CN113655292A - Self-energy-taking electric field measuring sensor based on multilayer spiral electrode induction structure - Google Patents
Self-energy-taking electric field measuring sensor based on multilayer spiral electrode induction structure Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a self-energy-taking electric field measuring sensor based on a multilayer spiral electrode induction structure, which comprises a PCB spiral electrode array and an integrated control module; the PCB spiral electrode array comprises a 1 st electrode, 2N layers of middle electrodes and an N electrode; the 1 st electrode and the N electrode form an electric field measuring module; the electric field measurement module forms transient electromotive force U in an electric field environmentix(ii) a Each two adjacent layers of intermediate electrodes form an induction energy-taking module; the integrated control module comprises an electric field signal flow processing unit and an energy flow control unit; the electric field signal flow processing unit processes the transient electromotive force UixCarrying out signal conditioning; the energy flow control unit is based on a standard transient electromotive force Uix’And judging whether to supply energy to the electric field measurement module or not and judging the size of the energy supply. The invention can realize reliable measurement of the electric field, has stable electric field self-energy taking capacity and stable output power, and can provide continuous online monitoring and detectionThe power supply is continuously supplied, and the condition of insufficient power supply in partial time intervals is avoided.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of electrical equipment and electrical engineering, in particular to a self-energy-taking electric field measuring sensor based on a multilayer spiral electrode induction structure.
Background
The rapid construction of ubiquitous power internet of things, energy internet and transparent power grid requires a large number of distributed sensors for signal acquisition. Electric field signals serve as important parameter sources for evaluating the operation stability of a system, a great deal of research is mainly carried out at present by improving the measurement performance of an electric field sensor, however, how to realize accurate measurement and a stable self-energy-obtaining function of the electric field sensor are achieved, and a reliable solution is not provided at present.
The self-energy-taking design aims to reduce inconvenience caused by the fact that batteries of the sensors are replaced regularly for field operation and maintenance, and provides continuous energy supply for the distributed sensing terminals, so that the electric field sensors can continuously monitor in all links of the power system, and meanwhile, the stability of system operation is not influenced. In the existing self-energy-taking technology, the technology based on solar energy and wind energy collection is limited by environmental factors, strong dependence is provided on illuminance and wind power level, and the induction module is relatively large in size and high in power control difficulty; the micro-vibration energy taking technology based on the piezoelectric effect requires a stable vibration source in the measuring environment, and limits the wide layout of the electric field sensor; the induction energy-taking mode based on the current transformer needs to be in direct contact with a power transmission line through an induction energy-taking ring, under the large-area outdoor power supply environment, how an energy-taking coil module is embedded and supported in an overhead line, the device is in insulation fault problem possibly brought by direct contact with the overhead line, the technical problem of installation and operation maintenance is more prominent, uncertain factors can be increased for an electric power system through extra component installation, and the threat brought by the operation safety and stability of the electric power system is brought.
In an application environment of the electric field sensor, the most direct energy source is an electric field, and the current electric field induction energy-taking technology has been partially researched, but mainly focuses on the optimization and design of a back-end processing circuit, and ignores the induction capability difference of a front-end induction polar plate. Due to the lack of the detailed design of the front-end capacitor structure of the energy-taking device, the sensitive induction performance and the conversion efficiency of the energy-taking electrode need to be further improved. Meanwhile, how to control the on-off of the electric field energy taking module through actually measuring the size of the electric field by the sensor, so that stable energy supply is provided for the integrated control module, an effective solution is not available at present, and the interference analysis of an energy taking structure under a complex environment on the electric field measurement module is lacked, so that the device structure and a hierarchical energy taking method are necessarily improved and optimized.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a self-energy-taking electric field measuring sensor based on a multilayer spiral electrode induction structure, which comprises a PCB spiral electrode array and an integrated control module.
The PCB spiral electrode array comprises a 1 st electrode, a 2N-layer middle electrode and an N-th electrode which are sequentially stacked in an electric field environment, and the distance between every two adjacent electrodes is d.
Wherein, the 1 st electrode and the N electrode form an electric field measuring module.
The 1 st electrode is filled and encapsulated by an insulating material.
The 1 st electrode, the N-layer middle electrode and the N-th electrode are distributed in an equipotential manner in an electric field environment. Each layer of electrode comprises a PCB and a spiral line group wound on the surface of the PCB. The directions of every two adjacent layers of electrode spiral line groups are opposite. Each two adjacent layers of electrodesA thickness of space filling d0Of (4) an insulating material.
The electrode is made of copper, and the insulating material is epoxy resin.
The determining factors of the number m of layers of the PCB spiral electrode array and the distance d between two adjacent layers of electrodes comprise the electric field environment and the equivalent power P of a single-layer electrodec。
Wherein the equivalent power P of the single-layer electrodecAs follows:
in the formula, EenerEquivalent capacitance induction energy of a single-layer electrode;
equivalent capacitance induction energy E of single-layer electrodeenerAs follows:
in the formula, EixAnd (4) calculating a theoretical electric field for finite element simulation at the central position of the single-layer polar plate. CixIs a single-layer electrode cascade capacitor.
Single-layer electrode cascade capacitor CixAs follows:
in the formula, d is the distance between two adjacent layers of electrodes. d0The thickness of the insulating material filled between two adjacent layers of electrodes. Epsilon1、ε2The relative dielectric constants of the electrode material and the insulating material, respectively. SLThe equivalent area of the spiral line group wound on the single-layer electrode is shown.
