CN113549992B - Simple method for rapidly preparing perovskite crystal grains at normal temperature - Google Patents

Simple method for rapidly preparing perovskite crystal grains at normal temperature Download PDF

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CN113549992B
CN113549992B CN202110818685.0A CN202110818685A CN113549992B CN 113549992 B CN113549992 B CN 113549992B CN 202110818685 A CN202110818685 A CN 202110818685A CN 113549992 B CN113549992 B CN 113549992B
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CN113549992A (en
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邓先宇
李天昊
王洋洋
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Shenzhen Graduate School Harbin Institute of Technology
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    • C30B7/00—Single-crystal growth from solutions using solvents which are liquid at normal temperature, e.g. aqueous solutions
    • C30B7/14—Single-crystal growth from solutions using solvents which are liquid at normal temperature, e.g. aqueous solutions the crystallising materials being formed by chemical reactions in the solution
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    • H10K30/151—Sensitised wide-bandgap semiconductor devices, e.g. dye-sensitised TiO2 the wide bandgap semiconductor comprising titanium oxide, e.g. TiO2
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Abstract

The invention provides a method for rapidly preparing perovskite micro-nano crystal grains at normal temperature, and the crystal grains are used in a precursor solution for preparing a perovskite film, so that the performance of a device can be obviously improved. The method of the invention comprises the following steps: the method comprises the steps of mixing raw materials according to the stoichiometric ratio of a perovskite product, catalyzing by using a proper solvent, assisting in oscillation to obtain pure-phase perovskite crystal grains, cleaning and drying the crystal grains to obtain the pure-phase perovskite crystal grain, and preparing the pure-phase perovskite crystal grain into a perovskite precursor solution to prepare the high-efficiency solar cell device. The method can be used for purifying the perovskite material, the obtained perovskite material has higher purity and fewer defects, and a foundation is laid for preparing high-performance perovskite electronic devices.

