CN113640345B - Experimental device for simply measure liquid coefficient of heat conductivity - Google Patents
Experimental device for simply measure liquid coefficient of heat conductivity Download PDFInfo
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- CN113640345B CN113640345B CN202110939441.8A CN202110939441A CN113640345B CN 113640345 B CN113640345 B CN 113640345B CN 202110939441 A CN202110939441 A CN 202110939441A CN 113640345 B CN113640345 B CN 113640345B
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Abstract
The invention relates to an experimental device for simply measuring liquid heat conductivity coefficient, which comprises two metal cylinders distributed up and down, wherein the upper end cylinder is used as heatThe source, the lower extreme cylinder is made the cold source, and the cylindrical lower cylinder end face in upper end and the cylindrical last cylinder end face in lower extreme set up relatively the cylinder end face down with use the cylinder center to set up a circular channel as the centre of a circle respectively on the last cylinder end face and be used for placing O shape circle, place this O shape circle after, constitute between heat source and the cold source and survey the liquid chamber, just be close to near the liquid that awaits measuring near last cylinder end portion that the lower extreme cylinder is relative and set up a plurality of test holes respectively along the circumferencial direction, place temperature sensor in this test hole and be used for testing cold source and heat source temperature. Parameters obtained by measurement and further calculation of the device are substituted into a heat conductivity coefficient calculation formula
The liquid thermal conductivity can be obtained. The invention has the advantages of clear experimental principle, simple structure, easy test, low equipment cost and favorable popularization.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of heat transfer science and heat transfer experiment teaching, and particularly relates to an experimental device for simply measuring a liquid heat conductivity coefficient.
Background
In the heat transfer experiment, the experiment theory of measuring the liquid heat conductivity coefficient based on the flat plate method is a one-dimensional flat plate heat conduction equation derived according to the Fourier law, namely:
transforming the formula (1) to obtain a formula for calculating the heat conductivity coefficient:
the heat conductivity coefficient k (Wm) of the liquid can be calculated by measuring the related parameters on the right side of the above formula -1 K -1 ) The value is obtained. In the above formula, A (m) 2 ) The thermal power Q (W) vertically penetrates through the area of the liquid to be measured; t is h (K),T c (K) The temperatures of the hot side and the cold side of the liquid to be measured are respectively; δ (m) is the thickness of the test liquid.
In order to suppress the natural convection of the liquid due to the temperature difference and influence the measurement of the thermal conductivity, a top heating measure is usually adopted. Typically, the heat Q is provided by an electric heater or a heat exchanger connected to a thermostatic water bath. The power of the electric heater is easier to measure by the following formula (3) and the measuring precision is high,
Q＝IU (3)
in the above formula, I (A) is current, U (V) is voltage.
The heat supplied by the constant temperature water bath is calculated by the following formula
(4) In the formula (I), the compound is shown in the specification,
to mass flow rate, C p (Jkg -1 K -1 ) The specific heat at constant pressure and delta T (K) are the temperature difference between the front and the back, the measured parameters of the formula are more, and the introduced system error is large. Therefore, formula (3) is often used for heat measurement and calculation.
In order to ensure that the heat of the electric heater vertically penetrates through the liquid to reach the cold surface as much as possible, a heat insulation layer made of a material with low heat conductivity coefficient is arranged around the test system, so that the heat loss is reduced, the external interference is reduced, and the stability of the test environment is ensured.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to achieve the effects of clear experimental principle, simple structure, easy test and convenience for installation, debugging and practical operation of students, the invention provides the simple experimental device for measuring the heat conductivity coefficient of the liquid, so that the teaching quality is improved, and the device is low in cost and beneficial to popularization.
