CN113533649A - 一种适用于人体皮肤污染物暴露评估的模拟方法 - Google Patents
一种适用于人体皮肤污染物暴露评估的模拟方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明提供了一种模拟皮肤模型及其暴露污染物吸附的研究方法。使用硅胶(mSiO2·nH2O)气球模拟人体皮肤表皮,使用三油酸甘油酯来模拟皮脂层的不同皮肤类型(干性、中性和油性)。首先确定研究的人体皮肤面积,换算后确定气球半径,随后确定所需要研究的皮肤类型,主要包括常见的三种皮肤类型,即干性、中性和油性,将三油酸甘油酯涂抹到硅胶气球表面后,再使用皮肤性质测试仪对真实皮肤和模拟皮肤进行测试,并可通过进一步调整三油酸甘油酯剂量使模拟皮肤的肤质趋近所选真实皮肤的肤质;根据具体研究内容确定暴露研究的细节,包括采样地点、高度、时间等,开始采样,采样结束后,取下气球,运输回实验室,开始前处理。此方法通过模拟人体皮肤进行采样检测,可在排除皮肤吸收、排除汗液的影响等前提下,定量评估人体皮肤污染物的暴露吸附。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及环境实验方法领域,尤其涉及一种针对皮肤暴露后吸附特定污染物的定量评估的模拟方法。
背景技术
皮肤,覆盖在身体表面,直接同外界环境接触,具有保护、排泄、调节体温和感受外界刺激等作用,是人身体最大的器官。皮肤是一个重要的屏障,作为抵御外来病原体侵害的第一道防线,通过多种机制主动或被动地保护机体。然而,已知多种环境污染物会通过皮肤进入人体,且对皮肤的功能和健康造成负面影响。因此,有必要对皮肤暴露吸附的污染物进行检测。但是由于污染物对于皮肤及人类机体的毒性作用机理复杂且会产生严重甚至未知的毒性效应,如果采用真人皮肤进行暴露实验,会对人体健康造成较大伤害,且不符合伦理要求。因此,开发皮肤模型,用于研究皮肤吸附污染物的定量检测,进行毒理学分析是至关重要的。
目前常用的模拟方法包括使用动物皮肤模拟人体皮肤和使用装有人工汗液和皮脂的培养皿。前者成本较高、费时费力,且无法排除皮肤吸收的影响,后者与人体结构的差异性过大。此外,这些模型均存在不具备可调节的灵活性和无法区分皮肤类型等局限性。本发明提出一种利用硅胶(mSiO2·nH2O)气球和三油酸甘油酯(C57H104O6)模拟人体皮肤暴露吸附特定污染物的方法,该方法可以克服现有方法的局限性,是一种更具备普适性和实用性的皮肤暴露模拟方法。
发明内容
本发明提供了一种模拟皮肤暴露污染物吸附的方法。
首先确定研究对象人群和部位的皮肤面积,换算为所需气球的大小,随后确定所需要研究的皮肤类型,主要包括常见的三种皮肤类型,即干性、中性和油性,开始样品采集,具体步骤如下:
(1)确定研究的人体皮肤面积,换算后确定气球半径,使用游标卡尺,以确保所有气球的充气大小均达到统一尺寸;
(2)确定不同皮肤类型所需的三油酸甘油酯的剂量,根据鲍曼皮肤类型指标(BSTI)和皮脂仪测量的皮脂排泄水平,得干性组面部皮脂分泌<20μg/cm2,中性组:10μg/cm2<皮脂分泌<40μg/cm2,油性组面部皮脂分泌量>30μg/cm2,通过天平称量换算为体积,最终确定干性、中性和油性皮肤涂抹的三油酸甘油酯的剂量分别为1μL/cm2、2μL/cm2和3μL/cm2;
(3)将气球悬挂于采样点的适当高度,以面部皮肤的评估为例,根据《中国居民营养与慢性病状况报告(2020年)》,我国18-44岁男性和女性的平均身高分别为169.7cm和158cm,将悬挂高度确定在158cm-170cm之间;
