CN113552415A - Ultrahigh harmonic measurement device and measurement method - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention relates to an ultrahigh harmonic measurement device and a corresponding measurement method, belonging to the technical field of power quality detection. The analog input interface of the backboard of the device is respectively connected with the corresponding input end of the FPGA through a group of filter conversion circuits which are connected in parallel, and each filter conversion circuit consists of a band-pass filter and a digital-to-analog converter; the digital output interface is connected with the corresponding input end of the FPGA through a backboard network interface and a network physical layer interface; the band-pass filter consists of an analog front-end circuit connected in series and a first filter circuit and a second filter circuit connected in parallel; the output end of the digital-to-analog converter is connected with the corresponding input port of the FPGA. The method based on the device actually realizes the correction of the final harmonic calculation result according to the actually measured amplitude-frequency characteristic, thereby improving the harmonic measurement precision. The invention can lead the measured data to have repeatability and consistency and can practically meet the requirements of IEC61000-4-30(3.0 edition).
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a harmonic measurement device, in particular to an ultrahigh harmonic measurement device, and also relates to a corresponding measurement method, belonging to the technical field of power quality detection.
Background
With the large access of distributed photovoltaic power generation, micro-grids, electric automobile charging piles and the like to a power distribution network and the wide application of IGBT inverters with high switching frequency, although the electric energy quality of conventional harmonic pollution is improved due to the improvement of the switching frequency, the problem of higher harmonics is brought.
The higher harmonics are not defined exactly, and in the IEC61000-4-30 (version 2.0) (or IEC 61000-4-7) (version 08) standard, the definition of the higher harmonics is the component of the signal with harmonic frequencies above 2KHz to 9 KHz. In IEC61000-4-30 (version 3.0), the upper frequency limit of higher harmonics is extended to 150 KHz. From this, it is known that the coverage of the harmonics changes as the application expands. The higher and higher switching device frequencies make the original 9KHz frequency unable to cover the possible higher harmonic frequencies, and it is necessary to extend the upper limit. Although the emission value of the higher harmonic is not high from the perspective of a harmonic source, the higher harmonic may be amplified or resonated due to reasons such as cabling of a distribution network, distributed capacitance, and the like, so that the higher harmonic affects the quality of electric energy. According to the knowledge of the applicant, the existing power quality monitoring device is designed to measure according to the frequency range of harmonic waves (2-50 times), and high harmonic waves are not monitored, so that actual high harmonic wave emission data cannot be obtained, and the problem is solved disadvantageously by analysis and investigation.
The IEC61000-4-30(3.0 edition) promulgated formally in 2015 divides the frequency band of the higher harmonic 2-150KHz into two frequency bands of 2-9KHz and 9-150KHz, wherein the measurement of the higher harmonic of 2-9KHz still adopts the calculation method recommended by IEC 61000-4-7 to perform measurement calculation, and for the higher harmonic of 9-150KHz, the measurement method of the cut-off is not given because of the difference in implementation, the difference in application scenes, the compromise of measurement accuracy and cost, and only some suggestions are given. Therefore, measurement of the ultra-high harmonic is an important issue to be paid attention.
As a result of search, chinese patent application No. 201910458946.5 discloses an ultrahigh harmonic measurement method based on flexible atomic filtering, in which multiple FAFs are set in an ultrahigh frequency band range, so that the filtering measurement bandwidth covers the entire ultrahigh frequency band without overlapping; and after the discrete ultrahigh harmonic signal and the discrete expression of the FAF are subjected to inner product processing, determining the corresponding ultrahigh harmonic frequency and amplitude according to the calculation result. The technical scheme of the patent does not conform to the measurement method explicitly required in IEC61000-4-30(3.0 edition), and although single-point measurement can be performed, the measurement data has no repeatability, so that statistical analysis of regional data cannot be performed, and the statistical significance of the higher harmonics on the time scale cannot be evaluated through data analysis.