In order to solve the technical problems, the technical scheme provided by the invention is as follows:
an experimental device for simply measuring the heat conductivity coefficient of liquid comprises two metal cylinders which are distributed up and down, wherein the upper end cylinder is used as a heat source, an electric heater is arranged in the metal cylinders, the electric heater is connected with a direct current power supply, the temperature of the heat source is controlled by adjusting voltage, the lower end cylinder is used as a cold source, a water-cooling radiator is arranged in the metal cylinders, and the water-cooling radiator is connected with a constant-temperature water bath to maintain the constant temperature of the cold source;
the lower cylindrical end surface of the upper end cylinder and the upper cylindrical end surface of the lower end cylinder are oppositely arranged, a circular channel is respectively arranged on the lower cylindrical end surface and the upper cylindrical end surface by taking the center of the cylinder as the center of a circle, the section of the circular channel is a part of a circle, the circular channel is used for placing an O-shaped ring, after the O-shaped ring is placed, a liquid measuring cavity is formed between a heat source and a cold source, and the heat of the heat source is transferred to the cold source through the liquid to be measured and the O-shaped ring; and milling the cylindrical end surface in contact with the test liquid by using a numerical control machine.
A plurality of test holes are formed in the cylindrical end portion, opposite to the upper end cylinder and the lower end cylinder, close to the liquid to be tested in the circumferential direction, and temperature sensors are placed in the test holes and used for testing the temperatures of the cold source and the heat source.
The diameter of the circular channel is equal to the nominal diameter D of the O-shaped ring, the depth h of the circular channel is smaller than 1/2 of the section diameter D of the O-shaped ring, and the area A of the liquid to be measured is determined by a formula
Obtaining the design thickness of the liquid to be measured through a formula delta 0 Obtained as d-2 h.
Wherein the heat conduction area of the O-shaped ring is less than 5-10% of the heat conduction area of the liquid to be measured, and the size of the O-shaped ring meets the requirement
The upper end cylinder is positioned at the upper end of the liquid discharge hole, a cavity communicated with the liquid discharge hole is arranged on the upper end cylinder, and the cavity is used as a liquid storage cavity. A rubber plug with a slightly larger outer diameter can be inserted at the outer end of the liquid filling port for injecting liquid to be measured and sealing the syringe.
Under the action of gravity of the heat source metal block, the O-shaped ring is pressed and deformed, so that the actual thickness delta of the liquid is smaller than the designed thickness delta 0 And the small thickness and narrow gap are difficult to directly measure by a caliper. In order to measure the actual thickness delta conveniently, three channels with the depth and the width of 5mm are respectively milled in the circumferential direction of the upper end cylinder and the lower end cylinder and used for indirectly measuring the actual thickness delta of the liquid to be measured, and the upper measuring surface and the lower measuring surface are ensured to be parallel through three-point measurement. Wherein the trough of the heat source is measured firstDistance x from lower cylindrical end face 1 The distance x from the channel of the cold source to the upper cylindrical end surface 2 Measuring the distance x of the cold and heat source channel after the installation is finished to obtain the actual liquid thickness delta which is x-x 1 -x 2 . The thickness value of the liquid is measured by three circumferential points to ensure that the thickness of the liquid to be measured is uniform.
The four testing holes are respectively formed in the cylindrical end parts, opposite to the upper end cylinder and the lower end cylinder, of the upper end cylinder and close to the position close to the liquid to be tested along the circumferential direction, the cold source temperature is obtained based on four temperature values measured by the four testing holes in the lower end cylinder, and the heat source temperature is obtained based on four temperature values measured by the four testing holes in the upper end cylinder. Wherein the temperature of the cold source is determined by the formula
Obtaining the temperature of the heat source through a formula
Thus obtaining the compound.
Wherein, the outside of upper end cylinder and lower extreme cylinder sets up cylindrical heat preservation cover.
Further, the heat conductivity coefficient k of the liquid to be measured can be obtained by using the aforementioned formula (2) and formula (3) related to the heat transfer principle and combining the area a of the liquid to be measured, the actual thickness δ of the liquid to be measured, the heat source temperature and the heat source temperature obtained by the experimental device of the present invention.
The invention has the following beneficial effects: the invention has the advantages of clear experimental principle, simple structure and convenient installation, debugging and practical operation; the invention has smooth and flat surface, good sealing performance and small system error through the processing precision of an advanced numerical control machine tool; wherein, a standard industrial product O-shaped ring is used, the whole equipment has low cost and is convenient to popularize.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of an experimental apparatus for measuring the thermal conductivity of a liquid according to the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic view of an O-ring structure;
FIG. 3 is a schematic view of a heat source configuration;
FIG. 4 is a schematic view of a cooling source structure;
fig. 5 is a schematic structural view of the heat-insulating cover.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be described in further detail with reference to the accompanying drawings and specific embodiments.
