CN113502175B - Application of organic titanate in improving cracking performance of hydrocarbon fuel and method thereof - Google Patents
Application of organic titanate in improving cracking performance of hydrocarbon fuel and method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G11/00—Catalytic cracking, in the absence of hydrogen, of hydrocarbon oils
- C10G11/02—Catalytic cracking, in the absence of hydrogen, of hydrocarbon oils characterised by the catalyst used
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G9/00—Thermal non-catalytic cracking, in the absence of hydrogen, of hydrocarbon oils
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G2300/00—Aspects relating to hydrocarbon processing covered by groups C10G1/00 - C10G99/00
- C10G2300/10—Feedstock materials
- C10G2300/1037—Hydrocarbon fractions
- C10G2300/1048—Middle distillates
- C10G2300/1051—Kerosene having a boiling range of about 180 - 230 °C
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G2300/00—Aspects relating to hydrocarbon processing covered by groups C10G1/00 - C10G99/00
- C10G2300/10—Feedstock materials
- C10G2300/1081—Alkanes
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G2300/00—Aspects relating to hydrocarbon processing covered by groups C10G1/00 - C10G99/00
- C10G2300/80—Additives
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- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
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- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Production Of Liquid Hydrocarbon Mixture For Refining Petroleum (AREA)
Abstract
The invention belongs to the technical field of fuels for hypersonic aircrafts, and particularly relates to application of organic titanate in improving the cracking performance of hydrocarbon fuels for hypersonic aircrafts. Organic titanate is added into hydrocarbon fuel as an additive, and the organic titanate and the hydrocarbon fuel are mixed and stirred to achieve uniform dissolution by utilizing better intersolubility of the organic titanate and the hydrocarbon fuel, and an emulsifier is not required to be additionally added; and the heat absorption cracking reaction of the hydrocarbon fuel can be effectively promoted, the initial temperature of fuel cracking is effectively reduced, the heat absorption capacity of the cracking reaction is improved, the cracking performance of the hydrocarbon fuel can be improved, and the promotion effect on the hydrocarbon fuel cracking is very obvious.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of fuels for hypersonic aircrafts, and particularly relates to application of organic titanate and/or organic silicate in improving the cracking performance of hydrocarbon fuels and a method thereof.
Background
The problem of "thermal barriers" is a key challenge limiting the development of hypersonic aircraft. It is a feasible solution to provide active thermal protection for hypersonic aircraft using endothermic pyrolysis of hydrocarbon fuels. Under the condition of high temperature, the hydrocarbon fuel absorbs heat and the cracking reaction occurs. However, in general, the temperature required for the thermal cracking reaction of hydrocarbon fuels is high. How to improve the cracking performance of the hydrocarbon fuel and enable the cracking reaction to generate more low-carbon olefins and heat absorption capacity is the key for improving the active heat protection technology of the hypersonic aircraft. Currently, methods for solving this problem include preparing a catalyst coating, adding a catalyst or a cleavage initiator, and the like. The catalyst coating method can effectively reduce the cracking temperature of the hydrocarbon fuel and improve the heat absorption performance of the hydrocarbon fuel. However, the preparation process of the catalyst coating is complex, the mass transfer resistance of the pipeline wall can be increased when the catalyst coating is coated on the inner wall of the fuel pipeline, and the risk that the catalyst coating falls off to block the reaction pipe is caused. The method for adding the cracking initiator is simpler and more convenient to operate and has higher feasibility.
The patent CN106881147A can effectively improve the cracking activity and the olefin selectivity of hydrocarbon fuel by preparing the modified ZSM-5 catalyst membrane in the metal channel. However, the catalyst membrane supported in the reaction tube increases the heat transfer resistance of the tube and is complicated in operation. In addition, carbon deposits from the cracking of hydrocarbon fuels can deactivate the catalyst and also affect cracking efficiency.
Patent CN101502807A provides a method for modifying a nano molecular sieve catalyst. The method can stably disperse the catalyst in the hydrocarbon fuel, can make up the defect of carbon deposition inactivation of the coating method catalyst in the cracking process of the hydrocarbon fuel, reduces the heat transfer resistance of a pipeline, and improves the cracking rate of the hydrocarbon fuel, but has the problems of more addition, lower cracking performance and complex preparation process.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the defects and problems that the addition amount of an additive is large, the cracking performance is low and the preparation process of the additive is complex in the existing mode of adding the additive into the hydrocarbon fuel to improve the cracking performance of the hydrocarbon fuel, the invention adds organic titanate and/or organic silicate into the hydrocarbon fuel to be used as the additive to prepare the fuel for an aircraft, so that the cracking performance of the hydrocarbon fuel can be obviously improved.
The scheme adopted by the invention for solving the technical problem is as follows: the organic titanate is applied to improving the cracking performance of the hydrocarbon fuel.