The Chinese patent document with the application number of 201810826416.7 discloses an ultrahigh harmonic detection device and a detection method based on compressed sensing, wherein a sensing circuit is installed at the measuring end of a power distribution network, signals output by the sensing circuit pass through a high-pass filter firstly, then are mixed with a pseudorandom sequence output by a D/A module of a multifunctional data acquisition card and then are sent into a low-pass filter, then low-speed sampling of the signals is realized through the A/D module of the multifunctional data acquisition card, and finally the signals are transmitted to an upper computer through a USB bus to complete reconstruction and display of the signals. The high-pass filter is designed to be gain-adjustable, and can be used for filtering power frequency and other low-frequency signal interference and conditioning signals. The low-pass filter is designed to have adjustable cut-off frequency, so that variable compression ratio detection can be realized. The synchronous trigger module of the multifunctional data acquisition card can realize D/A and A/D synchronization, construct an observation matrix when the phase deviation is 0, and improve the reconstruction precision. Although the technical scheme of the patent can obtain the measurement result of the higher harmonic wave under the condition of reducing the sampling frequency and the number of sampling points through a complex circuit structure, the control strategy is complex, the actual analysis data source is reconstruction data and is not original signal data, and the measurement method does not meet the requirements in IEC61000-4-30(3.0 edition).
The Chinese patent document with the application number of 202010395443.0 discloses an ultra-high harmonic measurement method based on fixed-frequency asynchronous sampling, wherein the sampling frequency of a measurement instrument is 409.6 KHz, and the measured voltage and current signals are filtered and subjected to frequency division treatment to filter harmonic components with the frequency lower than 1.5 KHz and higher than 64 KHz; taking 200ms as a basic measurement window, extracting data of 0-20ms, 80-100ms and 160-180ms, respectively performing discrete Fourier analysis and averaging to obtain an output spectrum analysis result; aggregating the results with 2KHz bandwidth, and outputting aggregated spectrum signals; and carrying out time window aggregation on the aggregation frequency spectrum signals in a gapless mode every 3s, solving the root mean square value of the aggregation frequency spectrum signals, and outputting a time-frequency domain processing result. Although the technical scheme of the patent refers to the processing mode and the calculation method of 2 KHz-9 KHz in part of IEC61000-4-30 (2.0 version) for the measurement range and the calculation method of the higher harmonic wave, the technical scheme does not meet the requirements of IEC61000-4-30(3.0 version) at all, because IEC61000-4-30(3.0 version) defines standardized measurement and data processing specifications, only different devices have consistency aiming at the measurement result of the same measurement point under the premise, and thus a foundation is laid for regional statistics.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to: aiming at the defects of the prior art, the ultra-high harmonic measuring device which has repeatability and consistency of measured data and enough measuring precision is provided, and a corresponding measuring method is provided, so that the requirements of IEC61000-4-30(3.0 edition) are met practically.
In order to achieve the above purpose, the basic technical scheme of the ultra-high harmonic measuring device of the invention is as follows: the system comprises a backboard with a network interface, a network physical layer interface, an analog input interface and a digital output interface;
the analog input interface is respectively connected with the corresponding input end of the FPGA through a group of filter conversion circuits connected in parallel, and each filter conversion circuit consists of a band-pass filter and a digital-to-analog converter;
the digital output interface is connected with the corresponding input end of the FPGA through a backboard network interface and a network physical layer interface;
the band-pass filter consists of an analog front-end circuit connected in series and a first filter circuit and a second filter circuit connected in parallel;
the analog front-end circuit consists of two following loops which convert a single input into two original inputs and are used for respectively transmitting signals of 2-9KHz and 9-150KHz to corresponding filter circuits;
the first filter circuit consists of a first low-pass filter loop and a first high-pass filter loop which are connected in series and is used for extracting signals below 9KHz and below 150KHz in original input signals;
the second filter circuit consists of a second low-pass filter loop and a second high-pass filter loop which are connected in series and is used for extracting signals above 2KHz and above 9KHz in the original input signals;
the first filter circuit and the second filter circuit are respectively connected with the input end of the corresponding digital-to-analog converter through the corresponding signal modulation circuit, and are used for amplifying and lifting the filtered signals to the preset sampling precision and resolution;
and the output end of the digital-to-analog converter is connected with the corresponding input port of the FPGA.
The ultrahigh harmonic measurement method is carried out by an FPGA according to the following steps:
the method comprises the steps of firstly, dividing preset number of frequency data into time slices at equal intervals;
secondly, taking a continuous preset number of sampling values in each time slice as a calculation time window, and performing DFT or FFT conversion to obtain the required frequency resolution;
thirdly, taking a predetermined number of frequency components, and respectively removing a predetermined number of lowest results and a predetermined number of highest results by taking the obtained frequency resolution as an interval;
and fourthly, performing operations of taking the maximum, the minimum and the average value from the reserved results to obtain the maximum, the minimum and the average value of each high-order harmonic.