Equivalent area S of single-layer electrode spiral groupLAs follows:
Sl＝alLc
in the formula, alFor the width of spiral wound on single-layer electrode。LcIs a single layer electrode perimeter.
The single layer electrode perimeter is as follows:
wherein h is the pitch h of the planar spiral coil. n is the number of single-layer spiral turns. k is the length of less than one turn of the thread end. r is the radius of the outer ring of the spiral ring r'0The radius of the inner ring of the spiral ring is shown, and theta is a central angle.
The electric field measurement module forms transient electromotive force U in an electric field environmentixAnd will transient electromotive force UixAnd transmitting the signal to an electric field signal flow processing unit.
The 2N layers of intermediate electrodes are positioned between the 1 st electrode and the N electrode, wherein each two adjacent layers of intermediate electrodes form an induction energy-taking module, and therefore N induction energy-taking modules are obtained. The n induction energy-taking modules form an induction energy-taking module array. The middle and lower layer middle electrodes of each induction energy-taking module are grounded.
The integrated control module comprises an electric field signal flow processing unit and an energy flow control unit.
The electric field signal flow processing unit processes the transient electromotive force UixSignal conditioning is carried out to obtain standard transient electromotive force Uix’。
The electric field signal flow processing unit processes the processed standard transient electromotive force Uix’And wireless transmission is carried out to an external communication node, so that the real-time monitoring of the electric field is realized. The electric field signal flow processing unit processes the processed standard transient electromotive force Uix’To the energy flow control unit.
The electric field signal flow processing unit comprises a signal conditioning module, a microprocessor and a wireless transmission module.
The signal conditioning module comprises a filtering module, a differential amplification module and an A/D conversion module.
The filtering module filters the received transient electromotive force and transmits the filtered transient electromotive force to the differential amplification module.
And the differential amplification module amplifies the filtered transient electromotive force and transmits the amplified transient electromotive force to the A/D conversion module.
The A/D conversion module converts the amplified transient electromotive force into a digital signal and transmits the digital signal to the microprocessor.
The microprocessor stores the received digital signal as a standard transient electromotive force Uix’。
The microprocessor transmits standard transient electromotive force U to the microprocessor through the wireless transmission moduleix’And wireless transmission is carried out to an external communication node, so that the real-time monitoring of the electric field is realized.
The microprocessor converts the standard transient electromotive force Uix’To the energy flow control unit.
The electric field signal flow processing unit is provided with a low-frequency signal channel and a high-frequency signal channel which are independent of each other.
And the electric field signal flow processing unit transmits the received low-frequency transient electromotive force to the signal conditioning module and the microprocessor in sequence by utilizing the low-frequency signal channel.
The electric field signal flow processing unit transmits the received high-frequency transient electromotive force to the signal conditioning module and the microprocessor in sequence by utilizing the high-frequency signal channel.
When the microprocessor receives the low-frequency standard steady-state electromotive force, whether the sensor normally operates is judged, and the amplitude-frequency characteristic of the low-frequency standard steady-state electromotive force is used as a control reference of the signal transmission and energy acquisition module. The method for judging whether the sensor normally operates is as follows: judging whether the low-frequency standard steady-state electromotive force is larger than a preset threshold value or not, if so, normally operating the sensor;
when the microprocessor receives the high-frequency standard transient electromotive force, whether the area where the sensor is located generates partial discharge or overvoltage impact is judged.
The energy flow control unit receives and stores energy of the induction energy-taking module array.
The energy flow control unit is based on a standard transient electromotive force Uix’Judging whether to supply energy to the electric field measuring moduleAnd the size of the energy supply.
And the energy flow control module supplies power to the electric field signal flow processing unit.
The energy flow control unit comprises n power control modules, n rectifying circuits, n transition energy storage capacitors, n discharge control modules and a microprocessor.
The xth power control module is connected with the xth induction energy-taking module, divides the voltage of the xth induction energy-taking module, and inputs the divided energy into the xth rectifying circuit.
The rectifying circuit rectifies the received energy and charges the x-th transition energy storage capacitor.
The xth transition energy storage capacitor is connected with the electric field measuring module through the xth discharging control module.
And the microprocessor controls the discharge of the xth transition energy storage capacitor to the electric field measurement module by controlling the on-off of the xth discharge control module.
The rule that the microprocessor controls the on-off of the discharge control module is as follows:
1) and judging whether the energy provided by the energy flow control unit to the electric field measurement module enables the electric field measurement module to normally work, if so, not changing the on-off state of the discharge control module, otherwise, making x equal to x +1, and entering the step 2). The initial value of x is 0.
2) And (4) switching on the x-th discharge control module, enabling the x-th transition energy storage capacitor to supply power to the electric field measurement module, and returning to the step 1).
It is worth explaining that, this patent proposes the electric field sensor that has stable electric field concurrently and can and the precision measurement, and its response electrode module accomplishes signal induction and energy acquisition based on PCB board "sandwich" embedding structure to when improving electric field induction ability, miniaturized response electrode device, and then through the actual measurement electric field control follow-up logic circuit's break-make order, realize the real-time energy of getting of level. Through disconnect-type modular design, adopt the superiors and lower floor spiral electrode as signal measurement module, adopt multilayer spiral electrode to constitute multilayer capacitor array and realize that the electric field can be got, realize the cooperative control of energy flow and information circulation way through integrated control module at last, make the electric field energy of gathering serve the electric field measurement module operation, under the circumstances that electric power thing networking data monitoring terminal quantity sharply increases, it is high to look for the degree of integration, dynamic induction ability is better, satisfy the demand of getting energy in real time, the comparatively good front end electric field induction structure of insulating properties, and great significance is achieved.
