CN113598099A - Design method of artificial fish spawning site with water depth-flow velocity coupling - Google Patents
Design method of artificial fish spawning site with water depth-flow velocity coupling Download PDFInfo
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- CN113598099A CN113598099A CN202110913340.3A CN202110913340A CN113598099A CN 113598099 A CN113598099 A CN 113598099A CN 202110913340 A CN202110913340 A CN 202110913340A CN 113598099 A CN113598099 A CN 113598099A
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; CARE OF BIRDS, FISHES, INSECTS; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
- A01K61/00—Culture of aquatic animals
- A01K61/10—Culture of aquatic animals of fish
- A01K61/17—Hatching, e.g. incubators
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; CARE OF BIRDS, FISHES, INSECTS; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
- A01K61/00—Culture of aquatic animals
- A01K61/10—Culture of aquatic animals of fish
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02B—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING
- E02B1/00—Equipment or apparatus for, or methods of, general hydraulic engineering, e.g. protection of constructions against ice-strains
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06Q—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES; SYSTEMS OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G06Q50/00—Systems or methods specially adapted for specific business sectors, e.g. utilities or tourism
- G06Q50/02—Agriculture; Fishing; Mining
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A40/00—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
- Y02A40/80—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in fisheries management
- Y02A40/81—Aquaculture, e.g. of fish
Abstract
The invention relates to a design method of a water depth-flow velocity coupled artificial fish spawning site. The invention is suitable for the field of ecological restoration engineering. The technical scheme of the invention is a design method of a water depth-flow velocity coupled artificial fish spawning site, which is characterized by comprising the following steps: surveying a spawning site of fishes under natural conditions, measuring the water depth and the flow rate of the natural spawning site, and calculating the optimal Froude number of the natural spawning site based on the water depth and the flow rate; forming a slow flow at an artificial fish spawning site and the upstream thereof by modifying the riverbed terrain, wherein the Froude number of the slow flow is less than 1; the flow state of water flow is adjusted by arranging a flow adjusting engineering facility, so that the Froude number of the artificial fish spawning site is adjusted by taking the optimal Froude number of a natural spawning site as a target value.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a design method of a water depth-flow velocity coupled artificial fish spawning site. Is suitable for the field of ecological restoration engineering.
Background
At present, when designing an artificial fish spawning site, the flow rate and the water depth are taken as independent design factors, and the water surface width is considered at the same time. Some researches indicate that under natural conditions, the flow rate and the water depth of a spawning site of fishes are different, and the water surface width is different, so that the actual requirements of spawning of the fishes cannot be met by the current artificial fish spawning site design method.
Disclosure of Invention
The technical problem to be solved by the invention is as follows: aiming at the existing problems, a design method of an artificial fish spawning site with coupled water depth and flow velocity is provided.
The technical scheme adopted by the invention is as follows: a design method of a water depth-flow velocity coupled artificial fish spawning site is characterized by comprising the following steps:
surveying a spawning site of fishes under natural conditions, measuring the water depth and the flow rate of the natural spawning site, and calculating the optimal Froude number of the natural spawning site based on the water depth and the flow rate;
forming a slow flow at an artificial fish spawning site and the upstream thereof by modifying the riverbed terrain, wherein the Froude number of the slow flow is less than 1;
the flow state of water flow is adjusted by arranging a flow adjusting engineering facility, so that the Froude number of the artificial fish spawning site is adjusted by taking the optimal Froude number of a natural spawning site as a target value.
The method for surveying the spawning site of the fishes under natural conditions, measuring the water depth and the flow rate of the spawning site, and calculating the optimal Froude number of the natural spawning site based on the water depth and the flow rate comprises the following steps:
if the natural spawning ground has a plurality of places, weighting according to the size of the spawning ground, calculating the weighted average value of the Froude numbers of the natural spawning grounds, and recording the weighted average value as the optimal Froude number;
if the natural spawning site has only one place, the Froude number of the natural spawning site is the optimal Froude number.
The modified riverbed terrain comprises:
the bottom slope of the artificial spawning site and the river channel at the upstream of the artificial spawning site is smaller than a critical bottom slope, and the critical bottom slope is the bottom slope when the Froude number is equal to 1.
The flow regulating engineering facility comprises one or more of a gravel cushion layer, a permeable weir and a log substrate.
The gravel bed course set up as the pad of laying eggs in artificial fish spawning ground, gravel bed course control average particle diameter D50 is 20mm, and wherein 10 ~ 50mm particle diameter group content accounts for about 80%, and remaining 20% comprise 100mm and 2 ~ 5mm grit of subtotal.
