CN113607813B - Ultrasonic automatic detection device for laser welding T-shaped weld defects and quantification method thereof - Google Patents
Ultrasonic automatic detection device for laser welding T-shaped weld defects and quantification method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
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Abstract
The invention discloses an ultrasonic automatic detection device for laser welding T-shaped weld defects and a quantification method thereof, wherein the device comprises the following components: the device comprises a base, a two-dimensional motion table, a height adjusting seat, a special ultrasonic probe group, a laser calibration assembly, a detection table and a water spraying assembly. The two-dimensional moving table is arranged on the base and used for carrying the special ultrasonic probe group and the laser calibration assembly, and the positions of the special ultrasonic probe group and the laser calibration assembly can be adjusted from the X direction and the Y direction through the two-dimensional moving table; the detection table is fixedly arranged on the base and used for placing a detected workpiece; the water spraying component supplies water for the special ultrasonic probe group. The quantitative detection method comprises the following steps: drawing an amplitude-size curve based on the reference block; scanning and detecting; and evaluating the detection signal. The invention has the advantages that: the automatic detection of adopting many probe group, the probe arrangement mode of design and laser marking have greatly improved detection efficiency, have adopted high frequency to detect the ultrasonic and have improved the detection precision of internal defect of welded seam.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of aerospace, in particular to an ultrasonic automatic detection device for laser welding T-shaped weld defects and a quantification method thereof.
Background
The high-performance titanium alloy double-beam laser welding T-shaped welding seam is an important aircraft panel structure, and the advantages of high strength, low cost and light weight are verified in the manufacture of large aircrafts such as aircrafts and guests, and become the focus of development in the field of aviation manufacturing in recent years. The double-beam laser welding technology of the high-performance titanium alloy is sensitive to the influence of welding parameters, and the organization structure and mechanical properties of the welded joint are easily influenced by the welding parameters. More serious, the lack of welding standards and quality judgment bases for titanium alloy double-beam laser welding seams, especially the lack of related standards in the aerospace field, limits the popularization of the method. Therefore, the detection of the T-shaped welding seam of the dual-beam laser welding of the high-performance titanium alloy from the factory by a nondestructive detection technology is an important engineering problem which needs to be concerned when unqualified parts flow into the assembly process. At present, a radiation detection technology and an ultrasonic detection technology are generally adopted to detect internal defects of a T-shaped welding seam of the double-beam laser welding. However, the radiation detection has insufficient detection sensitivity for lamellar defects and is easy to miss, while the conventional ultrasonic detection has insufficient sensitivity and is difficult to meet the requirement for detection precision; in addition, the T-shaped welding seam is distributed over the airplane body, the nondestructive testing workload is large, and the detection efficiency of the conventional nondestructive testing technology cannot meet the requirement of comprehensive detection.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the problems of insufficient detection precision, insufficient sensitivity and low detection efficiency in the prior art, the invention provides an ultrasonic automatic detection device and a quantitative method for the defects of the T-shaped welding seam of the laser welding, realizes automatic ultrasonic scanning detection of the internal defects of the T-shaped welding seam of the double-beam laser welding, has the detection precision of up to 0.1mm flat bottom Kong Dangliang, can quantitatively detect the defects of 0.1-0.4 mm equivalent size, and meets the requirements of aviation industry.
In order to achieve the above object, the present invention adopts the following technical scheme:
an ultrasonic automatic detection device for the defects of a T-shaped weld joint of laser welding comprises a base, a two-dimensional motion table, a height adjusting seat, a special ultrasonic probe group, a laser calibration assembly, a detection table and a water spraying assembly;
the two-dimensional motion platform is arranged on the base and used for carrying the special ultrasonic probe group and the laser calibration assembly, the positions of the special ultrasonic probe group and the laser calibration assembly relative to the welding line can be adjusted from the X-axis direction through the two-dimensional motion platform, and the special ultrasonic probe group and the laser calibration assembly do scanning motion along the extending direction (Y-axis direction) of the welding line.
The height adjusting seat is used for finely adjusting the heights of the special ultrasonic probe group and the laser calibration assembly in the Z-axis direction, so that the distance between the special ultrasonic probe group and the surface of the detection table can be adjusted;
the detection platform is fixedly arranged on the base and used for placing the detected workpiece.