The application of organosilicate in improving the cracking performance of hydrocarbon fuel.
The organic titanate is one or more of n-butyl titanate, isopropyl titanate or titanate coupling agent.
The application of the organic silicate in improving the cracking performance of the hydrocarbon fuel is that the organic silicate is one or more of tetraethyl orthosilicate, tetrabutyl orthosilicate and tetraisopropyl orthosilicate.
The invention also provides a hydrocarbon fuel with strong cracking performance, which comprises the hydrocarbon fuel and a cracking initiator, wherein the cracking initiator is organic titanate and/or organic silicate.
The hydrocarbon fuel with strong cracking performance is paraffin, naphthene or kerosene.
The hydrocarbon fuel with strong cracking performance is characterized in that the addition amount of the cracking initiator is 0.001-0.3% of the weight of the hydrocarbon fuel.
The invention also provides a method for improving the cracking performance of the hydrocarbon fuel, which comprises the steps of mixing any one or more of organic titanate or organic silicate serving as an additive with the hydrocarbon fuel to obtain a fuel mixture, and then conveying the fuel mixture into a cracking reaction tube for cracking reaction.
The method for improving the cracking performance of the hydrocarbon fuel comprises the following steps: the temperature is 400-800 ℃, the fuel flow is 0.1-3g/s, and the system pressure is 2.5-5MPa.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
1. the organic titanate and/or organic silicate of the invention has very obvious promotion effect on improving the cracking performance of the hydrocarbon fuel, and can obviously improve the cracking performance of the hydrocarbon fuel. When no additive is added, the temperature required by cracking the hydrocarbon fuel is higher, organic titanate and/or organic silicate are added into the hydrocarbon fuel, and the C-O bond in the organic silicate or the titanate is easier to break than the C-C bond in the hydrocarbon fuel, so that the cracking reaction can be carried out at a lower temperature, alkyl free radicals are generated, the generated alkyl free radicals can initiate the cracking reaction of the hydrocarbon fuel, the endothermic cracking reaction of the hydrocarbon fuel is effectively promoted, the initial temperature of fuel cracking is effectively reduced, and the endothermic amount of the cracking reaction is increased.
2. After addition of organosilicates or titanates, the hydrocarbon fuel cracking onset temperature is lower. The hydrocarbon fuel cracking rate is higher after the additive is added under the same cracking temperature.
3. The organic titanate and/or the organic silicate have good intersolubility with hydrocarbon fuel, and can be uniformly dissolved by stirring after being mixed, and an emulsifier does not need to be additionally added.
4. In actual operation, only the additive needs to be added into the hydrocarbon fuel, excessive steps are not needed, and the operation is simpler; and the additive only accounts for 0.001-0.3% of the weight of the hydrocarbon fuel, has little additive amount and lower cost, provides a working idea for providing an active thermal protection technology for hypersonic aircrafts by utilizing the hydrocarbon fuel, and has excellent application prospect.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a graph of the gas production rate of hydrocarbon fuel cracking in each group at different temperatures.
Fig. 2 is a diagram of various sets of hydrocarbon fuel cracking heat sinks at different temperatures.
Detailed Description
In order to verify the effect of the cracking initiator in improving the cracking performance of the hydrocarbon fuel, the invention measures the gas production rate and the heat sink of the hydrocarbon fuel cracking, and the invention is further explained by combining the drawings and the examples.
The measuring method comprises the following steps:
(1) The method for measuring the gas production rate of hydrocarbon fuel cracking comprises the following steps:
and (3) calculating the gas production rate of the cracking reaction according to the gas flow generated after cracking and the total flow of the hydrocarbon fuel, and specifically according to the formula (1).
In the formula:ygas production rate,%;m g mass flow of gases produced for cracking, g/s;mis the mass flow of hydrocarbon fuel, g/s.
(2) The hydrocarbon fuel cracking heat sink measuring method comprises the following steps:
the heat dissipation of the system was first counted. When no fluid flows through the reaction tube and the wall temperature is stable, the heating power of the system is equal to the heat dissipation power. According to the principle, the heat dissipation power of the system at different wall temperatures is counted and fitted to obtain a heat dissipation loss formula of the system at different wall temperatures, such as formula (2).
And subtracting the heat dissipation power from the heating power of the system in the catalytic cracking experiment, and dividing by the mass flow of the hydrocarbon fuel to obtain the heat sink of the catalytic cracking reaction, as shown in a formula (3).
In the formula:Q w is the heat dissipation power, W;Tthe temperature of a thermocouple on the outer wall of the reaction tube is in DEG C;Q m is the heat sink of catalytic cracking reaction, kJ/kg;Uis the heating voltage, V;Iis the heating current, a.