The weir that permeates water set up in artificial fish spawning ground upstream side, the weir downstream side that permeates water is close to being provided with deep pool.
And the ratio of the length of the weir arm of the permeable weir to the width of the puddle river channel is determined according to the ratio of the curvature radius of the puddle river channel to the width of the puddle river channel and the departure angle of the weir arm.
The water-permeable weir adopts a V-shaped water-permeable weir, a W-shaped water-permeable weir or a J-shaped water-permeable weir.
The log substrate is provided with a substrate main body and a balance weight which is fixed on the substrate main body and can enable the log substrate to sink to the river bottom, and the substrate main body is formed by binding a plurality of small logs;
the log substrate is placed in an artificial fish spawning field area, and the included angle between the log substrate and the water flow direction is not more than 45 degrees.
A water depth-flow velocity coupled artificial fish spawning site is characterized in that: the design method of the water depth-flow velocity coupled artificial fish spawning site according to any one of claims 1 to 9.
The invention has the beneficial effects that: the invention couples the water depth and the flow velocity, judges the spawning ground through the Froude number calculated based on the water depth and the flow velocity, and enables the Froude number of the artificial spawning ground to be equal to or approximate to that of a natural spawning ground through reforming the riverbed terrain of the artificial spawning ground area and adjusting the flow state of water flow, thereby providing the spawning ground more suitable for spawning of fishes.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic plan view of a W-shaped water-permeable weir in an embodiment.
FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of the W-shaped permeable weir in the example.
FIG. 3 is a schematic plan view of the V-shaped permeable weir in the embodiment.
FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of the V-shaped permeable weir in the example.
FIG. 5 is a schematic structural diagram of a log substrate in the example.
FIG. 6 is a schematic end view of the log substrate of the example.
FIG. 7 is a schematic plan view of an artificial spawning site in the example.
FIG. 8 is a schematic plan view of another artificial spawning site according to an embodiment.
1. A permeable weir; 101. a footing rock; 2. a log substrate; 201. small logs; 202. balancing weight; 3. a gravel cushion layer; 4. deep pool;
Detailed Description
The embodiment provides a design method of a water depth-flow velocity coupled artificial fish spawning site, which specifically comprises the following steps:
s1, investigating the spawning ground of the fishes under natural conditions, measuring the water depth and the flow rate of the spawning ground, and calculating the Froude number of the natural spawning ground based on the water depth and the flow rate of the natural spawning ground, wherein the Froude number is defined as:
in the formula, Fr is Froude number and is dimensionless; v is the flow velocity, m/s; g is the acceleration of gravity, 9.8m/s2(ii) a h is the depth of water, m.
If a plurality of natural spawning sites are found, weighting according to the size of the spawning sites, and calculating a plurality of daysThe weighted average of the Froude numbers of the spawning sites is recorded as the optimal Froude number Fropt(ii) a If the natural spawning site has only one place, the Froude number of the natural spawning site is the optimal Froude number Fropt。
The froude number is a relation between water depth and flow velocity, and a water depth-flow velocity relation satisfying the optimal froude number is called an optimal water depth-flow velocity relation.
S2, the integral topography of the river bed plays a role in controlling the flow state, for a straight river channel, the Froude number is less than 1 and is a slow flow, the Froude number is more than 1 and is a rapid flow, and the slow flow is formed in a spawning site and the upstream of the spawning site through the reconstruction of the topography of the river bed so as to meet spawning conditions of fishes.
The bottom slope when the Froude number is equal to 1 is called critical bottom slope, and during terrain reconstruction, the bottom slope of an artificial spawning site and an upstream river channel thereof is required to be smaller than the critical bottom slope, so that the Froude number of the spawning site and the upstream river channel thereof is smaller than 1.
S3, setting proper flow regulating engineering facilities to regulate the flow state of the water flow and further to optimize the Froude number Fr based on the open channel flow slowing in the step S2optThe Froude number of the artificial fish spawning ground is finely adjusted for the target, and other requirements of fish spawning are met.
In this embodiment, the froude number and other hydrodynamic parameters of the water flow can be finely adjusted through the flow regulating engineering facility, so as to meet the spawning demand of the fishes, wherein the flow regulating engineering facility includes but is not limited to one or more of a gravel cushion, a permeable weir and a log substrate.