The special ultrasonic probe set includes: three water immersion focusing probes, three water storage jackets, a clamp and three water inlet pipes.
Each water immersion focusing probe is arranged in a water storage sleeve, the water storage sleeves are fixed through a clamp, and each water storage sleeve is connected with a water inlet pipe; the clamp is fixed on the height adjusting seat.
The fixture is formed by sequentially arranging and connecting three circular rings, the circular rings are used for fixing the water storage sleeve, the centers of the three circular rings are arranged at intervals of 1.5mm along the width direction (X direction) of the welding seam, the three water immersion focusing probes are ensured to be arranged in a staggered manner along the width direction (X direction) of the welding seam, and the focusing sound field emitted by the three water immersion focusing probes can completely cover the width of the welding seam to be detected by 3mm.
The laser calibration assembly includes: the line width of the linear laser is 0.5mm, and the linear laser passes through the central axis of the middle water immersion focusing probe of the special ultrasonic probe group and is parallel to the extending direction (Y-axis direction) of the welding seam in the moving direction of the two-dimensional moving table;
the water spraying assembly consists of a water tank and an adjustable water pump, and the adjustable water pump is arranged in the water tank and supplies water for the special ultrasonic probe group through a water inlet pipe.
Further, the water immersion focusing probes have the central frequency of 15MHz, the wafer size of 6.25mm and the water focal distance of 12.7mm, the three water immersion focusing probes are arranged side by side, the central axis of the middle water immersion focusing probe is aligned with the central axis of the welding seam, and the water immersion focusing probes at two sides are respectively arranged at two sides of the welding seam along the width direction (X-axis direction) of the welding seam at intervals of 1.5mm;
further, the water storage sleeve has an end part with an outer diameter of 25mm and a total height of 30.5mm, and the wall thickness is divided into from top to bottom: the thickness of the upper 10mm height area is 4.5mm, the wall thickness of the middle 15mm height area is 2.5mm, the wall thickness of the lower 5mm height area is 4.5mm, the wall thickness of the bottom 0.5mm high is 8.5mm, and the center of the water inlet is 15mm away from the upper end of the water storage sleeve; after the water storage sleeve is arranged, the end part of the water immersion focusing probe is 4mm away from the bottom of the water storage sleeve; the inner diameter of the bottom of the water storage sleeve is 8mm;
the invention also discloses a quantitative detection method of the ultrasonic automatic detection device for the laser welding T-shaped weld defects, which comprises the following steps:
1) Drawing an amplitude-size curve based on the reference block;
a) Adjusting the water spray type focusing ultrasonic detection probe to enable the reflected echo of a flat bottom hole with the diameter of 0.1mm to reach the highest, adjusting the gain to enable the reflected echo wave height to reach 60mV, and finishing the detection sensitivity;
b) Respectively adjusting the position of the probe to enable the axis of the emitted sound beam to be aligned with the flat bottom holes with the diameters of 0.2mm, 0.3mm and 0.4mm, recording the maximum reflection echo amplitude value of each flat bottom hole, and drawing an amplitude-size coordinate space;
c) And linearly fitting the amplitude-size coordinate space of the four flat bottom holes by adopting a linear fitting method to obtain an amplitude-size curve for quantification:
d＝1.934A-0.027 (1)
wherein d is the defect diameter, A is the defect reflected wave amplitude, and the unit is V.
2) Scanning detection process
The special ultrasonic probe group is arranged on the welding seam workpiece, the two-dimensional moving table is adjusted, the central axis of the middle probe of the special ultrasonic probe group is aligned with the central axis of the welding seam by referring to the laser line, the special ultrasonic probe group is carried on the two-dimensional moving table to do scanning movement along the extending direction (Y-axis direction) of the welding seam, and meanwhile, a detection signal is extracted every 0.2 mm.
3) Assessment of detection signals
The pulse signal appeared in the range of 0.3-0.9 mu s in the detection signal is the pulse reflection wave of the defect, the detection signal amplitude of the area is extracted, and the defect size can be obtained by substituting the detection signal amplitude into the formula (1).
