CN113507964A - 作为用于治疗癌症和其他疾病的治疗性肽的纳米载体的四聚体蛋白质支架 - Google Patents
作为用于治疗癌症和其他疾病的治疗性肽的纳米载体的四聚体蛋白质支架 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
一种源自于慢性髓系白血病的嵌合致癌蛋白Bcr/Abl的四聚化结构域的基于蛋白质的肽类药物载体。待递送的肽被接枝到Bcr/Abl四聚体的N‑端螺旋区。为了促进细胞摄取,向所述Bcr/Abl蛋白的C‑端末端添加Arg重复六肽。所述基于蛋白质的递送策略为p53启发的抗癌策略提供了临床上可行的解决方案,并适用于开发许多其他肽类治疗剂,以靶向造成疾病发生和发展的其他细胞内蛋白质‑蛋白质相互作用。
Description
联邦资助研究的声明
本发明在美国国立卫生研究院(National Institutes of Health)授予的CA219150和CA167296的政府支持下完成。美国政府在本发明中具有一定权利。
与相关申请的交叉引用
本申请要求以Wuyuan LU等人的名义在2019年3月6日提交的名称为“作为用于治疗癌症和其他疾病的治疗性肽的纳米载体的四聚体蛋白质支架”(Tetrameric ProteinScaffolds as Nano-Carriers of Therapeutic Peptides for Treating Cancer andOther Diseases)的美国临时专利申请号62/814,574的优先权,所述临时专利申请整体通过参考并入本文。
背景技术
细胞内蛋白质-蛋白质相互作用(PPI)控制着与人类疾病有关的许多基本细胞途径[1,2],代表了一类重要的治疗靶点,被认为是药物发现和开发中的圣杯[3,4]。在具有治疗潜力的各种不同PPI抑制剂中,与低分子量化合物相比,小肽通常由于其高效能、高选择性和低毒性而表现更出色[5,6]。然而,肽类抑制剂存在重大的药理学缺点。例如,肽易受酶促降解的影响,这是因为它们通常不具有稳定的三级结构来提供对蛋白水解的抗性;肽也缺乏主动穿过细胞膜的能力,因此无法到达细胞内药物靶点。不良的蛋白水解稳定性和膜透过性严重限制了肽的生物可利用性和治疗功效[5,7]。为了克服这些药理学障碍,已开发了各种精心设计的药物化学方法和肽递送技术[8-16]。尽管在使用肽靶向细胞内PPI方面已取得相当大的成功[17-21],但要充分发挥它们的治疗潜力,仍有许多工作要做。
纳米技术已被广泛用于开发药物递送和癌症疗法的新策略[22,23]。基于纳米粒子的传统递送工具包括但不限于胶束、脂质体、树枝状聚合物、金纳米壳和聚合物[24,25]。作为纳米尺度的独特生物聚合物,蛋白质作为药物载体在许多方面优于合成的聚合物[26,27]。基于蛋白质的药物载体具有吸引力还在于它们可以进行生物学和化学修饰,以便可以控制它们的性质例如分子尺寸、偶联位点和负载能力[28]。此外,可以将新功能设计到蛋白质中以促进细胞摄取并提高靶向特异性。白蛋白这种具有多个配体结合位点、细胞受体结合和长循环半衰期的天然转运蛋白,代表了用于递送各种不同药物分子的临床上已证明的平台[29,30]。尽管低分子量化合物的基于蛋白质的药物递送具有明显的优点,但高效递送肽类治疗剂以靶向细胞内PPI仍然具有挑战性。
因此,需要用于肽类治疗剂的细胞内递送的新方法,以例如治疗性破坏参与癌症和其他疾病的细胞内蛋白质-蛋白质相互作用。本说明书涉及使用分子接枝方法来设计用于肽类治疗剂的细胞内递送的稳定的多功能蛋白质支架。
发明内容
本发明涉及用于将肽类治疗剂递送到细胞内部的稳定的多功能蛋白质支架。
一方面,本发明涉及一种蛋白质,其包含蛋白质支架和接枝在其中的至少一种治疗性肽,其中所述蛋白质支架是如SEQ ID NO:6中所定义的慢性髓系白血病的嵌合致癌蛋白Bcr/Abl蛋白的不含二硫键的四聚化结构域。
另一方面,本发明涉及一种PMIBcr/Abl蛋白,其包含SEQ ID NO:5中所示的序列。
另一方面,本发明涉及一种PMIBcr/Abl-R6蛋白,其包含SEQ ID NO:3中所示的序列。
另一方面,本发明涉及一种在哺乳动物中抑制肿瘤细胞生长的方法,所述方法包括向所述哺乳动物给药一种蛋白质,其中所述蛋白质包含蛋白质支架和接枝在其中的至少一种治疗性肽,其中所述蛋白质支架是如SEQ ID NO:6中所定义的慢性髓系白血病的嵌合致癌蛋白Bcr/Abl蛋白的不含二硫键的四聚化结构域。
另一方面,本发明涉及一种在哺乳动物中抑制肿瘤细胞生长的方法,所述方法包括向所述哺乳动物给药一种蛋白质,其中所述蛋白质包含含有SEQ ID NO:5中所示的序列的PMIBcr/Abl蛋白。
另一方面,本发明涉及一种在哺乳动物中抑制肿瘤细胞生长的方法,所述方法包括向所述哺乳动物给药一种蛋白质,其中所述蛋白质是包含SEQ ID NO:3中所示的序列的PMIBcr/Abl-R6蛋白。
另一方面,本发明涉及一种在哺乳动物中诱导癌细胞凋亡的方法,所述方法包括向所述哺乳动物给药一种蛋白质,其中所述蛋白质包含蛋白质支架和接枝在其中的至少一种治疗性肽,其中所述蛋白质支架是如SEQ ID NO:6中所定义的慢性髓系白血病的嵌合致癌蛋白Bcr/Abl蛋白的不含二硫键的四聚化结构域。
另一方面,本发明涉及一种在哺乳动物中诱导癌细胞凋亡的方法,所述方法包括向所述哺乳动物给药一种蛋白质,其中所述蛋白质包含含有SEQ ID NO:5中所示的序列的PMIBcr/Abl蛋白。
另一方面,本发明涉及一种在哺乳动物中诱导癌细胞凋亡的方法,所述方法包括向所述哺乳动物给药一种蛋白质,其中所述蛋白质是包含SEQ ID NO:3中所示的序列的PMIBcr/Abl-R6蛋白。
另一方面,本发明涉及一种在哺乳动物中治疗费城染色体阳性急性淋巴细胞性白血病(ALL)和/或慢性髓细胞性白血病(CML)的方法,所述方法包括向所述哺乳动物给药一种蛋白质,其中所述蛋白质包含蛋白质支架和接枝在其中的至少一种治疗性肽,其中所述蛋白质支架是如SEQ ID NO:6中所定义的慢性髓系白血病的嵌合致癌蛋白Bcr/Abl蛋白的不含二硫键的四聚化结构域。
另一方面,本发明涉及一种在哺乳动物中治疗费城染色体阳性急性淋巴细胞性白血病(ALL)和/或慢性髓细胞性白血病(CML)的方法,所述方法包括向所述哺乳动物给药一种蛋白质,其中所述蛋白质包含含有SEQ ID NO:5中所示的序列的PMIBcr/Abl蛋白。
另一方面,本发明涉及一种在哺乳动物中治疗费城染色体阳性急性淋巴细胞性白血病(ALL)和/或慢性髓细胞性白血病(CML)的方法,所述方法包括向所述哺乳动物给药一种蛋白质,其中所述蛋白质是包含SEQ ID NO:3中所示的序列的PMIBcr/Abl-R6蛋白。
另一方面,本发明涉及一种递送用于癌症治疗的p53活化化合物的方法,所述方法包括向哺乳动物给药一种蛋白质,其中所述蛋白质包含蛋白质支架和接枝在其中的至少一种治疗性肽,其中所述蛋白质支架是如SEQ ID NO:6中所定义的慢性髓系白血病的嵌合致癌蛋白Bcr/Abl蛋白的不含二硫键的四聚化结构域。