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of an experimental apparatus for simply measuring the thermal conductivity of liquid according to the present invention, and FIGS. 2-5 are schematic diagrams of the structure of the apparatus components, in which two metal cylinders are used as cold and heat sources for measuring the thermal conductivity of liquid, a cylinder at the upper end is used as a heat source 5, an electric heater 11 is built in, the electric heater 11 is connected to a DC power supply, and the temperature of the heat source is controlled by adjusting the voltage; the lower end of the cylinder is used as a cold source 7, a water-cooling radiator 12 is arranged in the cylinder, and the water-cooling radiator 12 is connected with a constant-temperature water bath to maintain the constant temperature of the cold source. The surface of the cylindrical end head in contact with the test liquid is milled flat by a numerical control machine, and a circular channel 10 is milled on the surface by taking the center of the cylinder as the center of the circle, the section of the channel 10 is a part of a circle, the circular channel is used for placing the O-shaped ring 6, the diameter of the circular channel 10 is equal to the nominal diameter D of the O-shaped ring, and the depth h of the circular channel 10 is less than 1/2 of the section diameter D of the O-shaped ring. The liquid measuring cavity 1 is formed by the O-shaped ring 6, the heat source 5 and the cold source 7 up and down, the numerical control machine tool is high in machining precision, and good sealing effect can be achieved by the aid of the self weight of metal and the elasticity of the O-shaped ring.
Wherein the area of the liquid to be measured is calculated by the formula
Thus obtaining the product.
Wherein the liquid to be measured has a design thickness delta 0 ＝d-2h。
The heat of the heat source 5 is transferred to the cold source 7 through the liquid to be measured, the O-ring 6 and the edge interlayer air ring. Because of the low air heat conductivity coefficient, the air ring of the edge interlayer can be ignored. In order to reduce the system error caused by the heat conduction of the O-shaped ring 6, the heat conduction area of the O-shaped ring 6 is less than 5-10% of the heat conduction area of the liquid, and the experiment is selected to meet the requirement
The O-ring of (1). The metal polished surface has low emissivity, and the hot surface transfers heat to the cold surface through radiationThe heat loss caused is low.
Specifically, fig. 2 is a schematic view of an O-ring structure, fig. 1 is a schematic view of an apparatus, fig. 3 is a schematic view of a heat source structure, and fig. 4 is a schematic view of a cold source structure.
Because the O-shaped ring 6 has elasticity, the metal cylinder placed on the O-shaped ring has certain weight, the O-shaped ring 6 is deformed under pressure, and the actually measured thickness is less than the designed thickness delta 0 . Three channels 14 with the depth and the width of 5mm are milled in the circumferential direction of the cylinder, so that the actual thickness delta of the liquid to be measured can be measured indirectly, and the parallelism of two surfaces can be ensured through three-point measurement. Wherein the distance x of the channel 14 of the heat source 5 from the lower cylindrical end surface is measured first 1 And the distance x between the channel 14 of the cold source 7 and the upper cylindrical end surface 2 Measuring the distance x of the cold and heat source channel 14 after the installation is finished to obtain the actual liquid thickness delta which is x-x 1 -x 2 。
Two ends of the diameter direction of the cylindrical end surface are provided with a small hole, the cold source end is used as a liquid filling hole 9, the hot source end is used as a liquid discharging hole 2, and the cavity at the upper end of the liquid discharging hole is a liquid storage cavity 3. From up filling the liquid that awaits measuring down, do benefit to the deaeration, liquid thermal expansion in the test process, liquid volume expansion gets into stock solution chamber 3, reduces the thermal stress in the test chamber 1. A rubber plug 8 with a slightly larger outer diameter can be inserted at the outer end of the liquid filling port 9 for injecting the liquid to be measured and sealing the syringe.
Four test holes 13 are formed in the cylindrical test end near the liquid in the circumferential direction for placing temperature sensors, such as thermocouples or thermal resistors, for testing the temperatures of the heat source and the heat sink.
