CN113579451A - Electric shock regulation and control method for metal construction forming structure state - Google Patents

Electric shock regulation and control method for metal construction forming structure state Download PDF

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CN113579451A
CN113579451A CN202110750921.XA CN202110750921A CN113579451A CN 113579451 A CN113579451 A CN 113579451A CN 202110750921 A CN202110750921 A CN 202110750921A CN 113579451 A CN113579451 A CN 113579451A
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electric shock
temperature
metal element
cylindrical metal
target
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王丰
钱东升
邓加东
李文韬
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Wuhan University of Technology WUT
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K13/00—Welding by high-frequency current heating
    • B23K13/04—Welding by high-frequency current heating by conduction heating
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K13/00—Welding by high-frequency current heating
    • B23K13/08—Electric supply or control circuits therefor
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K15/00—Electron-beam welding or cutting
    • B23K15/02—Control circuits therefor
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K15/00—Electron-beam welding or cutting
    • B23K15/06—Electron-beam welding or cutting within a vacuum chamber
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
    • B23K26/20—Bonding
    • B23K26/21—Bonding by welding
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
    • B23K26/346—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring in combination with welding or cutting covered by groups B23K5/00 - B23K25/00, e.g. in combination with resistance welding
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
    • B23K26/70—Auxiliary operations or equipment
    • B23K26/702—Auxiliary equipment

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Optics & Photonics (AREA)
  • Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
  • Forging (AREA)

Abstract

The invention discloses an electric shock regulation and control method for a metal construction forming structure state. The method comprises the following steps: s1, preparing metal elements: determining the radius and the number of the elements according to the weight of the target forging, and processing and cleaning the surfaces of the elements to ensure the smoothness and the smoothness; s2, metal element combination: stacking and combining the blank elements by adopting a vacuum seal welding metal element interface; s3, high-temperature deformation of the preform: reasonably designing deformation temperature and deformation amount to perform high-temperature deformation on the prefabricated blank; s4, electric shock auxiliary treatment: the electric impact treatment is carried out in the process of cooling the metal blank in different areas, the electric impact parameters are accurately designed, micro-holes and oxides at the construction interface are eliminated, the distribution of structural stress is homogenized, the interface healing effect in the process of constructing and forming the metal component is further improved, and the mechanical property of the constructed and formed metal component is improved.