Further, the reference block is a flat-plate-shaped block containing an artificial defect of a flat bottom hole, and flat bottom holes with the burial depth of 2.0mm, the diameters of 0.1mm, 0.2mm, 0.3mm and 0.4mm are respectively prepared on the block, wherein the distance between the flat bottom holes is 35mm; the test block can be used for sensitivity adjustment of ultrasonic detection and amplitude-size curve drawing of defect quantification.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the advantages that:
1. the automatic detection of multiple probe groups greatly improves the detection efficiency;
three special water-spraying type focusing probes form a probe group to automatically scan laser welding seams in parallel, and the focusing sound beams formed by the three probes can completely cover the width of the welding seam to be detected of 3 mm; therefore, the quick automatic detection of the welding seam can be realized by performing one-dimensional linear scanning on the welding seam by the probe assembly comprising three special water spray type focusing probes, and the detection efficiency is greatly improved.
2. The probe arrangement mode and the laser marking line;
in order to improve the detection efficiency, three special water spray type focusing probes are arranged in a staggered manner along the width direction (X-axis direction) of the welding line, and the center interval of the probes along the width direction (X-axis direction) of the welding line is 1.5mm; the laser line emits a line of laser light which passes through the center of the middle probe and is parallel to the extending direction (Y-axis direction) of the weld joint.
3. High-frequency detection ultrasonic is adopted, so that the detection precision of the defects in the welded seam is improved;
the central frequency of the probe reaches 15MHz, the focal length in water is shorter (12.7 mm), a small-size focal zone can be formed, and the detection capability of detecting internal defects of a weld joint with the size of 0.1mm flat bottom Kong Dangliang is provided.
4. Designing a reference block to achieve higher quantitative detection precision;
the quantitative detection of the micro defects in the weld joint can be realized by combining the reference block with the quantitative detection method, and the quantitative error of the defects in the weld joint in the equivalent size range of 0.1-0.4 mm flat bottom hole is less than 17%.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of an ultrasonic automatic scanning detection device according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic view of a special ultrasonic probe set according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a schematic view showing the disassembly of a special ultrasonic probe set according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of a comparative block according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 5 is an amplitude versus size plot of an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 6 is a waveform diagram of a defect detection signal according to an embodiment of the present invention, wherein (a) is an A13/1# defect A scan waveform (b) is an A13/2# defect A scan waveform (c) is an A33 defect A scan waveform;
fig. 7 is a top view of a clamp according to an embodiment of the present invention.
Detailed Description
The invention will be described in further detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and by way of examples in order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the invention more apparent.
As shown in FIG. 1, an ultrasonic automatic scanning detection device for the defects of a T-shaped weld seam of laser welding comprises a base 7, a two-dimensional moving table 1, a height adjusting seat 2, a special ultrasonic probe group 3, a laser calibration assembly 4, a detection table 5 and a water spraying assembly 6;
the two-dimensional movement table 1 is mounted on the base 7, and the positions of the dedicated ultrasonic probe set 3 and the laser calibration assembly 4 with respect to the weld joint can be adjusted from the X-axis direction by the two-dimensional movement table 1, and the dedicated ultrasonic probe set 3 and the laser calibration assembly 4 are made to perform a scanning movement in the weld joint extending direction (Y-axis direction).
The height adjusting seat 2 is used for finely adjusting the heights of the special ultrasonic probe group 3 and the laser calibration assembly 4 in the Z-axis direction, and can adjust the distance between the special ultrasonic probe group 3 and the surface of the detection table 5;
the detecting table 5 is fixedly installed on the base 7 and is used for placing a detected workpiece.
As shown in fig. 2 and 3, the dedicated ultrasonic probe set 3 includes: three water immersion focusing probes 31, three water storage sleeves 32, a clamp 33 and three water inlet pipes 34.
A water immersion focusing probe 31 is arranged in a water storage sleeve 32 and is fixed by a clamp 33, and the water storage sleeve 32 is connected with a water inlet pipe 34; the clamp 33 is fixed to the height adjustment base 2.