Cold end constant temperature passing formula
Thus obtaining the product.
Temperature of heat source by formula
Thus obtaining the product.
In order to reduce heat loss, the testing system is separated from the outside by using a cylindrical heat-insulating cover 4 shown in fig. 5, the heat of the electric heater is ensured to be transmitted to a cold source through liquid as far as possible, and finally, parameters obtained by measurement and further calculation of the device are substituted into a heat conductivity coefficient calculation formula (2) to obtain the heat conductivity coefficient of the liquid.
This is further illustrated by a specific example.
Two copper cylinders with the diameter of 270mm are used as cold and heat sources for measuring the heat conductivity coefficient of the liquid, the upper end cylinder is used as a heat source, an electric heater is arranged in the copper cylinders, the electric heater is connected with a 60V direct current power supply, the electric power is 1000W, and the temperature of the heat source is controlled by adjusting the voltage.
The lower end cylinder is used as a cold source, a water-cooling radiator is arranged in the lower end cylinder, and the water-cooling radiator is connected with a constant-temperature water bath with the power of 1500W.
The O-shaped ring specification inner diameter D is 250mm, and the wire diameter D is 5.3 mm.
The diameter of the section of the circular channel is 5.3mm, and the depth of the circular channel is 0.8 mm.
The emissivity of the metal polished surface is low, and the radiant heat loss is low.
Three channels with the depth and the width of 5mm are milled in the circumferential direction of the cylinder and are used for measuring the thickness of liquid, and the two surfaces are ensured to be parallel.
The two ends in the diameter direction are provided with a small hole, the cold source end is used as a liquid filling hole, the hot source end is used as a liquid discharging hole, and the upper end of the liquid discharging hole is provided with a liquid storage tank. And air bubbles are removed from the bottom to the top through liquid filling, liquid expands when heated in the test process, and the liquid expands in volume to enter the liquid storage tank, so that the thermal stress in the test cavity is reduced.
Four test holes are formed near the cylindrical test end close to the liquid along the circumferential direction, and a K-type thermocouple is placed in each test hole and used for testing the temperatures of the heat source and the cold source.
The two stainless steel cylinders with one closed end are filled with 30mm glass wool, and then the stainless steel cylinders are sealed to serve as heat preservation covers, so that the heat of the electric heater is transmitted to a cold source through liquid as far as possible.
Parameters obtained by measurement and further calculation of the device are substituted into a heat conductivity coefficient calculation formula (2) to obtain the liquid heat conductivity coefficient.
The above description is only for the specific embodiments of the present invention, but the scope of the present invention is not limited thereto, and these examples are only for illustrative purpose and are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention. The scope of the invention is defined by the appended claims and equivalents thereof. Various alternatives and modifications can be devised by those skilled in the art without departing from the scope of the invention, and these alternatives and modifications are intended to fall within the scope of the invention.
Claims (3)
1. The utility model provides a simple and easy experimental apparatus who measures liquid coefficient of heat conductivity which characterized in that:
the device comprises two metal cylinders which are distributed up and down, wherein the upper end cylinder is used as a heat source (5), an electric heater (11) is arranged in the metal cylinders, the electric heater (11) is connected with a direct current power supply, the temperature of the heat source is controlled by adjusting voltage, the lower end cylinder is used as a cold source (7), a water-cooling radiator (12) is arranged in the metal cylinders, and the water-cooling radiator (12) is connected with a constant-temperature water bath to maintain the constant temperature of the cold source;
the lower cylindrical end face of the upper end cylinder and the upper cylindrical end face of the lower end cylinder are oppositely arranged, a circular channel (10) is arranged on each of the lower cylindrical end face and the upper cylindrical end face by taking the center of the cylinder as the center of a circle, the cross section of the circular channel (10) is a circular part, the circular channel (10) is used for placing an O-shaped ring (6), after the O-shaped ring (6) is placed, a liquid measuring cavity (1) is formed between a heat source (5) and a cold source (7), and the heat of the heat source (5) is transferred to the cold source (7) through liquid to be measured and the O-shaped ring (6);