Description

Electric shock regulation and control method for metal construction forming structure state
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of material heat treatment, and particularly relates to an electric shock regulation and control method for a metal construction forming structure state.
Background
The large-size metal component is widely applied to important fields of aerospace, nuclear power, engineering machinery and the like, and the manufacturing technology of the large-size metal component represents the manufacturing level of national industrial strength and advanced important equipment. In order to achieve high-performance production of large metal components, it is necessary to ensure a homogeneous blank which is free of defects and defects. However, at present, such large metal components are mostly forged and formed by large ingots, and the larger the size of the ingots is, the more serious the casting defects such as segregation, shrinkage porosity and shrinkage cavity are, so that the quality of the forged piece is difficult to ensure, and the service performance of the large metal component is seriously damaged.
A metal construction forming method is an additive manufacturing method for manufacturing a large metal blank by using a plurality of metal blanks with smaller volumes as construction elements. The method stacks a plurality of elements into a preset shape, packages the elements stacked into the preset shape into a prefabricated blank, and manufactures the prefabricated blank into a blank by utilizing interface welding among the elements, thereby achieving the purpose of manufacturing a large forging by using a smaller casting blank. As a novel blank making process of a large homogeneous forging, the technical difficulty is how to improve the uniformity of the structural stress at the interface and realize the homogeneous manufacture of a large blank.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide an electric shock regulation and control method for a metal construction forming structure state, which solves the technical problems that the structure stress at an interface is not uniform during metal construction forming and large blanks cannot be manufactured in a homogenization mode in the prior art.
The technical scheme adopted by the invention for solving the technical problems is as follows:
an electric shock regulation and control method for a metal construction forming structure state comprises the following steps:
s1, preparing metal elements: processing the connecting surface of the cylindrical metal element to ensure the flatness of the connecting surface, and cleaning the surface of the cylindrical metal element by adopting reagents such as alcohol or acetone;
s2, metal element combination: stacking and combining the plurality of cylindrical metal element blanks in the step S1, and welding cylindrical metal element interfaces by adopting vacuum electron beam welding or vacuum laser welding to ensure that the relative positions of the cylindrical metal elements are fixed to form a prefabricated blank;
s3, high-temperature deformation of the preform: heating the prefabricated blank in the step S2, keeping the temperature for a period of time after heating to the target temperature, taking out the prefabricated blank and carrying out high-temperature deformation treatment to form a target forging, wherein the deformation is epsilon and ranges from 40% to 60%;
s4, electric shock auxiliary treatment of the target forging: and (4) performing electric shock auxiliary treatment on the target forging formed in the step (S3) in a cooling process, wherein a single electric shock comprises a plurality of pulses, the electric shock auxiliary treatment uses an electric shock generator, the anode and the cathode of the electric shock generator are respectively connected with copper electrodes, and the copper electrodes are respectively contacted with the upper surface and the lower surface of the target forging.
The invention relates to an electric shock regulation and control method for a metal construction forming structure state, wherein in the step S1, the radius r of cylindrical metal elements and the number N of the cylindrical metal elements0Determined according to the target forging weight M, wherein
Figure BDA0003146230450000021
ρ is the density of the cylindrical metal element, krDesigning a coefficient for the radius of the cylindrical metal element, wherein the range is 2-6;
Figure BDA0003146230450000022
kNdesigning coefficients for the number of primitives;
the invention relates to an electric shock regulation and control method for a metal construction forming structure state, wherein in the step S2, the interface welding fusion depth L of a cylindrical metal element is (0.1-0.2) r.
The electric shock regulation and control method for the metal construction forming structure state comprises the step S3, wherein the target temperature is Ac1+ (300-500 ℃), and Ac1 is the austenitizing transformation starting temperature of a prefabricated blank material.
In the step S4, the target forge piece is uniformly divided into N in the electric shock auxiliary treatment processeA processing area in which
Figure BDA0003146230450000023
R is the diameter of the forged piece after thermal deformation, and d is the radius of the copper electrode.
The invention discloses an electric shock regulation and control method for a metal construction forming structure state, wherein in the step S4, the electric shock treatment direction is perpendicular to the direction of a cylindrical metal element connecting interface, multiple times of electric shock treatment are carried out on a target forge piece, the action time of a single electric shock is t, the range is 0.02-1S, and the time interval of two adjacent electric shocks is 1-30S.
The invention discloses an electric shock regulation and control method for a metal construction forming structure state, wherein in the step S4, in the electric shock treatment process, the surface temperature of a target forging is monitored through a temperature measuring instrument, and the highest surface temperature T of the target forging under the action of joule heat is controlled to be (0.75-0.85) TmaxIn the range of, wherein TmaxIs the melting point temperature of the target forging.
The invention discloses an electric shock regulation and control method for a metal construction forming structure state, wherein in the step S4, the current density j is set to be (0.5-1) j in the electric shock treatment processmaxWithin the range, the number N of the continuous input electric pulses in each electric shock treatment is (0.2-1) NmaxWithin the range of jmaxIn order to achieve the maximum pulse current density,
Figure BDA0003146230450000024
in the formula cpD and rho are respectively the specific heat capacity, density and resistivity of the material in each processing area, and epsilon is the final deformation; n is a radical ofmaxIn order to input the number of impacts continuously at a maximum,