The invention has the further perfection that: measuring the amplitude-frequency characteristics of a first filter circuit and a second filter circuit of the band-pass filter at a preset frequency point in advance to obtain a segmented filter coefficient; and then, by using the amplitude-frequency characteristics obtained by the actual measurement, calculating the amplitude-frequency characteristic filter coefficient of the 9-150KHz full frequency band by using an interpolation method so as to correct the signals filtered by the first filter circuit and the second filter circuit.
The invention has the further perfection that: in the second step, a preset number of sampling values are gradually increased according to the power of 2 n to calculate a time window, and DFT or FFT conversion is respectively carried out to obtain a group of frequency resolution ratios; and determining the frequency resolution corresponding to the most appropriate data window according to the hardware computing capacity as the required frequency resolution.
The common harmonic measurement in the prior art requires 2-50 times (100 HZ-2.5 KHz), the ultra-high harmonic measurement is divided into 2-9KHz harmonic measurement and 9-150KHz harmonic measurement, the long-term practice is to adopt a first-order filter for 100 Hz-2.5 KHz, a second-order filter for 2-9KHz, and an 8-order filter is required for realizing sufficient filtering for 9-150Khz, which becomes a difficulty. The invention takes actual analysis data source as original signal data, reasonably designs a second-order filter, and has two characteristics compared with the prior art: firstly, in the prior art, 2KHz bandwidth is adopted for gathering output of 2-9KHz and output of 9-150KHz, which does not meet the requirements of gathering 2-9KHz signals by adopting 200Hz bandwidth and gathering 9-150KHz signals by adopting 2KHz bandwidth in IEC 61000-4-30; the algorithm of the invention is drawn up strictly according to IEC61000-4-30(3.0 edition), thus being consistent with each other and completely meeting the requirements, and being capable of comparing the results monitored by monitoring equipment of different manufacturers/brands under the condition of the same signal source, thereby realizing the repeatability and consistency of regional monitoring. Secondly, in the prior art, for filtering 9-150KHz signals, an 8-order hardware filter is required to be arranged to achieve an ideal filtering effect through simulation; the invention organically combines a 2-order hardware filter with a reasonable filtering processing flow, thereby greatly reducing the hardware requirement and ensuring the measurement precision. Therefore, the invention can lead the measured data to have repeatability and consistency and can practically meet the requirements of IEC61000-4-30(3.0 edition).
Drawings
The invention will be further described with reference to the accompanying drawings.
Fig. 1 is a block diagram showing the configuration of an apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 2 is a block diagram of the signal processing process in the embodiment of fig. 1.
Fig. 3 is a diagram of the analog front end circuit of fig. 2.
Fig. 4 is a circuit diagram of the low pass filter of fig. 2.
Fig. 5 is a high pass filter circuit diagram of fig. 2.
Fig. 6 is a circuit diagram of the signal modulation circuit in fig. 2.
Fig. 7 is a circuit diagram of the analog-to-digital conversion circuit in fig. 2.
Fig. 8 is a comparison graph of the measured filtering effect of the present invention.
Detailed Description
Example one
The ultra-high harmonic measurement device of the present embodiment is configured as shown in fig. 1 (see fig. 2-6), and the backplane has a network interface and a network physical layer interface, and an analog input interface and a digital output interface. The analog input interface is respectively connected with the corresponding input end of a Field Programmable Gate Array (Field Programmable Gate Array) through a group of filter conversion circuits connected in parallel, and each filter conversion circuit consists of a band-pass filter and a digital-to-analog converter; the digital output interface is connected with the corresponding input end of the field programmable gate array through a backboard network interface and a network physical layer interface; the band-pass filter is composed of an analog front-end circuit connected in series, and a first filter circuit and a second filter circuit connected in parallel.
The analog front-end circuit is composed of two-way following loops of U1A and U1B for converting a single input into two original inputs, and transmitting signals of 2-9KHz and 9-150KHz to corresponding first and second filter circuits, respectively, as shown in FIG. 3.
As shown in fig. 4 and 5, the first filter circuit is composed of a U2A first low-pass filter loop and a U3A first high-pass filter loop connected in series, and signals below 9KHz and below 150KHz in the original input signal can be extracted by selecting a resistance capacitance device with appropriate parameters. The second filter circuit consists of a U2B second low-pass filter loop and a U4B second high-pass filter loop which are connected in series, and signals above 2KHz and above 9KHz in the original input signals can be extracted by selecting a capacitance-resistance device with appropriate parameters. Since the transition band of 9KHz to 150KHz is narrow, the band pass function is implemented in a series connection of a low pass filter loop and a high pass filter loop instead of a conventional band pass filter in this embodiment.