另一方面,本发明涉及一种递送用于癌症治疗的p53活化化合物的方法,所述方法包括向哺乳动物给药一种蛋白质,其中所述蛋白质包含含有SEQ ID NO:5中所示的序列的PMIBcr/Abl蛋白。
另一方面,本发明涉及一种递送用于癌症治疗的p53活化化合物的方法,所述方法包括向哺乳动物给药一种蛋白质,其中所述蛋白质是包含SEQ ID NO:3中所示的序列的PMIBcr/Abl-R6蛋白。
附图说明
图1.用于癌症疗法的PMI的基于蛋白质的纳米载体的设计策略。
图2A示出了PMIBcr/Abl-R6的基于结构的合理设计。用飘带示出了与MDM2(绿色)复合的PMI(红色)[39]和Bcr/Abl(蓝色/黄色)的四聚化结构域[34]的晶体结构。
图2B示出了通过本源化学连接进行的PMIBcr/Abl、Bcr/Abl-R6和PMIBcr/Abl-R6的全化学合成[40,41]。所有肽在适合的树脂上使用Boc化学固相肽合成[66]来合成。连接反应在含有6M GuHCl、100mM MPAA和40mM TCEP的pH 7.4的0.1M磷酸盐缓冲液中进行。连接产物的脱硫通过将所述肽以1mg/mL溶解在含有6M GuHCl、0.01M VA-044、0.5M TCEP、20%t-BuSH的0.1M磷酸盐缓冲液中来实现。
图2C示出了通过HPLC和电喷雾电离质谱(ESI-MS)分析的PMIBcr/Abl-R6。分析型HPLC在反相C18柱(Waters XBridgeTM 3.5μm,4.6x150mm)上,在40℃下进行。
图2D示出了在Jasco光谱仪上,在25℃下获得的20mM磷酸盐缓冲液(pH 7.4)中的20μM Bcr/Abl-R6(黑色)和PMIBcr/Abl-R6(红色)的圆二色性(CD)光谱。蛋白质通过280nm处的UV测量值,使用如[67]所述计算的9970的摩尔消光系数,通过分光光度法定量。螺旋百分比从[θ]222与[θ]max的比率计算,其中[θ]max=-39500x[1-(2.57/n)][68]。
图3A示出了在以0.5ml/min的流速运行PBS的GE Superdex 75柱(10/300GL)上,在室温下进行的Bcr/Abl-R6(黑色)和PMIBcr/Abl-R6(红色)的孔径排阻层析。Bcr/Abl-R6和PMIBcr/ABL-R6的表观分子量根据标准校准曲线(未示出)来计算,表明了它们在水性缓冲液中作为四聚体存在。
图3B示出了在Malvin Zetasizer Nano系统上进行的PBS中的20μM Bcr/Abl-R6(黑色)和PMIBcr/Abl-R6(红色)的动态光散射分析。表观分子量使用制造商提供的软件来计算。
图3C示出了在386孔黑色板中通过荧光偏振测量的连续稀释的PMIBcr/Abl-R6(在pH 7.4的20mM Tris/HCl中10μM至0.3nM)的单体-四聚体平衡,得到了3.73±1.21nM的KD值(KD=(单体)4/(四聚体),其中单体和四聚体PMIBcr/Abl-R6的浓度源自于荧光偏振值)。PMIBcr/Abl-R6在N-端用荧光团BDP TR(激发589nm,发射616nm)标记。
图3D示出了在PBS中测量的20μM PMIBcr/Abl-R6的小角度X-射线散射(SAXS)衍射图。橙色线是使用杆模型的数据(绿色点)的最小二乘法拟合。
图3E示出了室温下PBS中的10μM PMIBcr/Abl-R6的SAXS分析。描述PMIBcr/Abl-R6的尺寸、形状和空间排布的弦长度分布从SAXS数据获得。PMIBcr/Abl-R6的模拟结构与四聚体Bcr/Abl的晶体结构(PDB代码:1K1F[34])(插图)基本上一致。
图3F示出了在MicroCal ITC 200仪器上,在25℃下通过等温滴定量热法进行的20mM Tris/HCl(pH 7.4)中的PMI和PMIBcr/Abl-R6对MDM2的结合亲和性的测量。滴定通过20次分步注射来进行,每次将注射器中的80μM PMIBcr/Abl-R6注射2μL到样品池中的8μM MDM2中。对于PMI-MDM2相互作用来说,浓度分别为100μM和10μM。数据使用MicroCal Origin程序来分析。如[39]所述测量的0.52nM的KD值与通过表面等离子体共振确定的PMI的发表值[38]几乎一致。
图4A示出了在含有10%来自于健康供体的人血清的20mM Tris-HCl(pH 7.4)中,1mg/ml PMI和PMIBcr/Abl-R6的降解动力学。完整的肽和蛋白质通过ESI-MS核实并通过分析型C18 HPLC定量。
图4B示出了在含有10单位/ml的组织蛋白酶B的20mM乙酸钠缓冲液(pH 5.0)中,1mg/ml PMI和PMIBcr/Abl-R6的降解动力学。
图4C示出了通过流式细胞术分析的PMI、PMIBcr/Abl和PMIBcr/Abl-R6的细胞摄取。PMI、PMIBcr/Abl和PMIBcr/Abl-R6在N-端用BDP TR(激发589nm,发射616nm)标记。将HCT116p53+/+细胞以30,000个细胞/孔的密度接种在12孔板中,培养24h,并用10μM的肽或蛋白质处理4h,然后进行流式细胞术分析。
图4D示出了BDP TR标记的PMI、PMIBcr/Abl和PMIBcr/Abl-R6被HCT 116p53+/+细胞的细胞摄取,将所述细胞用10μM的肽或蛋白质各自处理4h,并通过激光共聚焦扫描显微镜观察(图A-C)。将Hoechst 33342蓝色染料用于核染色。对于图D-E中展示的实验来说,将阿米洛利(3mM)或肝素钠(5mM)与细胞温育12h,然后添加PMIBcr/Abl-R6。
图5A示出了在用不同浓度的Bcr/Abl-R6、PMIBcr/Abl-R6和Nutlin-3处理48h后,HCT116 p53+/+和HCT116 p53-/-细胞(3×103个细胞/孔,在含有10%FBS的McCoys’s 5A培养基中)的细胞存活率。在与CCK-8试剂温育2-h后,在微孔板读板器上测量在450nm处的吸光度,并将细胞存活率百分数计算为(A处理-A空白)/(A对照-A空白)x100%。数据是三次独立测定的平均值。除了用50μM PMIBcr/Abl-R6和Nutlin-3处理的HCT116 p53-/-细胞(****,p<0.0001)之外,在PMIBcr/Abl-R6与Nutlin-3之间没有发现活性的统计显著的差异。
图5B示出了在用各为12.5μM的PMI、PMIBcr/Abl、PMIBcr/Abl-R6、Bcr/Abl-R6和Nutlin-3处理后48h,HCT116 p53+/+细胞(2x104个细胞/孔)中的p53、p21、PUMA、NOXA的代表性Western印迹分析,其被归一化到β-肌动蛋白。第一抗体来自于Santa CruzBiotechnology(p53)、Calbiochem(p21,、PUMA和NOXA)和Sigma-Aldrich(β-肌动蛋白),与辣根过氧化物酶偶联的第二抗体来自于Calbiochem。