Figure BDA0003146230450000031
N0number of metal elements, N 01 is the number of cylindrical metal element contact interfaces, and M is the total mass of the target forging.
The invention has the following beneficial effects:
(1) although the thermal deformation can realize the partial healing of the interface to a certain extent, the defects of partial oxide, holes and the like still exist in the interface, and are difficult to completely eliminate. By applying electric impact energy in the cooling process, the electric impact energy acts on the constructed healing interface, the interface structure in the cooling process can be homogenized, and interface micro-pores and oxides can be eliminated. The local joule heat effect of the electric impact is utilized to generate temperature difference around the interface micro-hole, and the caused thermal stress can promote the healing of the hole defect; the electric effect of electric impact is utilized to accelerate the atomic diffusion between interfaces and promote the oxide diffusion decomposition at the interfaces;
(2) microscopic stress is inevitably introduced in the thermal deformation process, and particularly becomes a performance weak area of a component in the stress concentration of an interface, the dislocation motion and annihilation can be promoted by the electron wind power generated by accelerating the electron motion in the electric impact process, so that the stress distribution of the interface is effectively homogenized;
(3) the method has the advantages that the constructed forge piece is processed in different regions, and the current density and the impact frequency are adjusted according to the specific heat capacity, the density and the resistivity of materials in different regions, so that the processing effects of the regions are similar, and the purpose of integrally homogenizing the interface structure is achieved.
(4) The electric impact parameters are accurately designed, the electric impact parameters (current density and impact times) are matched with the states (thermal deformation amount and number of constructed interfaces) of the constructed blank before electric impact treatment, and the precise regulation and control of the structural state of the constructed interfaces are realized.
(5) Effectively eliminating micro-pores and oxides at the construction interface, homogenizing the distribution of structural stress, further improving the interface healing effect in the construction and forming process of the metal member and improving the mechanical property of the constructed and formed metal member.
Drawings
The invention will be further described with reference to the accompanying drawings and examples, in which:
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of an electrical shock control method for a metal structure forming structure state according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic view of an embodiment of the present invention for performing electric shock processing on a thermally deformed target forging.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the embodiments of the present invention clearer, the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the drawings in the embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are some, but not all, embodiments of the present invention. It should be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are merely illustrative of the invention and are not intended to limit the invention. All other embodiments, which can be obtained by a person skilled in the art without any inventive step based on the embodiments of the present invention, are within the scope of the present invention.
As shown in fig. 1-2, an electric shock control method for a metal structure forming structure state comprises the following steps:
s1, preparing metal elements: processing the connecting surface of the cylindrical metal element to ensure the flatness of the connecting surface, and cleaning the surface of the cylindrical metal element by adopting reagents such as alcohol or acetone;
s2, metal element combination: stacking and combining the plurality of cylindrical metal element blanks in the step S1, and welding cylindrical metal element interfaces by adopting vacuum electron beam welding or vacuum laser welding to ensure that the relative positions of the cylindrical metal elements are fixed to form a prefabricated blank;
s3, high-temperature deformation of the preform: heating the prefabricated blank in the step S2, keeping the temperature for a period of time after heating to the target temperature, taking out the prefabricated blank and carrying out high-temperature deformation treatment to form a target forging, wherein the deformation is epsilon and ranges from 40% to 60%;
s4, electric shock auxiliary treatment of the target forging: and (4) performing electric shock auxiliary treatment on the target forging formed in the step (S3) in a cooling process, wherein a single electric shock comprises a plurality of pulses, the electric shock auxiliary treatment uses an electric shock generator, the anode and the cathode of the electric shock generator are respectively connected with copper electrodes, and the copper electrodes are respectively contacted with the upper surface and the lower surface of the target forging.
In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the radius r of the cylindrical metal element and the number N of the cylindrical metal elements in the step S10Determined according to the target forging weight M, wherein
Figure BDA0003146230450000041
ρ is the density of the cylindrical metal element, krDesigning a coefficient for the radius of the cylindrical metal element, wherein the range is 2-6;
Figure BDA0003146230450000042
kNdesigning coefficients for the number of primitives;
in a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the interface welding penetration L of the cylindrical metal element in step S2 is (0.1-0.2) r.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the target temperature of the step S3 is Ac1+ (300-500 ℃), wherein Ac1 is the austenitizing transformation starting temperature of the prefabricated blank material.
In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, in step S4, the target forgings are equally divided into N in the electric shock auxiliary processing processeA processing area in which
Figure BDA0003146230450000043
R is the diameter of the forged piece after thermal deformation, and d is the radius of the copper electrode.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention, in the step S4, the electric shock treatment direction is perpendicular to the connection interface direction of the cylindrical metal primitive, the target forging is subjected to electric shock treatment for multiple times, the action time of a single electric shock is t, the range of the action time is 0.02-1S, and the time interval of two adjacent electric shocks is 1-30S.