The technical effects of the invention are undoubted, and the invention has the following beneficial effects:
1) the invention provides a miniaturized sensor which can realize stable and reliable self energy taking.
2) The invention can realize reliable measurement of the electric field, has stable self-energy-taking capability of the electric field, has stable output power, can provide continuous energy supply for continuous online monitoring and detection, and avoids the condition of insufficient power supply in partial time periods.
3) Energy and signal induction are simultaneously realized through an integrated electrode structure, an electric field measuring electrode group is formed by utilizing the polar plates on the uppermost layer and the lower layer, energy collection is realized through the electrode structures on the other layers, a signal path and an energy path are integrated in a control module below an induction end, the whole size of the sensor is greatly reduced, the electric field sensor has stable measurement and self-energy-taking capabilities, the electric field measuring module, the induction energy-taking module and the integrated control module operate independently, and the signal path and the energy path are not interfered with each other;
4) a sandwich-type interlayer model is adopted on a PCB substrate to form a multilayer capacitor array, a sensor measuring module and a self-energy-taking induction module are respectively formed, a multilayer spiral plane electrode structure is designed, and electrodes on each layer are distributed in an equipotential mode, so that no eddy current or insulation problem exists between electrodes on the same layer; the adjacent electrodes adopt opposite thread distribution directions, so that interlayer interference can be reduced, and the electric field induction efficiency is improved, so that the energy taking requirement of the distributed electric field sensor is met;
5) the invention adopts a hierarchical energy-taking control method, starts and stops each layer of energy-taking units according to the dynamic electric field change curve of the sensor, ensures that the sensor is smoothly switched between a full-load mode and a local working mode, and takes energy layer by layer in a time-sharing manner, thereby improving the energy-taking stability of the whole device in a complex environment.
6) The invention adopts the energy-taking voltage-stabilizing transition circuit to ensure that the electric energy is continuously and stably transited from the energy-taking front end to the application end, has better voltage drop control and smaller switching noise, and meets the energy-taking requirement among all modules of the whole sensor.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is an integral framework of a multilayer spiral electrode self-energized electric field sensor;
FIG. 2 is an energy flow control unit;
FIG. 3 illustrates a power dynamics control flow and method;
FIG. 4 is a power control module;
FIG. 5 is an on-off control module;
FIG. 6 shows an electric field measurement and self-energized sensor configuration.
Detailed Description
The present invention is further illustrated by the following examples, but it should not be construed that the scope of the above-described subject matter is limited to the following examples. Various substitutions and alterations can be made without departing from the technical idea of the invention and the scope of the invention is covered by the present invention according to the common technical knowledge and the conventional means in the field.
Example 1:
referring to fig. 1 to 6, the self-energized electric field measuring sensor based on the multi-layer spiral electrode induction structure comprises a PCB spiral electrode array and an integrated control module.
The PCB spiral electrode array comprises a 1 st electrode, a 2N-layer middle electrode and an N-th electrode which are sequentially stacked in an electric field environment, and the distance between every two adjacent electrodes is d.
Wherein, the 1 st electrode and the N electrode form an electric field measuring module.
The 1 st electrode is filled and encapsulated by an insulating material.
The 1 st electrode, the N-layer middle electrode and the N-th electrode are distributed in an equipotential manner in an electric field environment. Each layer of electrode comprises a PCB and a spiral line group wound on the surface of the PCB. The directions of every two adjacent layers of electrode spiral line groups are opposite. The filling thickness between every two adjacent layers of electrodes is d0Of (4) an insulating material.
The electrode is made of copper, and the insulating material is epoxy resin.
The determining factors of the number m of layers of the PCB spiral electrode array and the distance d between two adjacent layers of electrodes comprise the electric field environment and the equivalent power P of a single-layer electrodec。
Wherein the equivalent power P of the single-layer electrodecAs follows:
in the formula, EenerEquivalent capacitance induction energy of a single-layer electrode;
equivalent capacitance induction energy E of single-layer electrodeenerAs follows:
in the formula, EixAnd (4) calculating a theoretical electric field for finite element simulation at the central position of the single-layer polar plate. CixIs a single-layer electrode cascade capacitor.
Single-layer electrode cascade capacitor CixAs follows:
in the formula, d is the distance between two adjacent layers of electrodes. d0The thickness of the insulating material filled between two adjacent layers of electrodes. Epsilon1、ε2The relative dielectric constants of the electrode material (copper) and the insulating material (epoxy resin), respectively; . SLThe equivalent area of the spiral line group wound on the single-layer electrode is shown.
Equivalent area S of single-layer electrode spiral groupLAs follows:
Sl＝alLc
in the formula, alThe width of the spiral wound on the single-layer electrode. L iscIs a single layer of electricityA very circumferential length.
The single layer electrode perimeter is as follows:
wherein h is the pitch h of the planar spiral coil. n is the number of single-layer spiral turns. k is the length of less than one turn of the thread end. r is the radius of the outer ring of the spiral ring r'0The radius of the inner ring of the spiral ring is shown, and theta is a central angle.
The electric field measurement module forms transient electromotive force U in an electric field environmentixAnd will transient electromotive force UixAnd transmitting the signal to an electric field signal flow processing unit.