图5C示出了用12.5μM PMI、Bcr/Abl-R6、PMIBcr/Abl、PMIBcr/Abl-R6 and和Nutlin-3处理48h的HCT116 p53+/+细胞的定量Western印迹分析(通过Image J软件)。对于统计分析来说,进行了T-检验,*代表p<0.05,***代表p<0.001。数据是三次独立的Western印迹测定的平均值±SD。
图5D示出了在用Bcr/Abl-R6、PMIBcr/Abl-R6和Nutlin-3处理后48h,通过流式细胞术分析的HCT116 p53+/+细胞的凋亡的代表性数据。将细胞以20,000/孔的密度接种在12孔板中,并用12.5μM PMIBcr/Abl-R6、Bcr/Abl-R6或10μM Nutlin-3处理。凋亡使用来自于Biolegend的标准凋亡试剂盒检测,所述试剂盒包含APC标记的抗膜联蛋白V抗体和碘化丙啶溶液。
图5E示出了通过流式细胞术定量的HCT116 p53+/+细胞的凋亡的统计分析。进行了三次独立的FACS测定,并且数据被显示为平均值±SD(n=3)。p值通过t-检验来计算(***,p<0.001)。
图6A示出了在皮下注射BDP TR标记的PMIBcr/Abl-R6后12h、24h、48h,重要器官和肿瘤的代表性离体荧光图像。将HCT116 p53+/+细胞(4×106细胞/部位)皮下注射到4周龄的BALB/c裸小鼠中。在肿瘤细胞接种后3周,将带有肿瘤的小鼠各自以5mg/Kg的剂量用100μLBDP TR标记的PMIBcr/Abl-R6注射,并在指定的时间点处死用于成像。
图6B示出了BDP TR标记的PMIBcr/Abl-R6在器官和肿瘤中的生物分布的半定量离体分析。每个器官中的荧光强度使用来自于IVIS的Living Image 3.0.软件来确定。荧光数据被表示为辐射效率(平均值±SD,n=3)。
图7A示出了疗法的示意图。将带有在两周内皮下建立的作为可触知肿块(尺寸为50-100mm3)的HCT116 p53+/+异种移植肿瘤的36只无胸腺裸小鼠(BALB/c)随机分成6组(n=6/组),并且每隔一天通过20mM Tris-HCl(模拟处理)和剂量为5mg/Kg的PMI、Bcr/Abl-R6、PMIBcr/Abl、PMIBcr/Abl-R6或Nutlin-3的皮下注射进行处理,共三周。
图7B示出了在21天处理期间肿瘤生长的抑制曲线。使用卡尺测量肿瘤长度(L)和宽度(W),并使用下述公式计算肿瘤体积(V):V=LxW2/2。数据表示平均值±SD(n=6)。统计分析使用T-检验进行,*代表p<0.05,***代表p<0.001,并且****代表p<0.0001。
图7C示出了在三周的处理结束后收集的肿瘤的图像。
图7D示出了在处理结束时从每组小鼠切下的肿瘤的平均重量。统计分析使用T-检验进行,*代表p<0.05,**代表p<0.01,并且****代表p<0.0001。
图7E示出了使用苏木精和曙红(H&E)染色的组织病理学分析。将来自于每个处理组的代表性肿瘤用甲醛固定,脱水,切成5μm厚的切片,并按照标准方案进行H&E染色(标尺条:50μm)。
图7F是末端脱氧核苷酸基转移酶dUTP缺口末端标记(TUNEL)测定,用于染色凋亡细胞中的片段化DNA(标尺条:50μm)。
图7G示出了使用可商购的针对p53、p21和Ki-67的抗体进行的肿瘤组织的免疫组织化学(IHC)染色(标尺条:50μm)。将制备的厚度为5μm的组织切片与各种不同抗体在4℃温育过夜,随后用标记的链亲合素-生物素(LSAB)染色法染色。将每个染色的切片通过最少10个随机选择的x20高倍率视野进行评估,用于进一步统计分析。
图7H是IHC评分的统计分析。使用0至3范围内的数值评分来评估免疫染色强度(I):0,无染色;1,弱染色;2,中染色;3,强染色。为了评估免疫染色面积(A),使用1至4范围内的数值评分:1,阳性面积<10%;2,10%<阳性面积<50%;3,50%<阳性面积<90%;4,阳性面积>90%。相应地计算总评分IxA,并使用T-检验进行统计分析,*代表p<0.05。
图8A示出了PMI和PMIBcr/Abl-R6在具有免疫能力的C57BL/6小鼠(n=6/组)中的免疫原性,其通过响应于PMI和PMIBcr/Abl-R6皮下处理共3周(每隔一天,剂量为5mg/Kg)的血液中的IL-2水平来度量。PBS作为阴性对照用于模拟处理;在处理结束时收集的血液中的IL-2通过ELISA试剂盒(R&D Systems),使用来自于Sigma-Aldrich的蛋白标准品来定量。来自于每个组的数据被呈现为平均值±SD(n=6),并使用T-检验进行统计分析,*代表p<0.05,***代表p<0.001,****代表p<0.0001。
图8B示出了PMI和PMIBcr/Abl-R6在具有免疫能力的C57BL/6小鼠(n=6/组)中的免疫原性,其通过响应于PMI和PMIBcr/Abl-R6皮下处理共3周(每隔一天,剂量为5mg/Kg)的血液中的TNF-α水平来度量。PBS作为阴性对照用于模拟处理;在处理结束时收集的血液中的TNF-α通过ELISA试剂盒(R&D Systems),使用来自于Sigma-Aldrich的蛋白标准品来定量。来自于每个组的数据被呈现为平均值±SD(n=6),并使用T-检验进行统计分析,*代表p<0.05,***代表p<0.001,****代表p<0.0001。
图8C示出了PMI和PMIBcr/Abl-R6在具有免疫能力的C57BL/6小鼠(n=6/组)中的免疫原性,其通过响应于PMI和PMIBcr/Abl-R6皮下处理共3周(每隔一天,剂量为5mg/Kg)的血液中的红细胞生成素水平来度量。PBS作为阴性对照用于模拟处理;在处理结束时收集的血液中的EPO通过ELISA试剂盒(R&D Systems),使用来自于Sigma-Aldrich的蛋白标准品来定量。来自于每个组的数据被呈现为平均值±SD(n=6),并使用T-检验进行统计分析,*代表p<0.05,***代表p<0.001,****代表p<0.0001。
图8D示出了在用PMI、Bcr/Abl-R6、PMIBcr/Abl、PMIBcr/Abl-R6和Nutlin-3处理21天后来自于全血细胞分析的不同类型血细胞的计数。WBC,白细胞;LYM,淋巴细胞;MID,单核细胞;GRN,粒细胞;RBC,红细胞;PLT,血小板。统计分析使用T-检验来进行,NS代表无显著差异。
图8E示出了来自于用PMI、Bcr/Abl-R6、PMIBcr/Abl、PMIBcr/Abl-R6和Nutlin-3处理3周的小鼠的肝和肾组织的代表性H&E染色(标尺条:50μm)。
图9A示出了通过HPLC和ESI-MS进行的PMIBcr/Abl-R6的C-端片段的表征。HPLC分析在40℃下,在Waters XBridge C18反相柱(3.5μm,4.6x150mm)上进行,以1ml/min的流速运行30-min的从5%至65%的乙腈梯度。
图9B示出了通过HPLC和ESI-MS进行的PMIBcr/Abl-R6的N-端片段的表征。HPLC分析在40℃下,在Waters XBridge C18反相柱(3.5μm,4.6x150mm)上进行,以1ml/min的流速运行30-min的从5%至65%的乙腈梯度。