As shown in fig. 6, the first filter circuit and the second filter circuit respectively form corresponding signal modulation circuits through U4A and U3, and the corresponding signal modulation circuits are connected to the input ends of the corresponding digital-to-analog converters, so as to amplify and raise the filtered signals to the predetermined sampling precision and resolution. Finally, referring to fig. 7, the output of the digital-to-analog converter is terminated by a corresponding input port of the field programmable gate array.
The FPGA in the device of the embodiment realizes the ultra-high harmonic measurement according to the following steps:
the method comprises the steps of firstly, dividing preset number of frequency data into time slices at equal intervals; specifically, the whole 10-cycle data is divided into time slices with equal intervals, such as: 32, each time slice contains 204800/32=6400 data points.
Secondly, taking a continuous preset number of sampling values in each time slice as a calculation time window, and performing DFT or FFT conversion to obtain the required frequency resolution; specifically, 512 continuous sampling values in each time slice are taken as a time window for calculation, and DFT (Discrete Fourier Transform) or FFT (fast Fourier Transform) calculation is performed, so that the frequency resolution at this time is (204800/512) × 5Hz =2 KHz.
Thirdly, taking a predetermined number of frequency components, and respectively removing a predetermined number of lowest results and a predetermined number of highest results by taking the obtained frequency resolution as an interval; specifically, after 256 frequency components are obtained, the lowest 4 results and the highest 181 results are removed at 2KHz intervals, and the remaining 71 amplitudes are the components from 8KHz to 150 KHz.
And fourthly, performing operations of taking the maximum, the minimum and the average value from the reserved results to obtain the maximum, the minimum and the average value of each high-order harmonic. Specifically, the operation of taking the maximum, minimum or average value from the 32 results can obtain the maximum, minimum and average value of each high-order harmonic (8-150 KHz) in a 200ms calculation time, and can output a total maximum value (all 71 values).
In the first step, the frequency resolution can be increased by 2 to the power of n on the data window of each time slice, and the frequency resolution can be increased by 2 times when the frequency resolution is increased by 2 times, and finally the most suitable data window and frequency resolution are determined according to the computing capacity of hardware, and the data output caused by the frequency resolution is also increased by times, and needs to be evaluated and determined as appropriate.
In addition, a segmented filter coefficient is formed by measuring the amplitude-frequency characteristics of a hardware filter circuit, namely a first filter circuit and a second filter circuit of the band-pass filter at fixed frequency points (10KHz, 20KHz … 150KHz and 10KHz as intervals) in advance, the amplitude-frequency characteristics measured are utilized, the amplitude-frequency characteristic filter coefficient of 9-150KHz full frequency band is calculated by adopting an interpolation algorithm, software filtering is carried out on signals acquired by hardware according to the amplitude-frequency characteristic filter coefficient of the full frequency band, the signals filtered by the first filter circuit and the second filter circuit are substantially corrected, frequency band leakage caused by hardware 2-order filtering is restrained, and thus the measurement accuracy of harmonic waves can be further improved.
FIG. 8 is a diagram of actually measured filtering effect, a harmonic signal with frequency of 9-150KHz and amplitude of 3V is added to the device through a standard source, a curve with large curvature of blue is an amplitude-frequency characteristic of 9-150kHz obtained through only two-stage hardware filtering and without software filtering, so that the filtering effect is still not ideal, a curve with small curvature is an amplitude-frequency characteristic obtained through software filtering under the same condition, and the filtering effect is further improved.
When 512 continuous sampling value data windows are taken in each time slice for DFT calculation, the frequency resolution of the calculation result is 2KHz, when the data window is increased to 2 times, namely 1024 sampling values, the frequency resolution of the calculation result can reach 1KHz, but the calculation amount can also be increased by about 2 times, so that the frequency resolution is smaller when the data window is larger, and finally, a proper data window is determined according to the calculation capability of hardware and the optimization program of DFT.
Experiments show that the 2-order hardware filter and a reasonable filtering processing flow are organically combined, so that measured data can have repeatability and consistency, and the measurement accuracy of the ultrahigh harmonic wave is remarkably improved.