The 2N layers of intermediate electrodes are positioned between the 1 st electrode and the N electrode, wherein each two adjacent layers of intermediate electrodes form an induction energy-taking module, and therefore N induction energy-taking modules are obtained. The n induction energy-taking modules form an induction energy-taking module array. The middle and lower layer middle electrodes of each induction energy-taking module are grounded.
The integrated control module comprises an electric field signal flow processing unit and an energy flow control unit.
The electric field signal flow processing unit processes the transient electromotive force UixSignal conditioning is carried out to obtain standard transient electromotive force Uix’。
The electric field signal flow processing unit processes the processed standard transient electromotive force Uix’And wireless transmission is carried out to an external communication node, so that the real-time monitoring of the electric field is realized. The electric field signal flow processing unit processes the processed standard transient electromotive force Uix’To the energy flow control unit.
The electric field signal flow processing unit comprises a signal conditioning module, a microprocessor and a wireless transmission module.
The signal conditioning module comprises a filtering module, a differential amplification module and an A/D conversion module.
The filtering module filters the received transient electromotive force and transmits the filtered transient electromotive force to the differential amplification module.
And the differential amplification module amplifies the filtered transient electromotive force and transmits the amplified transient electromotive force to the A/D conversion module.
The A/D conversion module converts the amplified transient electromotive force into a digital signal and transmits the digital signal to the microprocessor.
The microprocessor stores the received digital signal as a standard transient electromotive force Uix’。
The microprocessor transmits standard transient electromotive force U to the microprocessor through the wireless transmission moduleix’And wireless transmission is carried out to an external communication node, so that the real-time monitoring of the electric field is realized.
The microprocessor converts the standard transient electromotive force Uix’To the energy flow control unit.
The electric field signal flow processing unit is provided with a low-frequency signal channel and a high-frequency signal channel which are independent of each other.
And the electric field signal flow processing unit transmits the received low-frequency transient electromotive force to the signal conditioning module and the microprocessor in sequence by utilizing the low-frequency signal channel.
The electric field signal flow processing unit transmits the received high-frequency transient electromotive force to the signal conditioning module and the microprocessor in sequence by utilizing the high-frequency signal channel.
When the microprocessor receives the low-frequency standard steady-state electromotive force, whether the sensor normally operates is judged, and the amplitude-frequency characteristic of the low-frequency standard steady-state electromotive force is used as a control reference of the signal transmission and energy acquisition module. The low frequency is 200Hz or less, and the high frequency is 200Hz or more.
The control reference mode is as follows: presetting an expected electromotive force range, and if the low-frequency standard steady-state electromotive force is smaller than the expected electromotive force range, increasing the on-off number of transmission switches, and reducing the signal transmission times, thereby reducing the overall power consumption. If the low-frequency steady-state electromotive force is in an expected range or higher than the expected range, keeping the on-off number and frequency of the signal transmission switches;
the method for judging whether the sensor normally operates is as follows: and judging whether the frequency parameter is in the range of 0,1000 Hz and whether the amplitude of the output signal of the sensor is greater than the theoretical value of the specific measuring point, if so, judging that the sensor is normal. The theoretical value can be calculated by a standard field source or measured by a calibration electric field instrument.
In the normal operation state sensor measuring system of the embodiment, the measuring environment is a steady-state voltage system of 50Hz or 60Hz, so the low-frequency signal of the embodiment is in a state of a steady-state signal.
When the microprocessor receives the high-frequency standard transient electromotive force, whether the area where the sensor is located generates partial discharge or overvoltage impact is judged. The stage of the standard partial discharge ultraviolet frequency band of [20kHz,300MHz ] with the overvoltage impact wave higher than 1 kHz; the overvoltage can be generally considered to be distributed within 1 kHz-100 MHz;
the energy flow control unit receives and stores energy of the induction energy-taking module array.
The energy flow control unit is based on a standard transient electromotive force Uix’And judging whether to supply energy to the electric field measurement module or not and judging the size of the energy supply.
And the energy flow control module supplies power to the electric field signal flow processing unit.
The energy flow control unit comprises n power control modules, n rectifying circuits, n transition energy storage capacitors, n discharge control modules and a microprocessor.
The xth power control module is connected with the xth induction energy-taking module, divides the voltage of the xth induction energy-taking module, and inputs the divided energy into the xth rectifying circuit.
The power control module comprises a voltage division module, a MOSFET (metal-oxide-semiconductor field effect transistor) Q2, a linear regulator LDO (low dropout regulator) and a comparator;
the voltage division module comprises a plurality of voltage division resistors connected with the single induction energy taking module in parallel; a plurality of divider resistors are connected in series; the voltage divider module is connected with the gate of the MOSFET Q2,
the voltage division module divides the voltage of the induction energy-taking module and transmits the energy of the induction energy-taking module to the LDO (low dropout regulator) through the MOSFET (metal-oxide-semiconductor field effect transistor) Q2;
the linear voltage regulator LDO regulates the received energy and transmits the regulated energy to the comparator;
the comparator transfers energy to the transition energy storage capacitor.
The rectifying circuit rectifies the received energy and charges the x-th transition energy storage capacitor.
The xth transition energy storage capacitor is connected with the electric field measuring module through the xth discharging control module.
And the microprocessor controls the discharge of the xth transition energy storage capacitor to the electric field measurement module by controlling the on-off of the xth discharge control module.
The rule that the microprocessor controls the on-off of the discharge control module is as follows:
1) and judging whether the energy provided by the energy flow control unit to the electric field measurement module enables the electric field measurement module to normally work, if so, not changing the on-off state of the discharge control module, otherwise, making x equal to x +1, and entering the step 2). The initial value of x is 0.