图9C示出了通过HPLC和ESI-MS进行的PMIBcr/Abl-R6的全长连接产物的表征。HPLC分析在40℃下,在Waters XBridge C18反相柱(3.5μm,4.6x150mm)上进行,以1ml/min的流速运行30-min的从5%至65%的乙腈梯度。
图10A示出了通过孔径排阻层析确定的不同浓度的PMIBcr/Abl-R6的四聚体化。
图10B示出了通过动态光散射确定的不同浓度的PMIBcr/Abl-R6的四聚体化。
图11示出了在来自于Malvern的Zsizer Nano上测量PBS中的20μM PMIBcr/Abl-R6或PMIBcr/Abl的ζ电位。
图12A示出了通过ITC测量的Bcr/Abl-R6与MDM2的结合。ITC测量在MicroCal ITC200量热器(GE Healthcare)上,在25℃下,在20mM Tris/HCl(pH 7.4)中进行。滴定通过20次分步注射来进行,每次将注射器中的80μM Bcr/Abl-R6注射2μL到样品池中的8μM MDM2中。数据使用MicroCal Origin程序来分析。在Bcr/Abl-R6与MDM2之间没有检测到结合。
图12B示出了通过ITC测量的Bcr/Abl-R6与MDM2的结合。ITC测量在MicroCal ITC200量热器(GE Healthcare)上,在25℃下,在20mM Tris/HCl(pH 7.4)中进行。滴定通过20次分步注射来进行,每次将注射器中的80μM Bcr/Abl-R6注射2μL到样品池中的8μM MDM2中。数据使用MicroCal Origin程序来分析。在Bcr/Abl-R6与MDM2之间没有检测到结合。
图13示出了在用游离PMI处理后48h,HCT116 p53+/+细胞的细胞存活率。进行了三次独立测定。
具体实施方式
本发明涉及用于将肽类治疗剂递送到细胞内部的稳定的多功能蛋白质支架。更具体来说,本发明涉及源自于慢性髓系白血病的嵌合致癌蛋白Bcr/Abl的四聚化结构域(MVDPVGFAEAWKAQFPDSEPPRMELRSVGDIEQELERAKASIRRLEQEVNQERFRMIYLQTLLAKEKKSYDR;SEQ IDNO:6)的基于蛋白质的肽类药物载体。
p53-MDM2/MDMX相互作用作为开发用于抗癌疗法的MDM2/MDMX拮抗剂或p53活化剂的重要细胞内药物靶点而备受关注[37,55-57]。小分子拮抗剂通常对MDM2具有单特异性,并且有几种正在临床试验中,取得了有希望的早期结果[54,58]。相比之下,肽拮抗剂通常对MDM2和MDMX具有双重特异性,可能提供更鲁棒和持续的p53活化。一个值得注意的实例是ALRN-6924,这种MDM2和MDMX的烃类装订的肽拮抗剂在晚期实体瘤和淋巴瘤的2期临床试验中杀死带有野生型p53的肿瘤细胞[59]。更近些时候,已报道ALRN-6924在体外和体内均可有效对抗急性髓系白血病[60]。由Verdine及其同事首创的烃类装订技术能够使侧链交联和构象稳定的螺旋肽穿过细胞膜,并具有改进的蛋白水解稳定性和增强的生物活性[61,62]。值得注意的是,烃类或二硫代氨基甲酸酯装订的PMI(p53-MDM2/MDMX抑制剂)已被显示在体外和体内是有效的p53活化剂[63-65]。尽管取得了这些成功,但值得注意的是,由于肾脏排泄,小肽在体内没有足够长的循环半衰期(<20KDa),因此对其治疗功效产生不利影响。相比之下,本文中描述的蛋白质构建物PMIBcr/Abl-R6这种35KDa的稳定的四聚体,可以通过重组表达容易地大量制备,预期与小肽治疗剂相比具有优异的生物可利用性。
用于肽接枝的大多数蛋白质支架通过二硫键稳定[31-33],因此不适合用于靶向胞质空间中的PPI,在胞质空间中还原环境可以使二硫键桥接的蛋白质结构失稳,促进它们的蛋白水解降解。为了规避这种严重限制,本发明人鉴定了慢性髓系白血病(CML)的嵌合致癌蛋白Bcr/Abl的不含二硫键的四聚化结构域[34],其在溶液中形成高度稳定的四聚体,可作为蛋白质支架用于本质为α-螺旋的治疗性肽的分子接枝。
本发明人将MDM2和MDMX这两种在许多肿瘤类型中功能性抑制肿瘤抑制蛋白p53的致癌蛋白的有效十二聚体肽拮抗剂PMI引入到Bcr/Abl的N-端中[35,36]。为了拮抗细胞内MDM2/MDMX以便活化p53,将PMIBcr/Abl用C-端Arg重复六肽(R6)延长,以促进它的细胞摄取。得到的四聚体蛋白PMIBcr/Abl-R6在溶液中采取α-螺旋构象,并以32nM的亲和力结合到MDM2。PMIBcr/Abl-R6在体外以p53依赖性方式有效诱导HCT116 p53+/+细胞的凋亡,并通过拮抗MDM2/MDMX以重新活化p53途径,在裸小鼠异种移植模型中有效地抑制肿瘤生长。Bcr/Abl-R6这种蛋白质支架可用作α-螺旋肽的递送工具以靶向大量不同的细胞内PPI,用于疾病干预。除了通常可用作基于蛋白质的通用载体用于递送肽类治疗剂以治疗各种不同疾病之外,本文中描述的蛋白质支架和方法可具体地用于例如递送作为用于癌症疗法的p53活化化合物的PMIBcr/Abl,以及递送作为用于治疗对伊马替尼具有耐药性的费城染色体阳性急性淋巴细胞性白血病(ALL)和/或慢性髓细胞性白血病(CML)的p53活化和Bcr/Abl抑制化合物的PMIBcr/Abl。
因此,一方面,本申请涉及一种蛋白质,其包含蛋白质支架和接枝在其中的至少一种治疗性肽,其中所述蛋白质支架是如SEQ ID NO:6中所定义的慢性髓系白血病的嵌合致癌蛋白Bcr/Abl蛋白的不含二硫键的四聚化结构域。所述治疗性肽可以具有α-螺旋结构。所述治疗性肽可以被接枝到所述Bcr/Abl蛋白的N-端中。所述治疗性肽可以是本质为α-螺旋的任何p53活化肽,并且可用于治疗具有野生型p53和升高的MDM2/MDMX的任何癌症。此外,所述治疗性肽可以是本质为α-螺旋的任何抗肿瘤肽,并且可普遍用于治疗癌症。所述治疗性肽可以是线性的或装订的。例如,在一个实施方式中,所述治疗性肽是PMI,其拮抗细胞内MDM2/MDMX,从而活化p53。所述PMI被接枝以代替Bcr/Abl蛋白的第5-16位残基。无论接枝在其中的肽如何,所述蛋白质还可以包含C-端延伸部分,以允许所述蛋白质穿过细胞膜。例如,在一个实施方式中,所述C-端延伸部分是Arg重复六肽(R6)。
另一方面,本申请涉及一种包含SEQ ID NO:5中所示的序列的PMIBcr/Abl蛋白。所述PMIBcr/Abl蛋白还可以包含C-端延伸部分,以允许所述蛋白质穿过细胞膜。例如,在一个实施方式中,所述C-端延伸部分是Arg重复六肽(R6)。
另一方面,本申请涉及一种包含SEQ ID NO:3中所示的序列的PMIBcr/Abl-R6蛋白。