Currently, egg-laying gravel conditions are degraded, mostly because fine silt deposits fill in or restrict water flow conditions between sand and gravel. Gravel characteristics refer to a gravel fraction or bed gravel group, and environmental factors affecting a river may limit the composition of suitable egg-laying gravel. The gravel spawning cushion layer is the basic condition for spawning of the fishes producing the sticky sinking property, and the design of the spawning sites with different nodes in the embodiment mainly comprises the step of restoring or constructing a graded sand gravel supply mechanism through arranging the gravel cushion layer in the spawning sites to repair the structure of the cushion layer of the spawning beach.
The egg-laying gravel must be small enough for the parent fish to dig into the nest, but small particle size gravel is easily carried by scouring at high flow rates. According to the related research results of the substrate condition of the viscous and sinkable roes in the mountain stream river abortion, the gravel cushion layer controls the average particle size D50 to be 20mm by combining the hydraulic condition of the engineering, wherein the content of 10-50 mm particle size groups accounts for about 80%, and the rest 20% consists of 100mm and a small part of 2-5 mm coarse sand.
The gravel cushion layer (spawning cushion) is used as a spawning site reinforcing material, and local sand, gravel and pebbles are used as construction materials. In order to ensure that the oviposition bedding course is buried by coming sand or washed by large water, the paving position of the bedding course is particularly critical, the selected site should avoid a alluvial area as much as possible, and the laying position can be set by considering the cooperation with a flow control structure.
In the embodiment, the gravel cushion layer is mainly selected according to the distribution condition of the natural spawning site, and the gravel cushion layer goes deep into the water level of the flat beach (100 m)3The water level is corresponding to the/s) is 0.5m below the water level, and the part above the water level is used as a gravel material supply source in the later period.
In ecological hydraulic engineering, fish habitat structures used in riverbeds mainly include weirs (V-shaped permeable weirs, W-shaped permeable weirs, J-shaped permeable weirs), dams (grommets, breakwaters, deflectors and the like), random brute stones, river bank vegetation and the like, and in addition, artificial torrent shoals, fishway structures, groove banks, flood ponds and the like.
The river bed ecological engineering methods such as the W-shaped water permeable weir (shown in figures 1 and 2), the V-shaped water permeable weir (shown in figures 3 and 4) and the J-shaped water permeable weir have good control and flow guide effects, and meanwhile, the continuous hydraulic conditions formed by the structures can provide good guarantee for fish breeding, inhabitation and danger avoidance, so that the fish habitat is strengthened in a near natural state. The key design parameters of the flow control ecological construction method (permeable weir) adopted by the project are mainly introduced as follows:
(1) departure angle (Water penetration weir arm and beach river shoreline angle)
The departure angle is 20-30 degrees, the smaller the angle is, the longer the relative length of the weir arm is, the longer the effective protection on the quagmire river bank is, and the larger the continuous hydraulic condition range formed on the periphery of the permeable weir is.
(2) Weir arm slope
The slope of the dam arm of the permeable weir is about 2-7% from the pool river channel to the riverbed, and the length of the dam arm is from the pool river bank to the riverbed1/3 plunge channel width. The lower table is J permeable weir arm length and puddle river channel width ratio VLThe ratio can be expressed by the radius of curvature Rc/puddle river width W, departure angle.
Empirical formula of ratio of surface weir arm length to puddle river width
| Rc/W | Angle of departure (°) | |
| 3 | 20 | VL＝0.0057W+0.9462 |
| 3 | 30 | VL＝0.0089W+0.5933 |
| 5 | 20 | VL＝0.0057W+1.0462 |
| 5 | 30 | VL＝0.0057W+0.8462 |
(3) Height of arm end
And the elevation of the arm end of the permeable weir is leveled with the flow elevation of the pool, and when the river bank embankment is higher, the arm end of the permeable weir is embedded in the embankment platform.
(4) Foot rock burial depth
In the embodiment, the bed base surface below the water penetration weir is composed of eggs and granites, according to the analysis of the starting flow rate and the scouring depth of the eggs and the granites, the embedding depth of the foundation rock is at least 1 time greater than the height of the exposed structure, and the arm end is completely embedded in the quagmire river bank. A flow gap is reserved between structures in the center of the riverbed, and the basement rock is exposed by 10-20 cm to block upstream sand.
In this embodiment the weir low reaches that permeates water are followed closely and are provided with the deep pool, and the deep pool increases the local flow state in spawning ground to for fish lay the front and back provide interim perch, or overwinter.