(4)使用丙酮(C3H6O)清洗羊毛刷,随后使用羊毛刷将定量的三油酸甘油酯均匀涂抹到已经吹好的硅胶气球上;
(5)使用皮肤类型测试仪,确认各个硅胶气球表面是否满足不同皮肤类型条件,即干性、中性和油性皮肤的油脂占比分别为16%-22%、23%-32%和34%-49%;
(6)采样结束后,取下气球,用洁净的铝箔包裹后装入125mL棕色瓶,运输回实验室,开始前处理;
(7)本发明针对有机物以及重金属的前处理进行说明。
(8)有机物的前处理步骤如下:
萃取:将气球剪碎,装入125ml棕色广口瓶中,加入内标和替代物,使用一定体积的有机溶剂在超声波清洗器中进行超声,时间和温度根据有机物性质进行设置,将超声完成的溶液转移至60mL EPA棕色瓶中,循环三次;
浓缩:在一定温度下,将溶液氮吹到大约1mL的体积;
净化:使用固相萃取柱对浓缩液进行净化。固相萃取柱中使用前需使用有机溶剂进行活化和平衡,将提取液转移至平衡后的固相萃取柱中,用有机溶剂洗脱,收集洗脱液;
浓缩:溶液在一定温度下用氮吹仪浓缩至1mL以下,然后用有机溶剂定容至1mL。将定容后的提取液转移到进样瓶中,上机之前于-20℃条件下保存;
测样:按照目标物质的性质,选择气相色谱-质谱联用等设备对有机物组分进行定性和定量测定。
所述有机溶剂均为色谱纯。
所述棕色广口瓶及60mLEPA棕色瓶均需提前使用有机溶剂润洗。
(9)重金属的前处理步骤如下:
萃取:将气球剪碎,装入125mL棕色广口瓶中,加入内标,使用一定体积硝酸-盐酸混合液(v∶v=1∶3)在棕色瓶中对气球进行洗脱,放置在25℃的超声波水浴中10分钟,冷却后再使用滤膜过滤萃取液,并将其转移到已经准备好的50mL容量瓶中,循环三次;
定容:待转移完萃取液后,用少量硝酸溶液清洗棕色瓶至少3次,洗液一并过滤收集于容量瓶中,用超纯水定容至50mL;
测样:使用电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)进行测样。
所述棕色广口瓶及50mL容量瓶均需提前润洗。
本发明的积极效果如下:
此方法模拟的人体皮肤可以排除机体通过皮肤吸收对于皮肤吸附暴露量的影响,可以通过定量检测得到皮肤暴露污染物的吸附总量;三油酸甘油酯可以根据用量,调节不同皮肤类型,进行更精准的研究;对于人脸皮肤,硅胶气球可以更好的模拟人类的头型,且可以根据人体身高,调节采样高度,而对于人体其他皮肤,硅胶气球也能够灵活调节,更好模拟不同部位的形状和皮肤状态,因此本方法能够更好的模拟人体对于污染物的吸附。
附图说明
图1为实例1和2采样时的硅胶气球工作状态;
图2为实例1锅炉房前采样后干性皮肤对于污染物多环芳烃(polycyclicaromatic hydrocarbons,PAHs)定量检测的总离子流图;
图3为实例2锅炉房前采样后油性皮肤对于污染物PAHs定量检测的总离子流图。
具体实施方式
下面的实例是对本发明的进一步详细描述:
具体实施例1:
研究人脸干性皮肤吸附的优控16种多环芳烃(1976年,美国国家环境保护局将16种多环芳烃列为关于其丰度和致癌性的优先物质:Nap、Acy、Ace、Fl、Phe、Ant、Flu、Pyr、BaA、Chr、BbF、BkF、BaP、InP、dBaAnt、BghiP)