除了PMI之外,可以接枝到SEQ ID NO:6的蛋白质支架中的其他治疗性肽包括但不限于:MTide-01,sMTide-01,MTide-02,sMTide-02,sMTide-02A,sMTide-02B(如C.J.Brown等,ACS Chem.Biol.,2013,8,506-512[63]中所公开的,所述文献整体通过参考并入本文);PMI(1,5)-a,PMI(1,5)-b,PMI(2,6)-a,PMI(2,6)-b,PMI(4,8)-a,PMI(4,8)-b,PMI(5,9)-a,PMI(5,9)-b,PMI(8,12)-a和PMI(8,12)-b(如Xiang Li等,Chem.Sci.,2079,10,1522中所公开的,所述文献整体通过参考并入本文);以及N8A-PMI和其他截短的PMI类似物(如ChongLi等,J.Mol.Biol.,2010,398(2),200-213(doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2010.03.005)中所公开的)。
应该理解,本文中描述的蛋白质可以存在于适合给药到所述对象的制剂中。因此,另一方面,本申请涉及一种制剂,所述制剂包含所述蛋白质和至少一种可药用赋形剂。所述制剂还可以包含至少一种另外的活性药物成分(API),例如抗癌药剂。
术语“可药用赋形剂”是指与本文中描述的蛋白质一起给药的载体、稀释剂或佐剂。此类可药用赋形剂可能是基于液体的,例如水和油类,包括石油、动物、植物或合成起源的油类,例如花生油、大豆油、矿物油、芝麻油等。水或水性盐溶液以及右旋糖和甘油的水性溶液,特别是可注射溶液,优选地用作赋形剂。其他的可药用赋形剂包括但不限于任何和所有溶剂,缓冲剂(例如磷酸盐缓冲液、柠檬酸盐缓冲液和由其他有机酸制成的缓冲剂),分散介质,表面活性剂,抗氧化剂(例如抗坏血酸),防腐剂(例如抗细菌剂、抗真菌剂),多肽(例如血清白蛋白、明胶和免疫球蛋白),亲水性聚合物(例如聚乙烯吡咯烷酮),氨基酸(例如甘氨酸、谷氨酰胺、天冬酰胺、精氨酸和/或赖氨酸),单糖、二糖和/或其他糖类(包括葡萄糖、甘露糖和糊精),螯合剂(例如乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)),糖醇(例如甘露糖醇和山梨糖醇),成盐平衡离子(例如钠),阴离子型表面活性剂(例如TWEEN、PLURONICS和PEG),等渗剂,吸收延迟剂,盐,药物稳定剂,凝胶,润滑剂,甜味剂,调味剂,染料及其组合,正如本领域普通技术人员已知的(参见EW Martin的《Remington制药学》(Remington PharmaceuticalSciences),第21版,2005)。适合用于本文中描述的制剂和方法的可药用赋形剂在所使用的剂量下对细胞、组织或对象无毒。
本文中描述的蛋白质或制剂可用于改善和/或治疗癌症。在一个实施方式中,所述癌症与p53的失活和/或突变有关。癌症的非限制性示例性名单包括但不限于乳腺癌、前列腺癌、淋巴瘤、皮肤癌、胰腺癌、结肠癌、黑素瘤、恶性黑素瘤、卵巢癌、脑癌、原发性脑癌、头颈癌、神经胶质瘤、成胶质细胞瘤、肝癌、膀胱癌、非小细胞肺癌、头癌或颈癌、乳腺癌、卵巢癌、肺癌、小细胞肺癌、Wilms瘤、宫颈癌、睾丸癌、膀胱癌、胰腺癌、胃癌、结肠癌、前列腺癌、泌尿生殖系统癌、甲状腺癌、食道癌、骨髓瘤、多发性骨髓瘤、肾上腺癌、肾细胞癌、子宫内膜癌、肾上腺皮质癌、恶性胰腺胰岛瘤、恶性类癌瘤、绒毛膜癌、蕈样真菌病、恶性高钙血症、宫颈增生、白血病、急性淋巴细胞性白血病、慢性淋巴细胞性白血病(CLL)包括B-CLL、急性髓性白血病、慢性髓细胞性白血病、慢性粒细胞性白血病、急性粒细胞性白血病、毛细胞白血病、成神经细胞瘤、肉瘤例如脂肪肉瘤、恶性纤维组织细胞瘤、骨肉瘤、尤文氏肉瘤、平滑肌肉瘤和横纹肌肉瘤、卡波西肉瘤、真性红细胞增多症、原发性血小板增多症、霍奇金病、非霍奇金淋巴瘤、软组织肉瘤例如脂肪瘤和恶性神经鞘瘤、骨源性肉瘤、原发性巨球蛋白血症和成视网膜细胞瘤等,T和B细胞介导的自身免疫性疾病,炎性疾病,感染,过度增殖性疾病,艾滋病,退行性疾病、血管疾病等。在优选实施方式中,所述改善和/或治疗的癌症选自对象中的黑素瘤、肺癌、肉瘤、结肠癌、前列腺癌、绒毛膜癌、乳腺癌、成视网膜细胞瘤、胃癌、急性髓系白血病、淋巴瘤、多发性骨髓瘤和白血病中的至少一者。在某些实施方式中,所述待治疗的癌细胞是转移的。在其他实施方式中,所述待治疗的癌细胞对其他抗癌药剂具有耐药性。
治疗癌症包括但不限于缩减所述对象中的癌细胞数目或肿瘤尺寸,减少癌症向更具侵袭性形式的进展,减少癌细胞的增殖或降低肿瘤生长速度,杀死癌细胞,诱导癌细胞凋亡,减少癌细胞转移或降低对象中癌症复发的可能性。当在本文中使用时,治疗对象是指为患有疾病或处于发生所述疾病的风险中的对象提供益处的任何类型的治疗,包括所述对象的状况(例如一种或多种症状)的改善、疾病进展的延迟、症状发作的延迟或症状进展的减缓等。
本文中所描述的与治疗癌症有关的蛋白质或制剂和方法可用于治疗患有癌症的对象例如哺乳动物(例如人类)。可以如本文中所述治疗的哺乳动物的实例包括但不限于人类、猴、狗、猫、奶牛、马、猪、大鼠和小鼠。
本文中所描述的治疗方法涉及向需要所述治疗的对象给药治疗有效量的本文中所描述的蛋白质或制剂。当在本文中使用时,“有效量”或“治疗有效量”意味着当给药到对象用于治疗癌症时足以实现治疗(如上所定义)的蛋白质的量。治疗有效量将随着所述蛋白质或包含它的制剂、疾病及其严重程度以及待治疗的对象的年龄、体重、身体状况和响应性而变。
应该认识到,在任何给定情况下给药的具体剂量将根据给药的蛋白质或制剂、待治疗或抑制的疾病、对象的状况和可能改变所述蛋白质或制剂的活性或所述对象的响应性的其他相关医学因素进行调整,正如本领域技术人员公知的。例如,对于特定对象来说,具体的剂量取决于年龄、体重、总体健康状态、饮食、给药的时间安排和方式、排泄速率、联合使用的药物和所述疗法适用的特定障碍的严重程度。对于给定患者来说,剂量可以使用常规考虑因素来确定,例如通过利用适合的常规药理学或预防医学方案对所述蛋白质或制剂的差异活性进行常规比较。
用于对象的最大剂量是不引起不想要或不可忍受的副作用的最高剂量。与个体治疗方案有关的变量数目巨大,并且预期剂量的范围相当大。给药途径也会影响剂量要求。预计所述蛋白质支架或制剂的剂量将使癌症的生长相比于未治疗的癌症降低至少10%、20%、30%、40%、50%、60%、70%、80%、90%或100%。
用于给药所述蛋白质或制剂的适合的有效剂量可以由本领域技术人员决定,但通常在每周每千克体重约1微克至约10,000微克的范围内,尽管它们通常为每周每千克体重约1,000微克或更低。在某些实施方式中,所述有效剂量在每周每千克体重约10至约10,000微克的范围内。在另一个实施方式中,所述有效剂量在每周每千克体重约50至约5,000微克的范围内。在另一个实施方式中,所述有效剂量在每周每千克体重约75至约1,000微克的范围内。本文中描述的有效剂量是指给药的总量,也就是说,如果给药超过一种蛋白质或制剂,则所述有效剂量对应于给药的总量。所述蛋白质或制剂可以作为单一药剂或作为分药剂给药。例如,所述蛋白质或制剂可以给药两次或更多次,相隔4小时、6小时、8小时、12小时、1天、2天、3天、4天、1周、2周或3周或更多周。
在各种不同实施方式中,所述蛋白质或制剂可以通过静脉内、动脉内、鞘内、真皮内、腔内、口服、直肠、肌肉内、皮下、脑池内、阴道内、腹膜内、局部、颊和/或鼻给药途径来给药。