Description

Simple method for rapidly preparing perovskite crystal grains at normal temperature
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of preparation and purification of perovskite photoelectric materials, and particularly relates to rapid preparation of high-purity low-defect organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite crystal particles at normal temperature.
Background
Organic and inorganic perovskite materials are attracted attention since 2003 application in thin-film solar cells, and the photoelectric conversion efficiency of solar devices is also increased from 3.8% to 25.5%. However, the purity and the preparation process of the perovskite raw material influence the dissolution of the perovskite raw material in a solvent, and further influence the quality of the perovskite thin film, and the quality of the perovskite thin film directly influences the performance of a perovskite solar cell device.
In addition, a large number of researches show that the perovskite precursor solution obtained by dissolving the perovskite crystal in the solvent can be used for preparing a perovskite thin film with higher quality, and is beneficial to the improvement of the performance of a solar cell device. Aiming at the problems of raw material solubility and rapid preparation of perovskite crystal grains, the invention prepares pure-phase perovskite crystal grains by using different solvents for catalysis, and the prepared crystal grains can effectively improve the utilization of raw materials and improve the performance of devices.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a novel and simple preparation method for obtaining high-purity perovskite crystal grains at normal temperature, and aims to solve the problems that the existing perovskite raw material is low in purity and the crystal grains are difficult to obtain.
A simple method for rapidly preparing perovskite crystal grains at normal temperature comprises the following steps:
step A: preparing a raw material mixture, wherein the mixture is prepared by weighing and mixing the mass of corresponding raw materials according to the stoichiometric ratio of the generated perovskite material;
and B: the perovskite solvent catalytic preparation is characterized in that the solvent is aniline derivative solvent, and comprises: 2-ethylaniline, 2-isopropylaniline, o-methylaniline, etc.;
and C: and vibrating the raw material mixture and the solvent at normal temperature to accelerate the obtaining of perovskite crystal grains with higher purity and larger grain size.
The normal temperature is usually 10-30 ℃, usually about 25 ℃. The oscillating frequency in the step C is 60-200 r/min.
As a preferable embodiment of the present invention, the perovskite material-based 2D structure (A') is formed in the step A2An-1BnX3n+1Perovskite crystal or 3D structure ABX3Perovskite crystals, wherein A comprises, but is not limited to, methylamine ion (MA)+) Formamidine ion (FA)+) Or Cs+A' includes but is not limited to PEA+、BA+Or AVA+B contains Pb2+Or Sn2+X comprises I-、 Br-Or Cl-One or more of them.
As a preferred technical scheme of the invention, the raw material proportioning system in the step A is obtained according to the stoichiometric ratio of the perovskite product, and the perovskite product comprises MAPbBr3， CsPbBr3，FASnBr2I，PEA2MA3Pb4I13And the like.
As a preferred technical scheme of the invention, the solvent catalysis in the step B is to directly add the solvent into the mixture obtained in the step A to promote the reaction of the raw materials, and the concentration reaches 0.5-2.5mol/L (preferably the concentration is 1.0-1.5 mol/L, and the optimal concentration is 1.5 mol/L) to obtain the final perovskite product.
As a preferred technical scheme of the invention, in the step B, the solvent of the aniline derivative needs to be an anhydrous grade solvent added with a molecular sieve.
As a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the method step B further comprises: adding solvent and heating properly to promote the growth of crystal grains, wherein the heating temperature is 50-150 ℃.
The simple method for preparing the high-purity perovskite crystal grains at low temperature not only can simply and quickly obtain the perovskite crystal grains, but also provides a novel method for purifying the perovskite by solvent catalysis, simplifies the preparation process and improves the efficiency; the application of the perovskite thin film also comprises various perovskite thin films and devices, such as solar cells, photodetectors, light-emitting diodes and the like, which are prepared by obtaining high-purity perovskite raw materials based on the method.
It is another object of the present invention to provide a high quality perovskite thin film having better optoelectronic properties.
The tin-based perovskite thin film is obtained by taking perovskite crystal grains obtained by the preparation method as a solute and taking one or two of DMF and DMSO as a solvent, and spin-coating and thermally treating the mixed solution. The concentration of the perovskite is 0.7-1.5M.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a perovskite thin film based solar cell device, aiming to further improve the conversion efficiency of the solar cell device.
The solar cell device of the tin-based perovskite thin film comprises a metal oxide conductive substrate ITO layer/an electronic transmission layer TiO layer which are connected in sequence2Perovskite layer/hole transport Spiro-OMeTAD layer/metallic conductive silver layer; or a metal oxide conductive substrate ITO, a hole transport layer PEDOT, PSS, a perovskite layer, an electron transport PCBM layer and a metal conductive silver layer which are connected in sequence, wherein the perovskite layer is composed of the perovskite thin film obtained in the previous step. The solar cell device can obtain better performance.
The advantages of the present invention over the prior art include:
the invention adopts a solvent catalysis method to rapidly obtain perovskite crystals at normal temperature, provides a simpler and more effective method for the purification of perovskite materials and the specific application of perovskite materials, and simultaneously, compared with the conventional method, the raw materials used in the method are more environment-friendly and are also beneficial to the practical production and application.
The perovskite layer obtained by the method is applied to solar cell devices, and better performance can be obtained.
Drawings
In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the present invention or the technical solutions in the prior art, the drawings used in the description of the embodiments or the prior art will be briefly described below, it is obvious that the drawings in the following description are only some embodiments of the present invention, and for those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained according to the drawings without creative efforts.
FIG. 1 is a flow chart of a method for rapidly preparing perovskite crystal grains at normal temperature according to the invention.
Wherein 11-13 are respectively raw materials required for preparing perovskite crystal grains, and comprise MAI, CsBr, PEAI and PbI2、SnBr2Etc.; 14 is a mixture of raw materials weighed according to the stoichiometric ratio of the perovskite product to be prepared, 15 is a 'catalytic' solvent added into the mixed material, 16 is a mixture material added with the solvent and shaken (or vibrated) to promote the perovskite generation, and 17 is a mixture material obtained by removing the solvent around the generated perovskite crystal grains to obtain dry perovskite crystal grains.
FIG. 2 is a MAPbBr prepared by the process of the invention in example 1 of the invention3And (4) crystal grains.
Wherein FIG. 21 is (MABr + PbBr)2) MAPbBr produced by mixture under catalysis of solvent 2-ethyl aniline3An optical photograph of the crystal grain; MAPbBr produced in FIG. 22 line3SEM photo of the crystalline grain; FIG. 23 MAPbBr produced3XRD pattern of the grains.