(1)人体的体表面积根据Stevenson公式(Stevenson,P.H.1937.Height weight-surface formula for the estimation of body surface area in Chinesesubjects.The Chinese Journal of Physiology,12,327-330.)计算,
即:SA=0.006BH+0.0128BW-0.1529其中,BH为身高(cm);BW为体重(Kg),根据中国身高为158-170cm的男女性,查得所对应的平均体重约为50-70Kg,其中人脸约占人体总体表面积的3%,(劳嘉泳.烧烤烟气中多环芳烃及其在不同途径下人体内外暴露特征[D].暨南大学,2018.)根据公式计算确定研究的人脸皮肤面积为314cm2,换算后确定气球半径为5cm,使用游标卡尺,以确保所有气球大小均达到了统一尺寸;
(2)确定不同皮肤类型所需的三油酸甘油酯的量,经过阅读文献与仪器参数,最终确定干性皮肤涂抹的三油酸甘油酯的量为0.3mL;
(3)将气球悬挂于确定的研究地点(南开大学西区公寓锅炉房前),PAHs的人为源主要是由各种矿物燃料(如煤、石油和天然气等)、木材、纸以及其他含碳氢化合物的不完全燃烧或在还原条件下热解形成的,而锅炉燃烧会产生大量的PAHs,因此研究锅炉房前的多环芳烃暴露是很有必要的。根据《中国居民营养与慢性病状况报告(2020年)》,我国18-44岁男性和女性的平均身高分别为169.7厘米和158厘米,将悬挂高度确定在158cm-170cm之间;
(4)使用丙酮C3H6O清洗羊毛刷,随后使用羊毛刷将定量的三油酸甘油酯涂抹到已经吹好的硅胶气球上,确保要涂抹均匀;
(5)使用皮肤类型测试仪,再次确认硅胶气球是否满足不同皮肤类型条件,干性皮肤的油脂占比为16%-22%;
(6)根据调查南开大学西区公寓人员活动时间,发现人流量大的时间约从上午9点开始,到下午5点结束,因此确定采样时间为9:00-17:00,共8h;
(7)采样结束后,取下气球,-20℃保存,经前处理后,使用气相质谱联用仪定量检测PAHs的人脸皮肤暴露吸附量。
具体实施例2:
研究人脸油性皮肤吸附的优控16种多环芳烃(1976年,美国国家环境保护局将16种多环芳烃列为关于其丰度和致癌性的优先物质:Nap、Acy、Ace、Fl、Phe、Ant、Flu、Pyr、BaA、Chr、BbF、BkF、BaP、InP、dBaAnt、BghiP)
(1)人体的体表面积根据Stevenson公式(Stevenson,P.H.1937.Height weight-surface formula for the estimation of body surface area in Chinesesubjects.The Chinese Journal of Physiology,12,327-330.)计算,
即:SA=0.006BH+0.0128BW-0.1529其中,BH为身高(cm);BW为体重(Kg),根据中国身高为158-170cm的男女性,查得所对应的平均体重约为50-70Kg,其中人脸约占人体总体表面积的3%,(劳嘉泳.烧烤烟气中多环芳烃及其在不同途径下人体内外暴露特征[D].暨南大学,2018.)根据公式计算确定研究的人脸皮肤面积为314cm2,换算后确定气球半径为5cm,使用游标卡尺,以确保所有气球大小均达到了统一尺寸;
(2)确定不同皮肤类型所需的三油酸甘油酯的量,经过阅读文献与仪器参数,最终确定油性皮肤涂抹的三油酸甘油酯的量为1mL;