因此,另一方面,本申请涉及一种在哺乳动物中抑制肿瘤细胞生长的方法,所述方法包括向所述哺乳动物给药本文中描述的任何蛋白质或制剂。所述蛋白质拮抗细胞内MDM2/MDMX,从而活化p53。
另一方面,本申请涉及一种在哺乳动物中诱导癌细胞凋亡的方法,所述方法包括向所述哺乳动物给药本文中描述的任何蛋白质或制剂。所述蛋白质拮抗细胞内MDM2/MDMX,从而活化p53。
另一方面,本申请涉及一种在哺乳动物中治疗费城染色体阳性急性淋巴细胞性白血病(ALL)和/或慢性髓细胞性白血病(CML)的方法,所述方法包括向所述哺乳动物给药本文中描述的任何蛋白质或制剂。在一个实施方式中,所述ALL和/或CML对伊马替尼具有耐药性。
另一方面,本申请涉及一种递送用于癌症治疗的p53活化化合物的方法,所述方法包括向所述哺乳动物给药本文中描述的任何蛋白质或制剂。
另一方面,本发明还涉及本文中描述的蛋白质或制剂的用途,其用于制造治疗癌症的药物。
另一方面,本发明涉及本文中描述的蛋白质或制剂作为药物的用途。
另一方面,本发明涉及使用重组技术制造本文中描述的任何蛋白的方法,正如本领域技术人员容易理解的。
已证实,四聚体Bcr/Abl支架是p53活化肽的理想的基于蛋白质的纳米载体,以靶向p53-MDM2/MDMX相互作用,用于癌症疗法。MDM2和MDMX合作,以持续抑制p53功能并靶向肿瘤抑制蛋白进行蛋白酶体降解,从而促进肿瘤发生和进展。PMIBcr/Abl-R6在体外和体内作为MDM2和MDMX的双特异性拮抗剂和强大的p53活化剂,在许多方面优于MDM2的单特异性小分子抑制剂以及目前正在临床试验的装订肽拮抗剂,有希望成为新的一类具有显著治疗潜力的抗肿瘤药剂。重要的是,这种基于蛋白质的纳米载体也适用于设计不同类别的本质为α-螺旋的肽类治疗剂,以靶向与许多其他人类疾病有关的细胞内PPI。
本领域技术人员应该认识到,尽管本文中提到的是细胞内蛋白质的靶向,但所述基于蛋白质的纳米载体也适用于设计不同类别的本质为α-螺旋的肽类治疗剂,以便也靶向与许多其他人类疾病有关的细胞外PPI。
通过下文讨论的说明性实施例,本发明的特点和优点被更充分地显示。
实施例:作为用于治疗癌症和其他疾病的治疗性肽的纳米载体的四聚体蛋白质支架
设计策略
在许多带有野生型p53的肿瘤细胞中,E3泛素连接酶MDM2和/或其同源物MDMX(也被称为MDM4)阻断p53的转录活性并靶向肿瘤抑制蛋白进行蛋白酶体降解,导致肿瘤发生和进展[35-37]。MDM2/MDMX拮抗作用已被证实是用于癌症治疗的一种有效治疗策略。由于MDMX增强MDM2在p53抑制中的功能,因此MDM2和MDMX两者的双特异性拮抗剂作为用于稳健和持续p53活化的治疗剂特别有吸引力[37]。本发明人以前通过组合文库筛选和基于结构的合理设计方法鉴定到PMI,这是MDM2和MDMX的一系列高亲和性和双特异性的十二聚体肽拮抗剂[38,39]。尽管PMI肽以α-螺旋构象紧密结合到MDM2和MDMX的p53结合口袋,亲和性从高pM到低nM,但它们本身对肿瘤生长并不是抑制性的,主要是因为它们不能穿过细胞膜[38,39]。
为了运载用于癌症疗法的本质为α-螺旋的治疗性肽,已假设所述蛋白质必须满足以下五个标准:(1)结构上适合于用预先存在的短α-螺旋进行肽接枝,(2)尺寸足够大(例如通过寡聚化)以减轻肾排泄,(3)通过采用具有很少柔性环和无序区域的稳定结构而对蛋白水解降解有抗性,(4)不含二硫键,以及(5)高效的膜穿透。Bcr/Abl四聚化结构域包含72个氨基酸残基并形成卷曲螺旋四聚体,每个单体由短的N-端α-螺旋、连接环和长的C-端α-螺旋组成[34]。因此,这种蛋白质理想地适合作为用于癌症疗法的PMI的纳米载体,因为它容易地满足所定义的前四个标准。然而,为了使其具有膜透过性,需要进行额外的修饰,例如向Bcr/Abl四聚化结构域引入阳离子穿透肽序列。所述设计策略示意显示在图1中。
在图1中,Bcr/Abl的72个氨基酸残基的四聚化结构域(绿色)包含N-端α-螺旋,其通过柔性环连接到介导四聚体形成的拉长的C-端α-螺旋。红色的PMI被接枝到短的α-螺旋区域以代替Bcr/Abl的第5-16位残基,产生PMIBcr/Abl。为了促进膜穿透,将PMIBcr/Abl在C-端用蓝色的Arg重复六肽(R6)延长,得到PMIBcr/Abl-R6。PMIBcr/Abl-R6形成稳定的四聚体,在血液中循环,可以在肿瘤中积累,可以穿过细胞膜,并且可以通过拮抗MDM2/MDMX而活化p53,导致在动物中抑制肿瘤生长。
PMIBcr/Abl-R6的合成及生物化学和生物物理表征
结构研究表明,Bcr/Abl的N-端α-螺旋(第5-15位残基)对蛋白质四聚化没有贡献,所述四聚化主要由延长的C-端α-螺旋(第28-67位残基)介导[34](参见图2A)。由于PMI(TSFAEYWALLSP;SEQ ID NO:1)[38,39]和Bcr/Abl的第5-16位残基(VGFAEAWKAQFP;SEQ IDNO:2)享有一定程度的序列同一性和结构相似性(参见图2A),因此将Bcr/Abl氨基酸序列中的后者用前者代替。此外,将Bcr/Abl的C-端用Arg重复六肽(R6)延长以增强细胞摄取,最终得到PMIBcr/Abl-R6(MVDPTSFAEYWALLSPDSEPPRMELRSVGDIEQELERAKASIRRLEQEVNQERFRMIYLQTLLAKEKKSYDRRRRRRR,SEQ ID NO:3)(参见图2B)。如图2B和图9A-9C中所示,78个氨基酸残基的PMIBcr/Abl-R6通过两个肽片段的本源化学连接[40,41]化学合成。将Ala38突变成Cys以便能够进行连接反应,并在连接后通过如[42]所述的脱硫将其回复到Ala。最终的产物通过反相HPLC进行纯化,并通过电喷雾电离质谱确定其分子质量(参见图2C)。通过将所述多肽以1mg/ml溶解在6MGuHCl中,然后用含有0.5mM TCEP的PBS(pH 7.4)稀释6倍并透析,将所述合成的蛋白质折叠。如图2D中所示,Bcr/Abl-R6和PMIBcr/Abl-R6两者在溶液中均采取α-螺旋构象,正如通过它们相似的圆二色性光谱所证实的,所述光谱在208和222nm处具有双重最小值并在195nm处具有正峰,与Bcr/Abl的已知结构特点相一致[34]。作为阴性对照,也基本上如对PMIBcr/Abl-R6所述化学合成了Bcr/Abl-R6(MVDPVGFAEAWKAQFPDSEPPRMELRSVGDIEQELERAKASIRRLEQEVNQERFRMIYLQTLLAKEKKSYDRRRRRRR,SEQ ID NO:4)和PMIBcr/Abl(MVDPTSFAEYWALLSPDSEPPRMELRSVGDIEQELERAKASIRRLEQEVNQERFRMIYLQTLLAKEKKSYDR,SEQ IDNO:5)(图2B)。