In the preferred embodiment of the invention, in the step S4, in the electric shock treatment process, the temperature of the surface of the target forging is monitored by the temperature measuring instrument, and the highest temperature T of the surface of the target forging under the action of joule heat is controlled to be (0.75-0.85) TmaxIn the range of, wherein TmaxIs the melting point temperature of the target forging.
In the preferred embodiment of the present invention, the step S4 is performed by electric shock treatmentThe pass current density j is set at (0.5-1) jmaxWithin the range, the number N of the continuous input electric pulses in each electric shock treatment is (0.2-1) NmaxWithin the range of jmaxIn order to achieve the maximum pulse current density,
Figure BDA0003146230450000051
in the formula cpD and rho are respectively the specific heat capacity, density and resistivity of the material in each processing area, and epsilon is the final deformation; n is a radical ofmaxIn order to input the number of impacts continuously at a maximum,
Figure BDA0003146230450000052
N0number of metal elements, N 01 is the number of cylindrical metal element contact interfaces, and M is the total mass of the target forging.
Taking a metal blank made of 304 stainless steel as an example, the electric impact regulation and control method for the metal construction forming structure state of the 304 stainless steel component comprises the following steps:
s1, preparing metal elements:
a cylindrical metal element 1 of 304 stainless steel material is prepared, and the cylindrical metal element 1 is obtained by machining, wherein the radius of each cylindrical metal element 1 is 80mm, the height of each cylindrical metal element 1 is 40mm, and the number of the elements is 6. The connecting surface of the cylindrical metal element 1 is processed to ensure the flatness of the connecting surface, and reagents such as alcohol or acetone are adopted to clean the surface to ensure the surface cleanliness and smoothness of the element.
S2, metal element combination:
and stacking and combining the blank cylindrical metal elements 1, and then welding the metal element interface by adopting vacuum electron beam welding or vacuum laser welding, wherein the welding penetration is set to be 10 mm. And ensuring that the relative position of the cylindrical metal element 1 is fixed, and the connecting interface is in a vacuum state, so that the interface oxidation in the thermal deformation process is inhibited, and the prefabricated blank 2 is obtained.
S3, high-temperature deformation of the preform:
and heating the sealed and welded prefabricated blank 2 at 1200 ℃, and taking out the prefabricated blank 2 after preserving the heat for a period of time for high-temperature deformation. And (3) performing compression deformation, wherein the final deformation is 50%, and forming the target forging 3.
S4, electric shock auxiliary treatment:
after the high-temperature deformation is finished, the electric shock generator 5 is used for carrying out electric shock auxiliary treatment in the temperature reduction process of the target forge piece 3. The radius of the copper electrode 4 is 10mm, the radius of the target forging 3 is 130mm, and the top surface of the target forging 3 is divided into 169 processing areas. And clamping the copper electrodes 4 on the upper end surface and the lower end surface of any area, enabling the upper end surface and the lower end surface of each area to be in direct contact with the two copper electrodes 4 respectively, arranging an oscilloscope 7 on a connecting line of the copper electrodes 4, and enabling the electric shock processing direction to be perpendicular to the connecting interface direction of the cylindrical metal element 1. And (3) performing multiple electric shock treatment on the target forging 3 (a single electric shock comprises multiple pulses), wherein the action time of the single pulse is set to be 0.02s, and the time interval between two adjacent electric shocks is set to be 10 s. In the electric shock treatment process, the temperature of the surface of the target forging 3 is measured through the temperature measuring device 6, and the highest temperature of the surface of the target forging 3 under the action of joule heat is controlled to be 1200 ℃. Setting the current density at 5 x 10 according to the specific heat capacity, density and resistivity parameters of each region of the material7A/m2～8×107A/m2To (c) to (d); and setting the continuous input impact frequency to be between 12 and 16 according to the diameter of the target forging 3 and the number of the metal elements.
The target forging 3 subjected to the electric shock auxiliary treatment is subjected to damage defect observation, and compared with a sample which is not subjected to electric shock, the porosity is reduced to 0.06% from 0.21%; the result of mechanical property detection shows that the tensile strength of the 304 stainless steel regulated and controlled by the method is improved by 8 percent, and the impact energy is improved by 17 percent, which shows that the method can further improve the interface healing effect in the metal member construction and forming process and improve the mechanical property of the constructed and formed metal member.
In the description of the present invention, it should be noted that the terms "center", "longitudinal", "lateral", "up", "down", "front", "back", "left", "right", "vertical", "horizontal", "top", "bottom", "inner", "outer", etc., indicate orientations or positional relationships based on those shown in the drawings, and are only for convenience of description and simplicity of description, but do not indicate or imply that the referred device or element must have a specific orientation, be constructed and operated in a specific orientation, and thus, should not be construed as limiting the present invention. Furthermore, the terms "first" and "second" are used for descriptive purposes only and are not to be construed as indicating or implying relative importance.
In the description of the present invention, it should be noted that, unless otherwise explicitly specified or limited, the terms "mounted," "connected," and "connected" are to be construed broadly, e.g., as meaning either a fixed connection, a removable connection, or an integral connection; can be mechanically or electrically connected; they may be connected directly or indirectly through intervening media, or they may be interconnected between two elements. The specific meanings of the above terms in the present invention can be understood in specific cases to those skilled in the art. In addition, in the description of the present invention, "a plurality" means two or more unless otherwise specified.
It will be understood that modifications and variations can be made by persons skilled in the art in light of the above teachings and all such modifications and variations are intended to be included within the scope of the invention as defined in the appended claims.