FIG. 3 is a CsPbBr prepared by the method of the present invention in example 2 of the present invention3And (4) crystal grains.
Wherein the system in FIG. 31 (CsBr + PbBr)2) CsPbBr produced by mixture under catalysis of solvent 2-isopropyl aniline3An optical photograph of the crystal grain; FIG. 32 shows CsPbBr produced3SEM photo of the crystalline grain; FIG. 33 is CsPbBr produced3XRD pattern of the grains.
FIG. 4 is a graph of FASnBr prepared by the process of the invention in example 3 of the invention2I crystal grains.
Wherein FIG. 41 is (FAI + SnBr)2) FASnBr produced by the mixture under the catalysis of solvent o-toluidine2I, an optical picture of crystal grains; FIG. 42 shows the resulting FASnBr2XRD pattern of I crystal grain.
FIG. 5 is a PEA prepared by the process of the present invention in example 4 of the present invention2MA3Pb4I13And (4) crystal grains.
In which FIG. 51 is (PEAI + MAI + PbI)2) PEA produced by the mixture under the catalysis of 2-isopropyl aniline solvent2MA3Pb4I13An optical photograph of the crystal grain; FIG. 52 is the PEA generated2MA3Pb4I13SEM photo of the crystalline grain; FIG. 53 is a schematic representation of the PEA generated2MA3Pb4I13XRD pattern of the grains.
FIG. 6 is based on the preparation of perovskite (MAPbI) using the present invention3) Solar cell device for preparing perovskite thin film by using crystal grain preparation precursor solution and solar cell device based on directly used raw materials (MAI + PbI)2，PbI2Purity: 98%) of the precursor solution prepared in the step of preparing the thin film.
Wherein curve 61 is based on the perovskite (MAPbI) preparation using the present invention3) Preparing a J-V curve of a solar cell device of the perovskite thin film by using the crystal grain preparation precursor solution; curve 62 is based on the direct use of the raw materials (MAI + PbI)2，PbI2Purity: 98%) of the precursor solution prepared for the preparation of the J-V curve of the device of the thin film.
Detailed Description
The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the drawings in the embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all of the embodiments.
Example 1
Referring to the preparation scheme of FIG. 1, MAPbBr was prepared3(lead-based organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite) crystal grains: raw materials MABr and PbBr required by perovskite crystal grain preparation2Weighing according to the molar ratio of 1:1 to obtain a mixture of raw materials; adding a catalytic solvent 2-ethyl aniline into the mixed material to make the solution concentration reach 1.0mol/L, and shaking (or vibrating) the mixed material added with the solvent to promote perovskite MAPbBr at the frequency of 100r/min3Crystal grains are generated, the solvent around the generated perovskite crystal grains is removed to obtain dry perovskite crystal grains, and SEM and XRD tests are carried out on the crystal grains, and the result is shown in figure 2.
Example 2
Referring to the preparation flow chart of FIG. 1, the prepared CsPbBr3(lead-based all-inorganic perovskite) crystal particles: raw materials CsBr and PbBr required by perovskite crystal grain preparation2Weighing according to the molar ratio of 1:1 to obtain a mixture of raw materials; adding 2-isopropyl aniline serving as a 'catalytic' solvent into the mixed material to enable the solution concentration to reach 1.5mol/L, and shaking (or vibrating) the mixed material added with the solvent to promote the perovskite CsPbBr3Crystal grains are generated, the solvent around the generated perovskite crystal grains is removed to obtain dry perovskite crystal grains, and SEM and XRD tests are carried out on the crystal grains, and the result is shown in figure 3.
Example 3
FASnBr prepared with reference to the preparation scheme of FIG. 12I (tin-based organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite) crystal grain: FAI and SnBr which are raw materials required by perovskite crystal grains2Weighing according to the molar ratio of 1:1 to obtain a mixture of raw materials; adding a catalytic solvent o-toluidine into the mixed material to make the solution concentration reach 1.5mol/L, and shaking (or vibrating, with the frequency of 100r/min) the mixed material added with the solvent to promote the perovskite FASnBr2I, crystal grain generation, removing the solvent around the generated perovskite crystal grains to obtain dry perovskite crystal grains, and performing SEM andthe XRD test results are shown in figure 4.
Example 4
Referring to the preparation flow chart of FIG. 1, PEA is prepared2MA3Pb4I13(lead-based two-dimensional perovskite) crystal grains: raw materials PEAI, MAI and PbI required for preparing perovskite crystal grains2Weighing according to the molar ratio of 2:3:4 to obtain a mixture of raw materials; adding a catalytic solvent 2-ethyl aniline into the mixed material to make the solution concentration reach 1.5mol/L, and shaking (or vibrating, with frequency of 150r/min) the mixed material added with the solvent to promote the perovskite PEA2MA3Pb4I13Crystal grains are generated, the solvent around the generated perovskite crystal grains is removed to obtain dry perovskite crystal grains, and SEM and XRD tests are carried out on the crystal grains, and the result is shown in figure 5.
Example 5
Preparation and testing of solar cell devices:
(1) raw materials MAI and PbI required by perovskite crystal grains are prepared2Weighing according to the molar ratio of 1:1 to obtain a mixture of raw materials; adding a catalytic solvent 2-ethyl aniline into the mixed material to make the solution concentration reach 1.0mol/L), shaking (or vibrating) the mixed material added with the solvent to promote perovskite MAPbI3And (4) crystal grains are generated, and the solvent around the generated perovskite crystal grains is removed to obtain the dry perovskite crystal grains. Organic hydrochloride salts AGCl and MAPbI3The crystal grains are added into DMF solvent according to the molar ratio of 0.4:1, (MAPbI)3Concentration 1M), the solution was stirred at 70 ℃ for 12 h. In addition, organic hydrochloride AGCl and PbI are added2And MAI in a molar ratio of 0.4:1:1 into DMF solvent (PbI)2Concentration 1M), the solution was stirred at 70 ℃ for 12 h.
(2) Respectively ultrasonically cleaning ITO in acetone, ITO cleaning solution, deionized water and isopropanol for 10min, drying, and then using UV-O3The washer is used for 30 min. Depositing PEDOT, PSS on the ITO surface by a spin coating process of 3500rpm and 30s, and depositing N2The mixture is treated in a glove box at 130 ℃ for 1 h.
(3) Dropwise adding the perovskite solution prepared in the step (1) to the surface of PEDOT (PSS), and spin-coating for 30s at the rotating speed of 3000 rpm to obtain a perovskite thin film; the film was finally heated on a 90 ℃ heating table for 5 min.
(4) A thin film of PCBM (15mg/mL) was deposited on the perovskite thin film at 1500rpm for 30s of spin coating. Finally at 10-4And thermally evaporating a 100nm silver electrode under the vacuum degree of Pa.
(5) And (3) performance testing: after the preparation process is finished, the performance of the organic-inorganic hybrid all-solid-state solar cell is tested, mainly the current density-voltage (J-V) test is carried out, and a curve image measured under standard sunlight AM (1.5G) is shown in fig. 6.
The above embodiments are preferred embodiments of the present invention, but the present invention is not limited to the above embodiments, and any other changes, modifications, substitutions, combinations, and simplifications which do not depart from the spirit and principle of the present invention should be construed as equivalents thereof, and all such changes, modifications, substitutions, combinations, and simplifications are intended to be included in the scope of the present invention.