还使用孔径排阻层析(图3A和图10A-10B)、动态光散射(图3B和图10A-10B)、荧光偏振(图3C)和小角度X-射线散射(图3D-3E)对Bcr/Abl-R6和PMIBcr/Abl-R6进行了表征。所有数据均明确证实了所述合成蛋白在超过100nM的浓度下在水性缓冲液中作为四聚体存在(图3C)。值得注意的是,PMIBcr/Abl和PMIBcr/Abl-R6两者的ζ电位的测量证实了正如预期,Arg重复六肽R6显著提高蛋白质表面电荷(图11)。重要的是,正如通过等温滴定量热法(ITC)测量的,PMIBcr/Abl-R6以32nM的亲和性结合到MDM2的p53结合结构域(图3F)。相反,Bcr/Abl-R6在相同条件下不显示出与MDM2的结合(图12A-12B)。对MDM2具有0.52nM的结合亲和性(图3F)(KD=0.5nM,通过表面等离子体共振确定[38])的PMI明显比PMIBcr/Abl-R6更加有效。
进行了等温滴定量热法(ITC)数据分析以计算PMI和PMIBcr/Abl-R6对MDM2的结合亲和性。测定在MicroCal ITC 200上,在25℃下进行。PMI和MDM2的浓度分别为100μM和10μM。对于PMIBcr/Abl-R6与MDM2的结合来说,浓度分别为80μM和8μM。结果提供在表1中,在其中可以看出,尽管PMIBcr/Abl-R6的熵净增加很小,与PMI的熵损失很大相反,这是由分子接枝引起的预期结果,但PMIBcr/Abl-R6失去了显著量的结合焓,表明在Bcr/Abl的背景中结构刚化的PMI对于MDM2结合来说在能量上是次优的。尽管如此,基于ITC的结合测定在MDM2的蛋白质拮抗剂的功能水平上清楚地验证了所述分子设计。
表1:通过等温滴定量热法(ITC)进行的PMI和PMIBcr/Abl-R6对MDM2的结合亲和性的测量
具有增强的蛋白水解稳定性的PMIBcr/Abl-R6通过不依赖于内吞的途径高效穿透HCT116 p53+/+肿瘤细胞
正如以前证实的[39],PMI由于其不良的蛋白水解稳定性并且不能穿过细胞膜,因此在杀死HCT116 p53+/+细胞方面无活性。因此,在人类血清(主要是丝氨酸蛋白酶)或细胞内半胱氨酸蛋白酶组织蛋白酶B存在下比较了游离PMI和PMIBcr/Abl-R6的蛋白水解稳定性。完整的肽或蛋白质通过质谱鉴定并通过RP-HPLC定量。如图4A-4B中所示,与PMI相比,PMIBcr/Abl-R6的半衰期在人类血清存在下增加5倍,在组织蛋白酶B存在下增加12倍。这些数据证实在蛋白酶存在下PMIBcr/Abl-R6明显比游离PMI更加稳定。
也使用共聚焦显微术和流式细胞术两者研究了肽/蛋白质内化和胞质释放。如图4C中所示,流式细胞分析表明,在N-端用BODIPY(硼二吡咯甲川)染料BDP TR(589/616nm)标记的PMIBcr/Abl-R6与用相同荧光团标记的PMIBcr/Abl或游离PMI相比远远更加高效地穿过HCT116 p53+/+细胞膜。共聚焦显微镜分析证实了这一发现,其显示出PMIBcr/Abl-R6而不是PMIBcr/Abl的胞质分布(图4D,图A-C)。
已知作为载体的阳离子穿透肽主要通过非内吞摄取途径或直接膜易位来促进运载物的细胞摄取,其被肝素但不被阿米洛利抑制[43,44]。为了更好地理解PMIBcr/Abl-R6的细胞摄取机制,对用肝素或阿米洛利处理的细胞进行了共聚焦显微镜分析。如图4D(图D-E)中所示,尽管阿米洛利对PMIBcr/Abl-R6内化几乎没有影响,但肝素几乎完全阻断它,表明PMIBcr/Abl-R6的细胞摄取途径确实是不依赖内吞的。
PMIBcr/Abl-R6在体外通过重新活化p53途径杀死HCT116 p53+/+肿瘤细胞
为了评估PMIBcr/Abl-R6在体外的肿瘤灭杀活性,将表达丰富的MDM2的同基因HCT116 p53+/+和HCT116 p53-/-细胞系[45,46]用浓度为1.56μM至50μM的PMIBcr/Abl-R6蛋白处理。将PMI和Bcr/Abl-R6用作阴性对照,并将Nutlin-3这种被广泛研究的MDM2的小分子拮抗剂[47]用作阳性对照。正如预期,尽管在处理后48h PMI和Bcr/Abl-R6对HCT116 细胞的存活率均没有任何影响(图5A和图13),但使用活性相似的PMIBcr/Abl-R6和Nutlin-3时观察到HCT116 p53+/+细胞的剂量依赖性的生长抑制(图5A)。与PMIBcr/Abl-R6不同,Nutlin-3在50μM下对HCT116 p53-/-细胞有毒,表明它与PMIBcr/Abl-R6相比治疗窗口更小。
为了调查PMIBcr/Abl-R6的作用机制,通过Western印迹分析了处理后48h HCT116p53+/+细胞中p53、p21、PUMA和NOXA的表达。如图5B-5C中所示,与模拟处理和PMI、PMIBcr/Abl或Bcr/Abl-R6处理的细胞相比,PMIBcr/Abl-R6或Nutlin-3处理使HCT116 p53+/+细胞中的p53显著稳定,导致对细胞周期停止和凋亡重要的p53响应性基因p21、PUMA和NOXA的上调[48,49]。与这些结果相一致,FACS分析证实当用PMIBcr/Abl-R6或Nutlin-3处理时,HCT116p53+/+细胞经历相近程度的凋亡,而模拟处理或Bcr/Abl-R6处理的细胞基本上不受影响(图5D-5E)。不受理论限制,这些数据强烈地表明PMIBcr/Abl-R6通过拮抗MDM2以活化p53信号传导途径,诱导带有野生型p53的肿瘤细胞的凋亡。
PMIBcr/Abl-R6在体内在实体肿瘤中积累并长时间保留
在患病组织中,纳米粒子可以通过渗漏的血管主动积累在实体肿瘤中,这种现象被称为通透性增强和滞留(EPR)效应[50,51]。为了研究PMIBcr/Abl-R6的生物分布,将所述蛋白质用BDP TR荧光标记,并皮下注射到具有来自皮下接种的HCT116 p53+/+细胞生长的可触知肿瘤的BALB/c裸小鼠中。在体内光学成像系统上对三个不同时间点时(12、24和48h)PMIBcr/Abl-R6在心、肺、脾、肾、肝和肿瘤中的生物分布进行半定量评估。如图6A-6B中所示,所述蛋白质在24h时达到最高水平,并主要积累在肾、肝和肿瘤中。然而,在48h时只发现肝和肿瘤具有显著量的PMIBcr/Abl-R6。不受理论限制,这些数据强烈地表明PMIBcr/Abl-R6能够在实体肿瘤中积累并长时间保留,可能是通过EPR效应。
PMIBcr/Abl-R6通过在体内诱导p53依赖性凋亡反应在异种移植小鼠中有效抑制肿瘤生长
为了评估PMIBcr/Abl-R6在体内的治疗功效,建立了裸小鼠异种移植模型,其中将动物用HCT116 p53+/+细胞(3x106)皮下接种。将36只带有肿瘤的小鼠随机分成6组(n=6),并且每隔一天接受使用5mg/Kg的相同剂量的培养基、Nutlin-3、游离PMI、Bcr/Abl-R6、PMIBcr/Abl和PMIBcr/Abl-R6的皮下处理共3周。如图7A-7D中所示,尽管游离PMI和Bcr/Abl-R6对肿瘤生长没有影响,但Nutlin-3和PMIBcr/Abl-R6两者显著抑制肿瘤生长。有趣的是,PMIBcr/Abl具有边缘活性,表明这种蛋白质尽管不具有R6,但在高浓度下仍可能能够部分穿过细胞膜,尽管效率大大降低(图4C)。重要的是指出PMIBcr/Abl-R6的分子质量比Nutlin-3高16倍。PMIBcr/Abl-R6在抑制肿瘤生长方面甚至比Nutlin-3更加有效这一事实,表明在摩尔浓度的基础上,PMIBcr/Abl-R6在体内作为单体比Nutlin-3的活性高至少16倍,作为四聚体活性高64倍。