The log substrate in the embodiment is provided with a substrate main body and a balance weight which is fixed on the substrate main body and can enable the log substrate to sink to the river bottom, the substrate main body is formed by binding three small logs which are arranged in a triangular mode, and the log substrate is fixed on a river bank or a river bed and is a unit for providing a place for fish to lay eggs and inhabit. Research shows that the small-sized wood can provide danger avoiding shielding conditions for aquatic organisms and the like, provide foraging places for fishes, and increase the volume of the log can increase the density of some aquatic organisms. The wood can be used for a plurality of ecological building structures, and the wood is a natural river structure and habitat component, so that the diversity of river habitats can be greatly increased, and the potential side effects of other materials (rocks, ecological blocks and the like) can be reduced.
In the embodiment, the round wood substrate is arranged mainly for increasing the habitat diversity of the riverbed habitat, and the substrate group can not only play the shielding and inhabitation effects of the round wood substrate, but also play the energy dissipation and vortex increasing effects of a brute force forest.
The length of the matrix main body is about 5m, and the effective diameter is about 0.5m (the matrix main body is formed by binding a plurality of small round woods, but the diameter of each small round wood is required to be more than 10 cm).
According to the stress condition of the log in water:
weight: fG＝Volwoodγwood
Buoyancy: fB＝VolwoodSubmergedγwater
Friction force: ff＝μFN
Water flowForce:
according to the 1.2 stability coefficient, the volume of the designed log stable counterweight concrete (or the brute) can be calculated to be about 1.2m3。
The log substrate is delivered to a relatively small area of flow and requires that the logs near the feet of the dike be more than 10m from the feet of the dike to reduce excessive washing of the bed or cause feet of the dike to dig. The log substrate is placed into the river channel in the downstream direction, and the included angle between the log substrate and the water flow direction is not more than 45 degrees.
Fig. 7 is a schematic plan view of an artificial spawning site of a certain engineering in an embodiment, a river channel originally has two branches, the south side of the river channel is backfilled, only a north side channel is left in the river channel, water flow is relatively urgent, and the artificial spawning site is suitable for partial floating fishes to spawn.
After the construction, at 100m3Under the flow condition/s, the hydraulic condition at the spawning site is more complex, but the water depth is shallower near the left side of the water flow direction in the drawing and is basically lower than 0.5m, so that the local suitability of the spawning site is general, the flow speed of the water flow direction to the right bank in the drawing is larger, the maximum value is about 2.74m/s, and the spawning site adopts engineering measures of digging deep near the side local area and setting a bottom slope, a deep pool and the like to change the terrain so as to increase the water depth.
The current flow rate of the spawning site is large (more obvious in the 6 months and the 7 months), and the spawning site is more suitable for spawning of fishes producing drifting eggs. Through suitability analysis, in order to effectively construct the fish spawning habitat conditions, the following construction scheme is designed according to the fish spawning breeding requirements:
(1) communicating water system
Combining with communication engineering, dredging the backfilled dikes on the south side, communicating the branch flows on the two sides, planting aquatic plants on the periphery, dredging the river channel, and forming a complex water system condition of branch of a river in the area.
(2) Setting a brute force
A brute force is built, the water flow diversity of local areas is increased, and conditions are created for the production of drifting fishes and the inhabitation and breeding of the flowing fishes.
(3) Setting W-shaped water-permeable weir
A W-shaped water-permeable weir is arranged on the upstream river channel of the spawning site.
(4) Set up a deep pool
According to W type weir structural feature and spawning cushion layer border beach position, set up two deep ponds at W type weir downstream, increase spawning ground local flow state to provide interim perching, or overwintering around spawning for fish.
(5) Construction of pebble beaches
A spawning cushion layer beach is constructed by arranging a gravel cushion layer on the left bank (the original shoal) at the downstream of the W-shaped permeable weir.
(6) Ecological dispatch
In the spawning and breeding season of the fishes (4-7 months), the ecological flow is increased periodically according to the upstream water inflow condition, and suitable hydrodynamic conditions are created for spawning and breeding of the fishes.
Fig. 8 is a schematic plan view of an artificial spawning site of another project in an embodiment, wherein a large island and a small island are arranged in the center of a river channel before the project is started, and a pebble shoal is arranged on the right side of the island, but part of the pebble shoal is damaged due to sand excavation.