(3)将气球悬挂于确定的研究地点(南开大学西区公寓锅炉房前),PAHs的人为源主要是由各种矿物燃料(如煤、石油和天然气等)、木材、纸以及其他含碳氢化合物的不完全燃烧或在还原条件下热解形成的,而锅炉燃烧会产生大量的PAHs,因此研究锅炉房前的多环芳烃暴露是很有必要的。根据《中国居民营养与慢性病状况报告(2020年)》,我国18-44岁男性和女性的平均身高分别为169.7厘米和158厘米,将悬挂高度确定在158cm-170cm之间;
(4)使用丙酮C3H6O清洗羊毛刷,随后使用羊毛刷将定量的三油酸甘油酯涂抹到已经吹好的硅胶气球上,确保要涂抹均匀;
(5)使用皮肤类型测试仪,再次确认硅胶气球是否满足不同皮肤类型条件,油性皮肤的油脂占比为34%-49%;
(6)根据调查南开大学西区公寓人员活动时间,发现人流量大的时间约从上午9点开始,到下午5点结束,因此确定采样时间为9:00-17:00,共8h;
(7)采样结束后,取下气球,-20℃保存,经前处理后,使用气相质谱联用仪定量检测PAHs的人脸皮肤暴露吸附量。
本发明提供了一种模拟皮肤暴露污染物吸附的方法,本领域技术人员可通过借鉴本文内容,适当改变工艺路线等环节实现,尽管本发明的方法已通过较佳实施例进行了描述,相关技术人员明显能在不脱离本发明内容与范围内对本文所述方法进行改动或重新组合,实现最终结果。特别需要指出的是,所有相类似的替换和改动对本领域技术人员来说是显而易见的,它们都被视为包括在本发明的内容和范围中。
Claims (5)
1.一种人体模拟皮肤,包括表皮层和皮脂层,其特征在于:表皮层和皮脂层之间不需要通过粘合剂粘合,所述表皮层可模拟人体不同皮肤部位表皮,皮脂层可以模拟不同皮肤类型,包括干性、中性和油性。
2.如权利要求1所述的人体模拟皮肤,其特征在于:皮肤层使用硅胶(mSiO2·nH2O)气球模拟人体皮肤表皮,且可以根据需要研究的皮肤部位特征,调整其形状及面积大小。
3.如权利要求1所述的人体模拟皮肤,其特征在于:皮脂层通过涂抹三油酸甘油酯(C57H104O6)模拟。
4.如权利要求1所述的人体模拟皮肤,其特征在于:使用三油酸甘油酯来模拟皮脂层的不同皮肤类型,干性、中性和油性皮肤涂抹的三油酸甘油酯的剂量分别为1μL/cm2、2μL/cm2和3μL/cm2,再使用皮肤性质测试仪对真实皮肤和模拟皮肤进行测试,并可通过进一步调整三油酸甘油酯剂量使模拟皮肤的肤质趋近所选真实皮肤的肤质。
5.一种适用于人体皮肤污染物暴露评估的模拟方法,其特征在于,包括如下步骤:
(1)确定研究的人体皮肤面积,换算后确定气球半径,使用游标卡尺,以确保所有气球的充气大小均达到统一尺寸;
(2)确定不同皮肤类型所需的三油酸甘油酯的剂量,根据鲍曼皮肤类型指标(BSTI)和皮脂仪测量的皮脂排泄水平,确定干性、中性和油性皮肤涂抹的三油酸甘油酯的剂量分别为1μL/cm2、2μL/cm2和3μL/cm2;
(3)将气球悬挂于采样点的适当高度,例如根据我国18-44岁男性和女性的平均身高确定悬挂高度在158cm-170cm之间,以更精确地模拟人类活动时的暴露状态;
(4)使用色谱纯丙酮(C3H6O)清洗羊毛刷,待丙酮溶剂挥发后,使用羊毛刷将定量的三油酸甘油酯均匀涂抹到已经吹好的硅胶气球上;
(5)采样结束后,取下气球,用洁净的铝箔包裹后装入125mL棕色瓶,-20℃储存备用;
(6)对模拟气球采用液液萃取和固液萃取等方法进行萃取处理,可将有机污染物和重金属污染物转移至可被仪器检测的萃取液中;
(7)通过模拟人体皮肤进行采样检测,可评估人体皮肤污染物的暴露摄入。
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