As shown in fig. 7, the fixture 33 is formed by sequentially arranging and connecting three circular rings, the circular rings are used for fixing the water storage sleeve 32, the centers of the circular rings are arranged at intervals of 1.5mm along the width direction (X-axis direction) of the welding seam, the three water immersion focusing probes are ensured to be arranged in a staggered manner along the width direction (X-axis direction) of the welding seam, and the focusing sound field emitted by the three water immersion focusing probes can completely cover the width (3 mm) of the welding seam to be detected.
The water immersion focusing probes 31 are arranged side by side, the central axis of the middle water immersion focusing probe 31 is aligned with the central axis of the welding seam, and the water immersion focusing probes 31 on two sides are respectively arranged on two sides of the welding seam at intervals of 1.5mm along the width direction (X-axis direction) of the welding seam;
the water storage sleeve 32 has an end outer diameter of 25mm and a total height of 30.5mm, and the wall thickness is divided into from top to bottom: the thickness of the upper 10mm height area is 4.5mm, the wall thickness of the middle 15mm height area is 2.5mm, the wall thickness of the lower 5mm height area is 4.5mm, the wall thickness of the bottom 0.5mm high is 8.5mm, and the center of the water inlet is 15mm from the upper end of the water storage sleeve 32; after the water storage sleeve 32 is installed, the end part of the water immersion focusing probe 31 is 4mm away from the bottom of the water storage sleeve 32; the inner diameter of the bottom of the water storage sleeve 32 is 8mm;
the core component of the laser calibration component 4 is a linear laser with the line width of 0.5mm, and the linear laser passes through the central axis of the middle water immersion focusing probe 31 of the special ultrasonic probe group 3 and is parallel to the extending direction (Y-axis direction) of the welding seam of the moving direction of the two-dimensional moving table 1;
the water spraying assembly consists of a water tank and an adjustable water pump 61, wherein the adjustable water pump 61 is arranged in the water tank and supplies water for the special ultrasonic probe set 3 through a water inlet pipe 34.
As shown in FIG. 4, the reference block is a flat plate-shaped block containing an artificial defect of flat bottom holes, and flat bottom holes with the burial depth of 2.0mm, the diameters of 0.1mm, 0.2mm, 0.3mm and 0.4mm are respectively prepared on the block, wherein the distance between the flat bottom holes is 35mm; the test block can be used for sensitivity adjustment of ultrasonic detection and amplitude-size curve drawing of defect quantification.
The quantitative detection method of the ultrasonic automatic detection device for the defects of the T-shaped weld joint of the laser welding comprises the following steps:
1) Drawing an amplitude-size curve based on the reference block;
a) Adjusting the water spray type focusing ultrasonic detection probe to enable the reflected echo of a flat bottom hole with the diameter of 0.1mm to reach the highest, adjusting the gain to enable the reflected echo wave height to reach 60mV, and finishing the detection sensitivity;
b) Respectively adjusting the position of the probe to enable the axis of the emitted sound beam to be aligned with the flat bottom holes with the diameters of 0.2mm, 0.3mm and 0.4mm, recording the maximum reflection echo amplitude value of each flat bottom hole, and drawing an amplitude-size coordinate space;
c) And linearly fitting the amplitude-size coordinate space of the four flat bottom holes by adopting a linear fitting method to obtain an amplitude-size curve for quantification:
d＝1.934A-0.027 (1)
wherein d is the defect diameter, A is the defect reflected wave amplitude, and the unit is V.
2) Scanning detection process
The special ultrasonic probe group is arranged on the welding seam workpiece, the two-dimensional moving table is adjusted, the central axis of the middle probe of the special ultrasonic probe group is aligned with the central axis of the welding seam by referring to the laser line, the special ultrasonic probe group is carried on the two-dimensional moving table to do scanning movement along the extending direction (Y-axis direction) of the welding seam, and meanwhile, a detection signal is extracted every 0.2 mm.
3) Assessment of detection signals
The pulse signal appeared in the range of 0.3-0.9 mu s in the detection signal is the pulse reflection wave of the defect, the detection signal amplitude of the area is extracted, and the defect size can be obtained by substituting the detection signal amplitude into the formula (1).