2) And (4) switching on the x-th discharge control module, enabling the x-th transition energy storage capacitor to supply power to the electric field measurement module, and returning to the step 1).
Example 2:
the sensor adopts a module design framework of induction energy taking, coupling measurement and integrated control, and a top-down design structure ensures that the electric field measurement module and the energy taking module are not interfered with each other, and can simultaneously complete electric field energy taking level control and measurement signal integrated processing.
The induction energy-taking module adopts a sandwich embedded model, and multiple layers of parallel spiral electrodes are embedded in the miniature PCB substrate, the size parameters of the spiral electrodes on adjacent layers are the same, but the electrode thread direction is in reverse extension distribution, so that the interlayer eddy current interference is reduced to the maximum extent, and the electric field induction capability and the energy-taking efficiency of the front end induction electrode are improved.
The coupling measurement module adopts the uppermost layer structure closest to the power transmission conductor, the uppermost layer polar plate of the coupling measurement module and the induction energy-taking module are at the same horizontal height, and the middle part of the coupling measurement module is isolated by epoxy resin with high insulating property and strength, so that the coupling interference between the modules is eliminated.
The integrated control module completes the integrated independent control of the electric field energy flow and the information flow path, realizes the internal circulation of energy collection and energy collection through an electric field energy collection hierarchical control method, controls the on-off of the energy collection module through the field real-time electric field signal measurement, and provides continuous energy supply for the electric field sensor. The self-energy-taking electric field sensor based on the multilayer spiral electrode induction structure realizes reliable measurement of an electric field by utilizing the polar plates at the uppermost layer and the lower layer, realizes electric field energy induction through the multilayer induction polar plates, and ensures the low-power-consumption continuous online stable operation of the distributed electric field sensor through a hierarchical energy control method.
Example 3:
a self-energy-taking electric field measurement sensor based on a multilayer spiral electrode induction structure mainly comprises the following components: an electric field measurement module; an electric field signal flow processing unit; an array of inductive energy-taking modules; an energy flow control unit; and (4) integrating the control module.
In the electric field measuring module, a measuring capacitor Cm is formed by an uppermost layer electrode Cm + and a lowermost layer electrode plate Cm-of a multilayer PCB spiral electrode, so that a transient electromotive force (Uix) is formed in an electric field environment, and a signal is transmitted to an electric field signal flow processing unit;
after the electric field signal flow processing unit processes the processes of filtering differential amplification, A/D conversion, signal conditioning and microprocessor processing, on one hand, the signal is output as a sensor and is transmitted to the nearest communication node through the wireless transmission module, so that the real-time electric field monitoring function is realized; on the other hand, the signal is transmitted to the energy flow control unit through the control port;
the induction energy-taking module mainly comprises a multi-layer cascaded capacitor array C formed by the functions of other multi-layer spiral electrodes and overhead transmission conductorss1～CsnThe magnitude of induced electromotive force generated in each layer of energy-taking capacitor unit presents gradient change, so as to realize multi-level energy primary acquisition;
the integrated control module mainly comprises an electric field signal flow processing unit and an energy flow control unit; after the energy flow control unit receives the electric field signal of the signal flow measuring module, the electric field energy of the environment where the current sensor is located is judged, so that the energy array switch is started/stopped, and the dynamic control of the energy is realized;
electric field measurement module and response can the module array be the topmost lower floor electric capacity and all the other layers of electric capacity array of multilayer PCB spiral electrode response structure respectively, and the topmost forms the biggest difference potential signal between the module with the bottommost electrode, and all the other layers of electric capacity form the multilayer and get can the unit, and the essential feature is: the induction electrode adopts a sandwich PCB interlayer embedding model of 'electrode + substrate', the spiral single-layer electrodes are distributed in an equipotential manner in an electric field environment, the upper and lower electrodes adopt clockwise and anticlockwise opposite spiral directions, signal interference between layers is reduced, and electric field induction sensitivity and interlayer insulation strength are improved.
Firstly, limiting the size of a front-end electric field electrode plate according to the miniaturized design standard of a sensor and the actually measured application environment; then, determining terminal energy taking condition requirements of the distributed electric field sensor, including rated voltage UwAnd the required power PwEvaluating the equivalent power P of the single-layer differential capacitorcThus, the number m of array layers and the pitch d of each layer are obtained.
The single-layer power P obtained by the equivalent capacitance between the layers of the patentcCan be obtained by the following calculation method. Calculating equivalent capacitance parameters according to sandwich distribution model, setting the pitch of planar spiral coil as h and the width of spiral as alN is the number of turns of the single-layer spiral, k is the length of less than one turn of the end of the thread, and the perimeter L of the electrodecComprises the following steps:
the equivalent area of the single-layer capacitor spiral set is
Sl＝alLc
PI materials (polyimide) are adopted as substrates of the upper layer and the lower layer of the PCB, copper is adopted as a pole piece, and a thin mica sheet is filled between layers to ensure the interstage insulation performance, and the thickness is d0Thereby obtaining the calculation of the single layer and the cascade capacitanceThe value:
according to the induced electromotive force of each layer of spiral electrode and the size of the single-layer cascade capacitor, the induced energy of each layer of equivalent capacitor is as follows:
Eixdesigning and obtaining the values of capacitance parameters for the theoretical electric field of finite element simulation calculation at the central position of each layer of polar plate according to a single-layer cascade capacitance calculation formula, wherein under the condition of 110kV voltage excitation, the radius of the bottom of a single-layer spiral electrode is set to be 0, the radius of the top layer is set to be 20mm, the parameter of the spiral electrode is 10 circles, the adjacent distance between the thread electrodes is 1mm, the width of the spiral electrode is 1mm, the embedding depth is 1mm, the thickness of the substrate is 5mm, and the distance d0Is 0.005mm, the air gap is set to be 0mm, and the area of the upper plate surface and the lower plate surface of the energy taking module is 1200-1500 cm2. It is noted that the method is equally applicable to other voltage class power system environments.
