113681274A (en)

Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JP2006159338A (en) * 2004-12-06 2006-06-22 Honda Motor Co Ltd Method and device for installing roller to work
CN203843469U (en) * 2014-03-18 2014-09-24 平田机工自动化设备(上海)有限公司 Inserting device for hydraulic torque converter
CN108882668A (en) * 2018-07-19 2018-11-23 苏州迪纳精密设备有限公司 Multi-direction constant force plug-in mechanism
CN209078214U (en) * 2018-11-14 2019-07-09 沙市久隆汽车动力转向器有限公司 A kind of adjustment and assembly device for diverter zero load figure difference
JP2020049603A (en) * 2018-09-27 2020-04-02 ダイハツ工業株式会社 Spline mating device
CN111906522A (en) * 2020-07-16 2020-11-10 元启工业技术有限公司 Clamping device
CN213470176U (en) * 2020-08-19 2021-06-18 科瑞自动化技术(苏州)有限公司 Executor gear assembly device

Patent Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JP2006159338A (en) * 2004-12-06 2006-06-22 Honda Motor Co Ltd Method and device for installing roller to work
CN203843469U (en) * 2014-03-18 2014-09-24 平田机工自动化设备(上海)有限公司 Inserting device for hydraulic torque converter
CN108882668A (en) * 2018-07-19 2018-11-23 苏州迪纳精密设备有限公司 Multi-direction constant force plug-in mechanism
JP2020049603A (en) * 2018-09-27 2020-04-02 ダイハツ工業株式会社 Spline mating device
CN209078214U (en) * 2018-11-14 2019-07-09 沙市久隆汽车动力转向器有限公司 A kind of adjustment and assembly device for diverter zero load figure difference
CN111906522A (en) * 2020-07-16 2020-11-10 元启工业技术有限公司 Clamping device
CN213470176U (en) * 2020-08-19 2021-06-18 科瑞自动化技术(苏州)有限公司 Executor gear assembly device

Non-Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
张四新: "《机械制造工艺与夹具设计》", 30 September 2017, 武汉:华中科技大学出版社, pages: 91 - 92 *
郭敬孙: "《包装机械应用技术》", 30 June 1987, 出版发行:上海市包装技术协会包装机械委员会, pages: 192 - 196 *

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
CN207664418U (en) A kind of terminal pin device
CN109128350B (en) Automatic pipe cutting equipment
CN102801081B (en) Pneumatic terminal pin device
CN208343297U (en) Integrated through injection molding automatic needle inserting machine
CN113681274A (en) Spline insertion method
CN220217020U (en) USB connecting wire soldering tin line ball mechanism
CN213471975U (en) Electronic product shell copper screw automatic feeding shaping imbeds rubber coating equipment
CN110148871A (en) A kind of slotting rubber shell method of winding displacement
CN202712672U (en) Pneumatic terminal pin device
CN115609911B (en) Processing device with intelligent clamping function for high-speed cable
CN104901123A (en) Terminal pin plugging device
CN109175939B (en) Pipe fitting spacer cartridge device
CN216138451U (en) Spline inserting jig
CN205342546U (en) Fluting part presss from both sides tightly and ejection mechanism
CN112008441A (en) Clamping and fixing device for machining mechanical parts
CN111509924A (en) Iron core assembling machine and method for direct current motor
CN215699916U (en) Special clamp for automatically processing low-power sample of continuous casting billet and burr removing device
CN218764960U (en) Automobile wire harness terminal insertion detection device
CN217890198U (en) Novel clamping equipment for bearing machining
CN217901814U (en) Double-alignment floating plugging mechanism
CN221240565U (en) Positioning device, conveying mechanism and circuit board processing equipment
CN218677938U (en) Assembly tool
CN216227807U (en) Magnet feeding and discharging module in automatic magnet assembling machine in camera
CN213034720U (en) Pushing device of PCB socket cutting equipment
CN110824291B (en) Automatic wire disconnecting and connecting device and working method thereof

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
PB01 Publication
PB01 Publication
SE01 Entry into force of request for substantive examination
SE01 Entry into force of request for substantive examination