Claims (8)

1. An electric shock regulation and control method for a metal construction forming structure state is characterized by comprising the following steps:
s1, preparing metal elements: processing the connecting surface of the cylindrical metal element to ensure the flatness of the connecting surface, and cleaning the surface of the cylindrical metal element by adopting reagents such as alcohol or acetone;
s2, metal element combination: stacking and combining the plurality of cylindrical metal element blanks in the step S1, and welding cylindrical metal element interfaces by adopting vacuum electron beam welding or vacuum laser welding to ensure that the relative positions of the cylindrical metal elements are fixed to form a prefabricated blank;
s3, high-temperature deformation of the preform: heating the prefabricated blank in the step S2, keeping the temperature for a period of time after heating to the target temperature, taking out the prefabricated blank and carrying out high-temperature deformation treatment to form a target forging, wherein the deformation is epsilon and ranges from 40% to 60%;
s4, electric shock auxiliary treatment of the target forging: and (4) performing electric shock auxiliary treatment on the target forging formed in the step (S3) in a cooling process, wherein a single electric shock comprises a plurality of pulses, the electric shock auxiliary treatment uses an electric shock generator, the anode and the cathode of the electric shock generator are respectively connected with copper electrodes, and the copper electrodes are respectively contacted with the upper surface and the lower surface of the target forging.
2. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the radius r of the cylindrical metal elements and the number N of the cylindrical metal elements in step S1 are set according to the shape of the metal structure0Determined according to the target forging weight M, wherein
Figure FDA0003146230440000011
ρ is the density of the cylindrical metal element, krDesigning a coefficient for the radius of the cylindrical metal element, wherein the range is 2-6;
Figure FDA0003146230440000012
kNdesigning coefficients for the number of primitives;
3. the method as claimed in claim 2, wherein the interface weld penetration L of the cylindrical metal element in step S2 is (0.1-0.2) r.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein the target temperature of step S3 is Ac1+ (300-500 ℃), where Ac1 is the austenitizing transformation start temperature of the prefabricated blank material.
5. The method for controlling electric shock of the metal structure forming structure state according to claim 1, wherein in the step S4, the target forgings are equally divided into N in the electric shock auxiliary treatment processeA processing area in which
Figure FDA0003146230440000013
R is the diameter of the forged piece after thermal deformation, and d is the radius of the copper electrode.
6. The method for regulating and controlling electric shock of the metal structure forming structure state as claimed in claim 5, wherein in the step S4, the electric shock treatment direction is perpendicular to the cylindrical metal element connecting interface direction, the target forging is subjected to electric shock treatment for a plurality of times, the action time of a single electric shock is t, the range is 0.02-1S, and the time interval of two adjacent electric shocks is 1-30S.
7. The method for regulating and controlling electric shock of the metal structure forming structure state according to claim 6, wherein in the step S4, in the electric shock treatment process, the temperature of the surface of the target forging is monitored through a temperature measuring instrument, and the highest temperature T of the surface of the target forging under the action of joule heat is controlled to be (0.75-0.85) TmaxIn the range of, wherein TmaxIs the melting point temperature of the target forging.
8. The method as claimed in claim 7, wherein the current density j is set to (0.5-1) j in the step S4 of electric shock treatmentmaxWithin the range, the number N of the continuous input electric pulses in each electric shock treatment is (0.2-1) NmaxWithin the range of jmaxIn order to achieve the maximum pulse current density,
Figure FDA0003146230440000021
in the formula cpD and rho are respectively the specific heat capacity, density and resistivity of the material in each processing area, and epsilon is the final deformation; n is a radical ofmaxIn order to input the number of impacts continuously at a maximum,
Figure FDA0003146230440000022
N0number of metal elements, N0-1 is a cylindrical metal element contact interfaceAnd the quantity M is the total mass of the target forge piece.
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