与上述来自于体内功效研究的发现相一致,使用苏木精和曙红(H&E)(图7E)和末端脱氧核苷酸基转移酶dUTP缺口末端标记(TUNEL)(图7F)染色技术的组织病理学分析揭示出在来自于PMIBcr/Abl-R6处理组的组织中存在大量坏死和凋亡的肿瘤细胞,并且在来自于Nutlin-3处理组的组织中以较低的程度存在。正如预期,H&E和TUNEL染色也证实了PMIBcr/Abl的部分活性以及PMI和Bcr/Abl-R6的缺乏活性。免疫组织化学分析证实PMIBcr/Abl-R6处理显著提高肿瘤组织中p53和p21的表达,但降低肿瘤进展标志物Ki-67的表达(图7G-7H)。合在一起,所述体内数据明确地验证了PMIBcr/Abl-R6作为以p53依赖性方式抑制肿瘤生长的有效抗肿瘤药剂的设计。
PMIBcr/Abl-R6具有极低免疫原性并且对血细胞以及肾脏和肝脏组织无毒
肽/蛋白质治疗剂的免疫原性常常阻碍它们的临床使用。PMI和PMIBcr/Abl-R6在具有免疫能力的C57BL/6小鼠中的免疫原性,通过测量响应于PMI和PMIBcr/Abl-R6皮下处理共三周(每隔一天,剂量为5mg/Kg)的血液中的细胞因子IL-2、TNF-α和红细胞生成素(EPO)的水平来评估。IL-2和TNF-α被用作标志物是因为已知T细胞应答在对治疗性肽和蛋白质的免疫原性反应的发展中发挥关键作用[52,53]。由于生物治疗剂可以潜在地产生抑制内源蛋白例如EPO的交叉反应性中和抗体,导致被称为抗体介导的纯红细胞再生障碍的贫血,因此EPO也被用作本研究中免疫原性的标志物。如图8A-8C中所示,尽管游离PMI显著提高IL-2和TNF-α水平并降低EPO水平,但使用PMIBcr/Abl-R6仅观察到IL-2、TNF-α和EPO量的轻微变化,表明将PMI接枝到Bcr/Abl蛋白质支架显著抑制了所述肽药物的免疫原性。
MDM2的某些小分子拮抗剂在临床试验中已对B淋巴细胞和造血干细胞显示出细胞毒性,引起诸如血小板减少症、白细胞减少症和中性粒细胞减少症的副作用[54]。在三周的处理结束时,通过在全血细胞分析中对白细胞、淋巴细胞、单核细胞、粒细胞、红细胞和血小板进行计数,确定了PMI、Bcr/Abl-R6、PMIBcr/Abl、PMIBcr/Abl-R6和Nutlin-3的细胞毒性特征。如图8D中所示,对于所有5个处理组来说,与模拟处理的对照组相比均未观察到每种细胞类型数目的统计显著的差异。
由于除了实体肿瘤之外PMIBcr/Abl-R6还在肝脏和肾脏这两个对药物代谢和消除来说关键的器官中积累(图6),因此在三周的处理结束时也通过H&E染色调查了PMI、Bcr/Abl-R6、PMIBcr/Abl、PMIBcr/Abl-R6和Nutlin-3对肝和肾组织的体内毒性。如图8E中所示,在本研究中使用的剂量下没有观察到明显毒性。合在一起,体内免疫原性和毒性数据验证了PMIBcr/Abl-R6的安全性。
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序列表
<110> 陆五元(LU, Wuyuan)
马博涵(MA, Bohan)
<120> 作为用于治疗癌症和其他疾病的治疗性肽的纳米载体的四聚体蛋白质支架
<130> 648-369-PCT
<140> 尚未指定
<141> 2020-03-06
<150> 62/814,574
<151> 2019-03-06
<160> 6
<170> PatentIn 3.5版
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Claims (18)
1.一种蛋白质,其包含蛋白质支架和接枝在其中的至少一种治疗性肽,其中所述蛋白质支架是如SEQ ID NO:6中所定义的慢性髓系白血病的嵌合致癌蛋白Bcr/Abl蛋白的无二硫键的四聚化结构域。
2.根据权利要求1所述的蛋白质,其中所述治疗性肽具有α-螺旋结构。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的蛋白质,其中所述治疗性肽被接枝到所述Bcr/Abl蛋白的N-端中。
4.根据前述权利要求中的任一项所述的蛋白质,其中所述治疗性肽拮抗细胞内MDM2/MDMX,从而活化p53。
5.根据前述权利要求中的任一项所述的蛋白质,其中所述治疗性肽是被接枝以代替所述Bcr/Abl蛋白的第5-16位残基的PMI。
6.根据前述权利要求中的任一项所述的蛋白质,其还包含C-端延伸部分以允许所述蛋白质穿过细胞膜。
7.根据权利要求6所述的蛋白质,其中所述C-端延伸部分是Arg重复六肽(R6)。
8.一种PMIBcr/Abl蛋白质,其包含如SEQ ID NO:5中所示的序列。
9.根据权利要求8所述的PMIBcr/Abl蛋白质,其还包含C-端延伸部分以允许所述蛋白质穿过细胞膜。
10.根据权利要求9所述的PMIBcr/Abl蛋白质,其中所述C-端延伸部分是Arg重复六肽(R6)。
11.一种PMIBcr/Abl-R6蛋白质,其包含如SEQ ID NO:3中所示的序列。
12.一种在哺乳动物中抑制肿瘤细胞生长的方法,所述方法包括向所述哺乳动物给药根据权利要求1-11中的任一项所述的蛋白质。
13.根据权利要求12所述的方法,其中所述蛋白质拮抗细胞内MDM2/MDMX,从而活化p53。
14.一种在哺乳动物中诱导癌细胞凋亡的方法,所述方法包括向所述哺乳动物给药根据权利要求1-11中的任一项所述的蛋白质。
15.根据权利要求14所述的方法,其中所述蛋白质拮抗细胞内MDM2/MDMX,从而活化p53。
16.一种在哺乳动物中治疗费城染色体阳性急性淋巴细胞性白血病(ALL)和/或慢性髓细胞性白血病(CML)的方法,所述方法包括向哺乳动物给药根据权利要求1-11中的任一项所述的蛋白质。
17.根据权利要求16所述的方法,其中所述ALL和/或CML对伊马替尼具有耐药性。
18.一种递送用于癌症治疗的p53活化化合物的方法,所述方法包括向哺乳动物给药根据权利要求1-11中的任一项所述的蛋白质。
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PCT/US2020/021407 WO2020181197A1 (en) | 2019-03-06 | 2020-03-06 | Tetrameric protein scaffolds as nano-carriers of therapeutic peptides for treating cancer and other diseases |
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EP3934763A1 (en) | 2022-01-12 |
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