After the electric field signal flow processing unit receives the electric field signal collected by the capacitor of the upper and lower electrode plates, the energy flow control module provides 5.0V and 3.3V working voltage for the electric field signal flow processing unit, and keeps constant voltage output, so that signal conditioning work such as filtering, amplification, A/D conversion and the like is completed on a main electric field signal flow path, and triggering and sampling frequency is set according to the magnitude of the conditioning density. After signal processing is finished, on one hand, signal flow is transmitted to a nearby communication node through a wireless transmission module, and electric field signals flow to an online monitoring system; on the one hand, the signal flow forms internal circulation and flows to the energy-taking control module.
In addition, the electric field signal flow unit has signal processing capacity within the range of 0-100 MHz, and the low-frequency signal and high-frequency signal multi-channel processing circuit operates independently; the low-frequency electric field signal represents the normal operation condition of the detected link equipment, and the amplitude-frequency characteristic of the low-frequency electric field signal can be used as the control reference of a signal transmission and energy acquisition module; the high-frequency electric field signal participates in signal transmission and protection of the whole device, is used for predicting whether partial discharge or overvoltage impact and other phenomena occur in a detected area, and ensures that the device is not influenced by direct impact or induced overvoltage impact.
In addition, in order to ensure that the induction front end of the multilayer spiral electrode PCB is not influenced by other environmental factors (influence of environmental factors such as rain, snow, dust, direct sunlight and the like) which reduce the induction efficiency of an electric field or the service life of a servo, the upper-layer polar plate is filled and packaged by adopting insulating materials such as epoxy resin and the like, and the filling thickness is not more than 2 mm.
The energy flow control unit is different from the self-energy-taking capacitor with the existing single-pole plate structure, a capacitor array is formed by adopting multilayer PCB spiral electrodes, and is connected with respective energy-taking on-off switch sequences, so that after energy of different magnitudes is collected, the energy flow control unit is connected to respective multistage rectifying circuit DtAnd a transition rectifier capacitor array CsPM and discharge control module S of power control modulenAnd the microprocessor and other modules are finally connected with the integrated control module circuit and are comprehensively regulated and controlled by the dynamic load and the electric field intensity.
The rectifying and voltage stabilizing unit is used for converting each layer of equivalent capacitance CixInduced electromotive force E ofixConnected to a rectifying circuit and serving as a multi-capacity energy storage capacitor CsxAnd energy is charged, so that the first-stage transfer of electric field energy is realized, and the voltage stabilization is controlled through the voltage stabilization unit. The multilayer cascade on-off control capacitor array carries out induction energy grading according to the sequence from top to bottom and respectively corresponds to the capacitors formed by the corresponding spiral electrodes; rectifier bridge DtThe positive output end and the transitional energy storage capacitor array CtThe positive electrodes are connected, and the output end of the rectification negative electrode of the energy storage capacitor array is correspondingly connected to the negative electrode end of the energy storage capacitor array. And the lowest electrode of each layer of spiral electrode capacitor is grounded to form a multi-stage differential energy-taking array module.
After receiving the unit electric field signal flow, the integrated control module determines the real-time on-off logic of the switch array according to the strength of the electric field signal and the dynamic load condition, so as to realize the control of the energy flow control unit; under the condition that a single-layer polar plate is used as an electric field induction unit, the continuity of energy taking can be influenced by the change of the strength of an electric field, and the spiral electrode electric field induction capacitor adopted in the patent has energy taking power with different magnitudes, so that the continuity and the controllability of energy storage are ensured; when the strength of the electric field signal is weakened to enable the working voltage of the discharge control module to be lower than partial threshold voltage, starting switches of partial modules; and when the intensity of the electric field signal is higher than the expected intensity or the transient electric field with an excessively high magnitude is impacted, the partial modules are turned off and the protection switch is started, so that the integral control and protection of the sensor are realized. The integrated control module is positioned below the front-end structure of the multilayer spiral electrode, the processing module can not bring extra interference to the signal measuring module, and the miniaturized design of the whole device is facilitated.
Example 4:
the embodiment provides a dynamic power control method of a self-energy-taking electric field measurement sensor based on a multilayer spiral electrode induction structure.
The specific control logic of the method is as follows: and starting/stopping the power control module switch according to the data transmission quantity and power supply curve of the electric field sensor at each time interval, wherein due to the difference of the sensing capacity of the equivalent capacitance of the multilayer spiral electrode in the distribution process of the space electric field, a pair of capacitance groups is formed by every two pole surfaces from bottom to top according to the size of single-layer energy taking power by taking the ground plane as a reference point, and the capacitance groups of the spiral electrode are divided into 1-n layers. According to the real-time energy taking requirement in a negative feedback mechanism, starting from the layer 1, starting and stopping the energy taking switch from bottom to top, wherein the running time interval of a single feedback program is less than 0.001ms, and the on-off process is controlled within a controllable time difference range.