a plurality of test holes (13) are respectively arranged at the opposite cylindrical end parts of the upper end cylinder and the lower end cylinder and close to the liquid to be tested along the circumferential direction, temperature sensors are arranged in the test holes and used for testing the temperatures of the cold source and the heat source,
three channels (14) with the depth and the width of 5mm are respectively milled in the circumferential direction of the upper end cylinder and the lower end cylinder and are used for indirectly measuring the actual thickness delta of the liquid to be measured, and the thickness value of the liquid is measured by three points in the circumferential direction to ensure the uniform thickness of the liquid to be measured;
the diameter of the circular channel (10) is equal to the nominal diameter D of the O-shaped ring, the depth h of the circular channel is less than 1/2 of the section diameter D of the O-shaped ring, and the area A of the liquid to be measured passes through a formula
Obtaining the design thickness of the liquid to be measured through a formula delta 0 ＝d-Obtaining for 2 h;
the heat conduction area of the O-shaped ring (6) is less than 5-10% of the heat conduction area of the liquid to be measured, and the size of the O-shaped ring meets the requirement
A small hole is respectively arranged on the end surface of the lower cylinder and the end surface of the upper cylinder to be used as a liquid discharging hole (2) and a liquid charging hole (9), the liquid charging hole (9) and the liquid discharging hole (2) are oppositely arranged along the diameter direction of the end surface of the cylinder, a cavity communicated with the liquid discharging hole (2) is arranged on the upper end cylinder positioned at the upper end of the liquid discharging hole, and the cavity is used as a liquid storage cavity (3); a rubber plug (8) with a slightly larger outer diameter can be inserted into the outer end of the liquid filling hole (9) for injecting the liquid to be measured into the syringe and sealing.
2. The experimental device for simply measuring the heat conductivity coefficient of liquid according to claim 1, wherein:
four testing holes (13) are respectively formed in the cylindrical end parts, opposite to the upper end cylinder and the lower end cylinder, close to the liquid to be tested and along the circumferential direction, the cold source temperature is obtained based on four temperature values measured by the four testing holes in the lower end cylinder, and the heat source temperature is obtained based on four temperature values measured by the four testing holes in the upper end cylinder.
3. The experimental device for simply measuring the heat conductivity coefficient of liquid according to claim 1, wherein:
and cylindrical heat-insulating covers (4) are arranged outside the upper end cylinder and the lower end cylinder.
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| WO2016101903A1 (en) * | 2014-12-26 | 2016-06-30 | 怡维怡橡胶研究院有限公司 | Heat transfer coefficient measurement device |
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| JPS55107944A (en) * | 1979-02-14 | 1980-08-19 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | Apparatus for measuring thermal conductivity of liquid |
| US6142662A (en) * | 1998-06-16 | 2000-11-07 | New Jersey Institute Of Technology | Apparatus and method for simultaneously determining thermal conductivity and thermal contact resistance |
| CN1948957A (en) * | 2005-10-13 | 2007-04-18 | 鸿富锦精密工业（深圳）有限公司 | Flowing material heat conduction performance measuring device |
| CN101113963B (en) * | 2007-07-03 | 2010-10-20 | 吴永刚 | Method and device for measuring liquid thermal conductivity factor |
| CN201464398U (en) * | 2009-04-30 | 2010-05-12 | 上海理工大学 | Visible device for heat conduction coefficient measurement of nanometer cryoprotective agent |
| CN208459314U (en) * | 2018-05-04 | 2019-02-01 | 江门市大正盛唐科技有限公司 | A kind of Determination of conductive coefficients equipment |
| CN109001252A (en) * | 2018-06-28 | 2018-12-14 | 西南电子技术研究所（中国电子科技集团公司第十研究所） | Test device of thermal conductivity coefficient |
| CN109342495A (en) * | 2018-11-29 | 2019-02-15 | 内蒙古科技大学 | A kind of solar energy measurement liquid thermal conductivity factor experiment instrument and its measurement method |
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| WO2016101903A1 (en) * | 2014-12-26 | 2016-06-30 | 怡维怡橡胶研究院有限公司 | Heat transfer coefficient measurement device |
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| 平面热源法测定液体导热系数的研究;赵振永等;《煤气与热力》;19910625(第06期);全文 * |
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