At 100m3Under the flow/s condition, the hydraulic condition of the spawning site is simpler, the water depth is about 0.6m under the normal condition, the water depth is relatively shallow, and the habitat suitability needs to be improved. The spawning ground improves the suitability of the spawning ground by means of improving the local disorder degree by means of setting a deep pool, throwing stone blocks, setting a diving weir and a fish nest and the like. Through suitability analysis, in order to effectively construct the fish spawning habitat conditions, the following construction scheme is designed according to the fish spawning breeding requirements:
(1) construction of pebble beaches
A gravel side beach spawning cushion is constructed by arranging gravel cushion layers, so that a good substrate implantation space is provided for spawning and inhabiting of fishes.
(2) Setting log substrate
And a log substrate is put in the front end of the spawning pad, so that the flow state diversity is increased, and a habitat avoiding condition is provided for juvenile fishes.
(4) Ecological dispatch
In the spawning and breeding season of the fishes (4-7 months), the ecological flow is increased periodically according to the upstream water inflow condition, and suitable hydrodynamic conditions are created for spawning and breeding of the fishes.
Claims (10)
1. A design method of a water depth-flow velocity coupled artificial fish spawning site is characterized by comprising the following steps:
surveying a spawning site of fishes under natural conditions, measuring the water depth and the flow rate of the natural spawning site, and calculating the optimal Froude number of the natural spawning site based on the water depth and the flow rate;
forming a slow flow at an artificial fish spawning site and the upstream thereof by modifying the riverbed terrain, wherein the Froude number of the slow flow is less than 1;
the flow state of water flow is adjusted by arranging a flow adjusting engineering facility, so that the Froude number of the artificial fish spawning site is adjusted by taking the optimal Froude number of a natural spawning site as a target value.
2. The method for designing a spawning site of artificial fish according to claim 1, wherein the fish is investigated for spawning sites under natural conditions, the water depth and the flow rate of the spawning site are measured, and the optimal Froude number of the natural spawning site is calculated based on the water depth and the flow rate, comprising:
if the natural spawning ground has a plurality of places, weighting according to the size of the spawning ground, calculating the weighted average value of the Froude numbers of the natural spawning grounds, and recording the weighted average value as the optimal Froude number;
if the natural spawning site has only one place, the Froude number of the natural spawning site is the optimal Froude number.
3. The water depth-flow rate coupled artificial fish spawning site design method according to claim 1, wherein the modifying of the riverbed terrain comprises:
the bottom slope of the artificial fish spawning site and the upstream river channel thereof is smaller than a critical bottom slope, and the critical bottom slope is the bottom slope when the Froude number is equal to 1.
4. The water depth-flow rate coupled artificial fish spawning site design method according to claim 1, wherein: the flow regulating engineering facility comprises one or more of a gravel cushion layer (3), a permeable weir (1) and a log substrate (2).
5. The water depth-flow rate coupled artificial fish spawning site design method according to claim 4, wherein: gravel bed course (3) set up as the spawning ground in artificial fish spawning ground, gravel bed course (3) control average particle diameter D50 20mm, wherein 10 ~ 50mm particle diameter group content accounts for about 80%, and remaining 20% comprise 100mm and 2 ~ 5mm grit of subtotal.
6. The water depth-flow rate coupled artificial fish spawning site design method according to claim 4, wherein: the weir that permeates water set up in artificial fish spawning ground upstream side, the weir downstream side that permeates water is close to being provided with deep pool (4).
7. The water depth-flow rate coupled artificial fish spawning site design method according to claim 6, wherein: and the ratio of the length of the weir arm of the permeable weir to the width of the puddle river channel is determined according to the ratio of the curvature radius of the puddle river channel to the width of the puddle river channel and the departure angle of the weir arm.
8. The water depth-flow rate coupled artificial fish spawning site design method according to claim 6, wherein: the water-permeable weir adopts a V-shaped water-permeable weir, a W-shaped water-permeable weir or a J-shaped water-permeable weir.
9. The water depth-flow rate coupled artificial fish spawning site design method according to claim 4, wherein: the log substrate (2) is provided with a substrate main body and a balance weight (202) which is fixed on the substrate main body and can enable the log substrate (2) to sink to the river bottom, and the substrate main body is formed by binding a plurality of small logs (201);
the log substrate (2) is placed in an artificial fish spawning site area, and an included angle between the log substrate (2) and a water flow direction is not more than 45 degrees.
10. A water depth-flow velocity coupled artificial fish spawning site is characterized in that: the design method of the water depth-flow velocity coupled artificial fish spawning site according to any one of claims 1 to 9.
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