The front end of the power control module PM is directly connected with the single-layer energy-taking capacitor through three groups of divider resistors R1～R3Voltage division of the energy-taking capacitor, R1And R3And the control switch Q2 at node bThe grid of the energy-taking capacitor is connected, so that energy of the energy-taking capacitor is transferred to the on-off switch Q2, the front output voltage drop and the rear output voltage drop are controlled within dozens of millivolts through a low dropout regulator LDO (low dropout regulator), the energy is transferred to the output end through the output result of the comparator, and the energy is further transmitted to a subsequent transition energy storage circuit. The power control module is shown in fig. 4.
The output voltage of the voltage stabilizing control module enters a DC-DC control circuit through the transition energy storage module to realize the overall control of the whole charging capacitor by RsUpper current, inductance LcControlling the follow current size to realize Buck-Boost control; the LDO transfer device is an NPN composite power transistor LDO transfer device, the model uses ADP170 series, the requirement of small voltage drop control when the load is small can be met, the output noise can be controlled at 30 mu V, the PSRR is controlled at 60dB, the quiescent current is controlled at 6 mu A, the voltage drop is 100mV, and the power loss caused by the quiescent current is controlled within 0.02%.
The output voltage of the LDO module is stabilized within the range of 2.4-3.3V, the voltage value of the LDO module can be about 3.3V after voltage stabilization, the energy-taking current is ensured to be over 140 muA in the environment of a power transmission line with the voltage level of over 35kV, and the LDO module passes through R5～R6And the output signal is transmitted to the reverberation input end of the comparator. When U is turneds1To reach Q3The starting voltage of the switch drives the main loop to be switched on to finish energy transfer, and at the moment R6The voltage division ratio of the short circuit and the reverse sound input end is changed when U is useds1When the voltage of the comparator is lower than the switch threshold value, the comparator is in a low input state, and hysteresis control is realized.
The power control module sets a multi-section electric energy power control module to complete a dynamic multi-capacity energy storage capacitor (C) according to a supplied dynamic power change curve of the sensorsx) The on-off control of the capacitor is realized, so that the storage and release control of the capacitor energy is realized. Furthermore, the discharge control module is characterized in that the energy transfer is realized by controlling the on-off of the transition energy storage capacitor. The discharging control module finishes the charging and discharging process through each loop, namely when the energy-taking capacitor voltage Us on the layer reaches the on-off voltage threshold value, the control switch is started to transfer the capacitor energy to the inductor, and further through the freewheeling diodeTransfer energy to a capacitor CdThe charging and discharging time t of the transition energy storage capacitor can be controlled by regulating and controlling the on-off threshold of the switches of all stages, so that the energy taking power control is realized; the on-off control module is shown in fig. 5.
The multistage capacitance measuring device that this embodiment provided, its characteristic adopts arc top umbelliform frame surface, can arrange integrated PCB electric energy collection system and processing circuit in insulating glass cover and extraction air to the vacuum state simultaneously, this protecting sheathing passes through a pair of insulating support arm of shaft tower and fixes, and just arrange 110kV overhead conductor below 0.5m department, support arm length about 1m, and extend in three-phase overhead line axis below, can realize the abundant response of electric field energy flow near this distance scope and position, guarantee non-contact measurement's dielectric strength simultaneously, simultaneously through reserving output port and electric field induction system, energy memory is connected. The installation environment and method are shown in fig. 2.
Claims (10)
1. Self-energy-taking electric field measurement sensor based on multilayer spiral electrode induction structure, its characterized in that: the PCB comprises the PCB spiral electrode array and an integrated control module.
The PCB spiral electrode array comprises a 1 st electrode, a 2N-layer middle electrode and an N-th electrode which are sequentially stacked in an electric field environment, and the distance between every two adjacent electrodes is d;
wherein, the 1 st electrode and the N electrode form an electric field measuring module;
the electric field measurement module forms transient electromotive force U in an electric field environmentixAnd will transient electromotive force UixTransmitting to an electric field signal flow processing unit;
2N layers of intermediate electrodes are positioned between the 1 st electrode and the N electrode, wherein each two adjacent layers of intermediate electrodes form an induction energy-taking module, so that N induction energy-taking modules are obtained; the n induction energy-taking modules form an induction energy-taking module array; the middle and lower layers of the induction energy-taking module are grounded;
the integrated control module comprises an electric field signal flow processing unit and an energy flow control unit;
the electric field signal flow processing unit is used for processing transient electricityKinetic force UixSignal conditioning is carried out to obtain standard transient electromotive force Uix’；
The electric field signal flow processing unit processes the processed standard transient electromotive force Uix’The electric field is wirelessly transmitted to an external communication node, so that the real-time monitoring of the electric field is realized; the electric field signal flow processing unit processes the processed standard transient electromotive force Uix’To the energy flow control unit;
the energy flow control unit receives and stores energy of the induction energy-taking module array;
the energy flow control unit is based on a standard transient electromotive force Uix’And judging whether to supply energy to the electric field measurement module or not and judging the size of the energy supply.
2. The self-energized electric field measurement sensor based on the multilayer spiral electrode sensing structure of claim 1, wherein: the 1 st electrode, the N-layer middle electrode and the N-th electrode are distributed in an equipotential manner in an electric field environment; each layer of electrode comprises a PCB and a spiral line group wound on the surface of the PCB; the directions of every two adjacent layers of electrode spiral line groups are opposite; the filling thickness between every two adjacent layers of electrodes is d0Of (4) an insulating material.