Embodiments of the invention
(1) Drawing amplitude-size curve based on reference block
1) Adjusting the water spray type focusing ultrasonic detection probe to enable the reflected echo of a flat bottom hole with the diameter of 0.1mm to reach the highest, adjusting the gain to enable the reflected echo wave height to reach 60mV, and finishing the detection sensitivity;
2) The probe positions are respectively adjusted to lead the axes of emitted sound beams to be aligned with flat bottom holes with diameters of 0.2mm, 0.3mm and 0.4mm, the maximum reflection echo amplitude of each flat bottom hole is recorded, an amplitude-size curve is drawn by combining a linear fitting method as shown in fig. 5, and a quantitative curve model is obtained:
d＝1.934A-0.027
wherein d is the defect diameter, A is the defect reflected wave amplitude, and the unit is V.
(2) Detection process
Placing the T-shaped welding seam workpiece on a detection table, and adjusting the position of the workpiece to be detected so that the extending direction of the welding seam of the workpiece to be detected is parallel to the Y direction of the two-dimensional movement table;
adjusting the two-dimensional moving table to move along the X direction, and when the linear laser line is coincident with the central axis of the weld joint, aligning the central axis of the middle probe of the special ultrasonic probe group with the central axis of the weld joint;
the special ultrasonic probe group is made to perform scanning detection motion along the extending direction of the welding seam (Y-axis direction) through the two-dimensional motion table, detection signals are recorded every 0.2mm, reflected wave signals of internal defects of the welding seam are found, the reflected wave amplitude of the internal defects is extracted, and the internal defects can be quantitatively detected by combining quantitative models obtained through measurement on a reference block and fitting, wherein the detection signals are shown in figure 6.
(3) Quantitative detection
As shown in FIG. 6, the defect reflection amplitudes are 180mV, 90mV, 84mV, and 51mV, respectively, for the weld defect detection signal. The calculation according to formula (1) shows that: the defect sizes were 0.32mm, 0.15mm, 0.17mm, 0.04mm.
And performing verification detection on the welding seams, extracting defect detection signals, dissecting the welding seams at the corresponding positions, measuring the internal defect sizes of the welding seams by adopting a metallographic method, and measuring results of the metallographic method and the ultrasonic method are shown in table 1.
Table 1 shows: the relative error for defect size measurements ranging from 0.1mm to 0.4mm is no greater than 17.6%, see table 1. Accordingly, the method can be used to determine the defect size inside the weld.
TABLE 1 Defect Length measurement results for various quantitative methods of internal Defect
Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the embodiments described herein are intended to aid the reader in understanding the practice of the invention and that the scope of the invention is not limited to such specific statements and embodiments. Those of ordinary skill in the art can make various other specific modifications and combinations from the teachings of the present disclosure without departing from the spirit thereof, and such modifications and combinations remain within the scope of the present disclosure.
Claims (4)
1. An ultrasonic automatic detection device for the defects of a T-shaped weld joint of laser welding comprises a base, a two-dimensional motion table, a height adjusting seat, a special ultrasonic probe group, a laser calibration assembly, a detection table and a water spraying assembly;
the two-dimensional moving table is arranged on the base and used for carrying the special ultrasonic probe group and the laser calibration assembly, the positions of the special ultrasonic probe group and the laser calibration assembly relative to the welding line can be adjusted from the X-axis direction through the two-dimensional moving table, and the special ultrasonic probe group and the laser calibration assembly do scanning movement along the extending direction of the welding line;
the height adjusting seat is used for finely adjusting the heights of the special ultrasonic probe group and the laser calibration assembly in the Z-axis direction, so that the distance between the special ultrasonic probe group and the surface of the detection table can be adjusted;
the detection table is fixedly arranged on the base and used for placing a detected workpiece;
the special ultrasonic probe set includes: three water immersion focusing probes, three water storage jackets, a clamp and three water inlet pipes;
each water immersion focusing probe is arranged in a water storage sleeve, the water storage sleeves are fixed through a clamp, and each water storage sleeve is connected with a water inlet pipe; the clamp is fixed on the height adjusting seat;
the fixture is formed by sequentially arranging and connecting three circular rings, the circular rings are used for fixing a water storage sleeve, the centers of the three circular rings are arranged at intervals of 1.5 and mm along the width direction of a welding seam, so that three water immersion focusing probes are ensured to be arranged in a staggered manner along the width direction of the welding seam, and the focusing sound field emitted by the three water immersion focusing probes can completely cover the width of the welding seam to be detected by 3 mm;
the laser calibration assembly includes: the line width of the linear laser is 0.5mm, and the linear laser passes through the central axis of the middle water immersion focusing probe of the special ultrasonic probe group and is parallel to the extending direction of the welding seam of the moving direction of the two-dimensional moving table;
the water spraying assembly consists of a water tank and an adjustable water pump, and the adjustable water pump is arranged in the water tank and supplies water for the special ultrasonic probe group through a water inlet pipe;
the center frequency of the water immersion focusing probe is 15MHz, the wafer size is 6.25 and mm, the focus distance in water is 12.7 and mm, the three water immersion focusing probes are arranged side by side, the central axis of the middle water immersion focusing probe is aligned with the central axis of the welding seam, and the water immersion focusing probes on two sides are respectively arranged along the two sides of the width direction of the welding seam at intervals of 1.5 and mm minutes.