In addition to the above embodiments, the present invention may have other embodiments. For example, the FPGA may be replaced by other intelligent devices with similar functions. All technical solutions formed by adopting equivalent substitutions or equivalent transformations fall within the protection scope of the claims of the present invention.
Claims (4)
1. The ultrahigh harmonic measuring device comprises a backboard with a network interface, a network physical layer interface, an analog input interface and a digital output interface; the method is characterized in that:
the analog input interface is respectively connected with the corresponding input end of the FPGA through a group of filter conversion circuits connected in parallel, and each filter conversion circuit consists of a band-pass filter and a digital-to-analog converter;
the digital output interface is connected with the corresponding input end of the FPGA through a backboard network interface and a network physical layer interface;
the band-pass filter consists of an analog front-end circuit connected in series and a first filter circuit and a second filter circuit connected in parallel;
the analog front-end circuit consists of two following loops which convert a single input into two original inputs and are used for respectively transmitting signals of 2-9KHz and 9-150KHz to corresponding filter circuits;
the first filter circuit consists of a first low-pass filter loop and a first high-pass filter loop which are connected in series and is used for extracting signals below 9KHz and below 150KHz in original input signals;
the second filter circuit consists of a second low-pass filter loop and a second high-pass filter loop which are connected in series and is used for extracting signals above 2KHz and above 9KHz in the original input signals;
the first filter circuit and the second filter circuit are respectively connected with the input end of the corresponding digital-to-analog converter through the corresponding signal modulation circuit, and are used for amplifying and lifting the filtered signals to the preset sampling precision and resolution;
and the output end of the digital-to-analog converter is connected with the corresponding input port of the FPGA.
2. The measurement method of the ultra-high harmonic measurement device according to claim 1, wherein the FPGA is implemented by the following steps:
the method comprises the steps of firstly, dividing preset number of frequency data into time slices at equal intervals;
secondly, taking a continuous preset number of sampling values in each time slice as a calculation time window, and performing DFT or FFT conversion to obtain the required frequency resolution;
thirdly, taking a predetermined number of frequency components, and respectively removing a predetermined number of lowest results and a predetermined number of highest results by taking the obtained frequency resolution as an interval;
and fourthly, performing operations of taking the maximum, the minimum and the average value from the reserved results to obtain the maximum, the minimum and the average value of each high-order harmonic.
3. The method for measuring an ultra-high harmonic measuring apparatus according to claim 2, wherein: measuring the amplitude-frequency characteristics of a first filter circuit and a second filter circuit of the band-pass filter at a preset frequency point in advance to obtain a segmented filter coefficient; and then, by using the amplitude-frequency characteristics obtained by the actual measurement, calculating the amplitude-frequency characteristic filter coefficient of the 9-150KHz full frequency band by using an interpolation method so as to correct the signals filtered by the first filter circuit and the second filter circuit.
4. The method of measuring an ultra-high harmonic measuring apparatus according to claim 2 or 3, wherein: in the second step, a preset number of sampling values are gradually increased according to the power of 2 n to calculate a time window, and DFT or FFT conversion is respectively carried out to obtain a group of frequency resolution ratios; and determining the frequency resolution corresponding to the most appropriate data window according to the hardware computing capacity as the required frequency resolution.
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Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN114371342A (en) * | 2022-03-21 | 2022-04-19 | 国仪量子(合肥)技术有限公司 | FPGA (field programmable Gate array), real-time signal frequency measurement method based on FPGA and lock-in amplifier |
| CN114646805A (en) * | 2022-05-23 | 2022-06-21 | 四川大学 | Ultra-high harmonic measurement device and correction method thereof |
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| CN215894750U (en) * | 2021-07-28 | 2022-02-22 | 南京灿能电力自动化股份有限公司 | Ultrahigh harmonic wave measuring device |
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| CN114371342A (en) * | 2022-03-21 | 2022-04-19 | 国仪量子(合肥)技术有限公司 | FPGA (field programmable Gate array), real-time signal frequency measurement method based on FPGA and lock-in amplifier |
| CN114371342B (en) * | 2022-03-21 | 2022-05-27 | 国仪量子(合肥)技术有限公司 | FPGA (field programmable Gate array), real-time signal frequency measurement method based on FPGA and lock-in amplifier |
| CN114646805A (en) * | 2022-05-23 | 2022-06-21 | 四川大学 | Ultra-high harmonic measurement device and correction method thereof |
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