3. The self-energized electric field measurement sensor based on the multilayer spiral electrode sensing structure of claim 2, wherein: the electrode is made of copper, and the insulating material is epoxy resin.
4. The self-energized electric field measurement sensor based on the multilayer spiral electrode sensing structure of claim 1, wherein: the determining factors of the number m of layers of the PCB spiral electrode array and the distance d between two adjacent layers of electrodes comprise the electric field environment and the equivalent power P of a single-layer electrodec；
Wherein the equivalent power P of the single-layer electrodecAs follows:
in the formula, EenerEquivalent capacitance induction energy of a single-layer electrode;
equivalent capacitance induction energy E of single-layer electrodeenerAs follows:
in the formula, EixA theoretical electric field is calculated for finite element simulation at the central position of the single-layer polar plate; cixA single-layer electrode cascade capacitor;
single-layer electrode cascade capacitor CixAs follows:
in the formula, d is the distance between two adjacent layers of electrodes; d0The thickness of the insulating material filled between the two adjacent layers of electrodes; epsilon1、ε2The relative dielectric constants of the electrode material and the insulating material, respectively; sLThe equivalent area of the spiral line group wound on the single-layer electrode;
equivalent area S of single-layer electrode spiral groupLAs follows:
Sl＝alLc
in the formula, alThe width of the spiral wound on the single-layer electrode; l iscIs a single layer electrode perimeter;
the single layer electrode perimeter is as follows:
in the formula, h is the distance h between the planar spiral coils; n is the number of single-layer spiral turns; k is the length of less than one turn of the tail end of the thread; r is the radius of the outer ring of the spiral ring r'0The radius of the inner ring of the spiral ring is shown, and theta is a central angle.
5. The self-energized electric field measurement sensor based on the multilayer spiral electrode sensing structure of claim 1, wherein: and the energy flow control module supplies power to the electric field signal flow processing unit.
6. The self-energized electric field measurement sensor based on the multilayer spiral electrode sensing structure of claim 1, wherein: the electric field signal flow processing unit comprises a signal conditioning module, a microprocessor and a wireless transmission module;
the signal conditioning module comprises a filtering module, a differential amplification module and an A/D conversion module;
the filtering module filters the received transient electromotive force and transmits the filtered transient electromotive force to the differential amplification module;
the differential amplification module amplifies the filtered transient electromotive force and transmits the amplified transient electromotive force to the A/D conversion module;
the A/D conversion module converts the amplified transient electromotive force into a digital signal and transmits the digital signal to the microprocessor;
the microprocessor stores the received digital signal as a standard transient electromotive force Uix’；
The microprocessor transmits standard transient electromotive force U to the microprocessor through the wireless transmission moduleix’The electric field is wirelessly transmitted to an external communication node, so that the real-time monitoring of the electric field is realized;
the microprocessor converts the standard transient electromotive force Uix’To the energy flow control unit.
7. The self-energized electric field measurement sensor based on the multilayer spiral electrode sensing structure of claim 5, wherein: the electric field signal flow processing unit is provided with a low-frequency signal channel and a high-frequency signal channel which are mutually independent;
the electric field signal flow processing unit transmits the received low-frequency transient electromotive force to the signal conditioning module and the microprocessor in sequence by using the low-frequency signal channel;
the electric field signal flow processing unit transmits the received high-frequency transient electromotive force to the signal conditioning module and the microprocessor in sequence by utilizing a high-frequency signal channel;
when the microprocessor receives the low-frequency standard steady-state electromotive force, judging whether the sensor normally operates, and using the amplitude-frequency characteristic of the low-frequency standard steady-state electromotive force as a control reference of the signal transmission and energy acquisition module; the method for judging whether the sensor normally operates is as follows: judging whether the low-frequency standard steady-state electromotive force is larger than a preset threshold value or not, if so, normally operating the sensor;
when the microprocessor receives the high-frequency standard transient electromotive force, whether the area where the sensor is located generates partial discharge or overvoltage impact is judged.
8. The self-energized electric field measurement sensor based on the multilayer spiral electrode sensing structure of claim 1, wherein: the 1 st electrode is filled and encapsulated by an insulating material.
9. The self-energized electric field measurement sensor based on the multilayer spiral electrode sensing structure of claim 1, wherein: the energy flow control unit comprises n power control modules, n rectifying circuits, n transition energy storage capacitors, n discharge control modules and a microprocessor;
the xth power control module is connected with the xth induction energy-taking module, divides the voltage of the xth induction energy-taking module, and inputs the divided energy into the xth rectifying circuit;
the rectifying circuit rectifies the received energy and charges the x-th transition energy storage capacitor with energy;
the xth transition energy storage capacitor is connected with the electric field measuring module through the xth discharging control module;
and the microprocessor controls the discharge of the xth transition energy storage capacitor to the electric field measurement module by controlling the on-off of the xth discharge control module.
10. The self-energized electric field measurement sensor based on the multi-layer helical electrode sensing structure of claim 9, wherein: the rule that the microprocessor controls the on-off of the discharge control module is as follows:
1) judging whether the energy provided by the energy flow control unit to the electric field measurement module enables the electric field measurement module to work normally, if so, not changing the on-off state of the discharge control module, otherwise, making x equal to x +1, and entering the step 2); the initial value of x is 0;
2) and (4) switching on the x-th discharge control module, enabling the x-th transition energy storage capacitor to supply power to the electric field measurement module, and returning to the step 1).
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