2. The ultrasonic automatic detection device for laser welding T-shaped weld defects according to claim 1, wherein: the water storage sleeve has an outer diameter of 25-mm at the end part and a total height of 30.5-mm, and the wall thickness is divided into from top to bottom: the thickness of the upper 10mm height area is 4.5mm, the wall thickness of the middle 15mm height area is 2.5mm, the wall thickness of the lower 5mm height area is 4.5mm, the wall thickness of the bottom 0.5mm height is 8.5mm, and the center of the water inlet is spaced from the upper end 15mm of the water storage sleeve; after the water storage sleeve is installed, the end part of the water immersion focusing probe is 4mm away from the bottom of the water storage sleeve; the inner diameter of the bottom of the water storage sleeve is 8 mm.
3. The method for quantifying an ultrasonic automated inspection device for laser welded T-seam defects according to claim 1, comprising the steps of:
drawing an amplitude-size curve based on the reference block;
adjusting the water spray type focusing ultrasonic detection probe to enable the reflected echo of the flat bottom hole with the diameter of 0.1 and mm to reach the highest, adjusting the gain to enable the reflected echo to reach 60mV, and finishing the adjustment of the detection sensitivity;
the position of the probe is respectively adjusted to lead the axis of the emitted sound beam to be aligned with the flat bottom holes with the diameters of 0.2mm, 0.3mm and 0.4mm, the maximum reflection echo amplitude value of each flat bottom hole is recorded, and the amplitude-size coordinate space is drawn;
and linearly fitting the amplitude-size coordinate space of the four flat bottom holes by adopting a linear fitting method to obtain an amplitude-size curve for quantification:
d =1.934A - 0.027 （1）
in the method, in the process of the invention,din order to be a defect diameter,Afor the amplitude of the defect reflected wave, unitV；
2) Scanning detection process
The special ultrasonic probe group is arranged on a welding seam workpiece, the two-dimensional moving table is adjusted, the central axis of the middle probe of the special ultrasonic probe group is aligned to the central axis of the welding seam by referring to the laser line, the special ultrasonic probe group is carried on the two-dimensional moving table to do scanning movement along the extending direction of the welding seam, and meanwhile, a detection signal is extracted every 0.2 mm;
3) Assessment of detection signals
The pulse signal appeared in the range of 0.3-0.9 mu s in the detection signal is the pulse reflection wave of the defect, the detection signal amplitude of the area is extracted, and the defect size can be obtained by substituting the detection signal amplitude into the formula (1).
4. The method of claim 3, wherein the reference block is a plate-like block having an artificial defect of flat bottom holes, each of the flat bottom holes having a burial depth of 2.0mm, a diameter of 0.1mm, 0.2mm, 0.3mm and 0.4mm being prepared thereon, and the flat bottom holes being spaced apart by 35mm; the test block can be used for sensitivity adjustment of ultrasonic detection and amplitude-size curve drawing of defect quantification.
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