Claims (7)

1. A method for preparing perovskite crystal grains at normal temperature comprises the following steps:
step A: preparing a raw material mixture, wherein the mixture is prepared by weighing and mixing the mass of corresponding raw materials according to the stoichiometric ratio of the generated perovskite material;
and B: the perovskite is prepared by solvent catalysis, the solvent is aniline derivative solvent, and the preparation method comprises the following steps:
the derivative solvent of the aniline is selected from 2-ethyl aniline, 2-isopropyl aniline and o-methyl aniline, and the solvent needs to be an anhydrous grade solvent added with a molecular sieve, and the purity is more than 99 percent;
the adding amount of the aniline derivative solvent depends on the adding amount of the solute in the step A, and the concentration of the solution reaches 0.5-2.5 mol/L;
and C: and vibrating the raw material mixture and the solvent at normal temperature to accelerate the obtaining of perovskite crystal grains with higher purity and larger grain size, wherein the normal temperature is 10-30 ℃.
2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the perovskite grains are prepared at normal temperatureGenerating perovskite material system 3D structure ABX3Perovskite crystals or 2D structures (A')2An-1BnX3n+1Perovskite crystals, wherein A comprises, but is not limited to, methylamine ion (MA)+) Formamidine ion (FA)+) Or Cs+A' includes but is not limited to PEA+、BA+Or AVA+B contains Pb2+Or Sn2+X comprises I-、Br-Or Cl-One or more of them.
3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the raw material ratio in step A is obtained according to the stoichiometric ratio of perovskite grain generation in step C, such as MAPbI3Crystal grains with the charge ratio of MAI to PbI21: 1; obtaining PEA if necessary2MA3Pb4I132D crystal grains with the mixture ratio of PEAI to MAI to PbI2＝2:3:4。
4. The method for preparing perovskite crystalline grains at normal temperature as claimed in claim 1, wherein the solvent catalysis in step B is to add solvent directly into the mixture obtained in step A to promote the reaction of raw materials, so as to obtain the final perovskite product.
5. A method for preparing perovskite crystal grains at normal temperature according to claim 1, characterized in that: and C, controlling the oscillation frequency in the step C during the formation of the accelerated crystal grains to be 60-200 r/min.
6. A high purity perovskite thin film characterized by: the perovskite crystal grain obtained by the preparation method of claim 1 is used as a solute, one or two of DMF and DMSO is used as a solvent, and the solution is obtained after spin coating and heat treatment, and the concentration of the perovskite solution is 0.7-1.5 mol/L.
7. A perovskite thin film solar cell device is characterized in thatThe method comprises the following steps: comprising a metal oxide conductive substrate ITO layer/an electron transport layer TiO2Perovskite layer/hole transport Spiro-OMeTAD layer/metallic conductive silver layer; or a metal oxide conductive substrate ITO, a hole transport layer PEDOT, PSS, a perovskite layer, an electron transport PCBM layer and a metal conductive silver layer which are connected in sequence, wherein the perovskite layer is the perovskite thin film of claim 6.
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