Example 1
(1) 0.25g of n-butyl titanate was weighed and added to 1.0kg of aviation kerosene RP-3 (mainly composed of paraffin and naphthene), and stirred uniformly.
(2) The fuel containing the additive was fed into the reaction tube (L1000 mm, phi 3mm x 0.5 mm) using a high pressure constant flow pump; reaction conditions are as follows: the temperature is 450-550 ℃, the pressure is 4MPa, and the flow rate is 0.134g/s.
(3) The gas production rate and heat sink for hydrocarbon fuel cracking at temperatures of 450, 475, 500, 525 and 550 ℃ were measured.
As a result: the gas production rates at 450, 475, 500, 525 and 550 ℃ were 12.5%, 19.4%, 30.8%, 47.6%, 59.6%, respectively; the heat sinks are 1728kJ/kg, 1999.7kJ/kg, 2409.8kJ/kg, 2645.2kJ/kg and 2903.4kJ/kg respectively.
Example 2
(1) 5.0g of n-butyl titanate is weighed and added into 10.0kg of aviation kerosene RP-3 (the main components are paraffin and cyclane), and the mixture is stirred uniformly.
(2) The fuel containing the additive was fed into the reaction tube (L1000 mm, phi 3mm x 0.5 mm) using a high pressure constant flow pump; the reaction conditions are as follows: the temperature is 450-550 ℃, the pressure is 4MPa, and the flow rate is 0.134g/s.
(3) The hydrocarbon fuel cracking gas production rate and heat sink were measured at 450, 475, 500, 525, 550 ℃.
As a result: gas production rates at 450, 475, 500, 525 and 550 ℃ are 17.9%, 22.5%, 38.1%, 53.6%, 61.8%, respectively; the heat sinks are 1846kJ/kg, 2126.1kJ/kg, 2475.9kJ/kg, 2701.7kJ/kg and 2898.5kJ/kg respectively.
Example 3
(1) 0.35g of titanate coupling agent is weighed and added into 0.70kg of aviation kerosene RP-3 (the main components are paraffin and cycloparaffin), and the mixture is stirred uniformly.
(2) The fuel containing the additive was fed into the reaction tube (L1000 mm, Φ 3mm × 0.5mm) using a high-pressure constant flow pump. Reaction conditions are as follows: the temperature is 500-550 ℃, the pressure is 4MPa, and the flow is 0.134g/s.
(3) The gas production rate and heat sink for hydrocarbon fuel cracking at 500, 525, 550 c were measured, respectively.
As a result: the gas production rates at 500, 525 and 550 ℃ are respectively 17.6%, 38.9% and 57.6%; the heat sinks are 2136.9kJ/kg, 2557.6kJ/kg and 2723.9kJ/kg respectively.
Example 4
(1) 0.50g of tetraethyl orthosilicate was weighed and added to 1.00kg of aviation kerosene RP-3 (mainly composed of paraffin and naphthene), and the mixture was stirred uniformly.
(2) The fuel containing the additive was fed into the reaction tube using a high pressure constant flow pump (L1000 mm, Φ 3mm × 0.5mm). The reaction conditions are as follows: the temperature is 500-550 ℃, the pressure is 4MPa, and the flow is 0.134g/s.
(3) The gas production rate and heat sink for hydrocarbon fuel cracking at temperatures of 500, 525, 550 c were measured, respectively.
As a result: the gas production rates at 500, 525 and 550 ℃ are respectively 11.7%, 23.4% and 41.5%; the heat sinks are 2055.6kJ/kg, 2325.7kJ/kg and 2561.4kJ/kg respectively.
Example 5
(1) 0.50g of titanate coupling agent is weighed and added into 1.00kg of aviation kerosene HD-01 (the main component is hanging type tetrahydrodicyclopentadiene), and the mixture is stirred evenly.
(2) The fuel containing the additive was fed into the reaction tube (L1000 mm, Φ 3mm × 0.5mm) using a high-pressure constant flow pump. The reaction conditions are as follows: the temperature is 500-550 ℃, the pressure is 4MPa, and the flow rate is 0.152g/s.
(3) The gas production and heat sink for hydrocarbon fuel cracking at 500, 530, 550 ℃ were measured.
As a result: the gas production rates at 500, 530 and 550 ℃ are 3.95%, 10.77% and 14.84% respectively; the heat sinks are 1702kJ/kg, 1927.2kJ/kg and 2261.3kJ/kg respectively.
Example 6:
(1) 0.1g of isopropyl titanate is weighed and added into 10.0kg of aviation kerosene HD-01 (the main component is hanging tetrahydrodicyclopentadiene), and the mixture is stirred evenly.
(2) The fuel containing the additive is fed into a reaction tube (L1000 mm, phi 3mm x 0.5 mm) by a high-pressure constant flow pump; reaction conditions are as follows: the temperature is 400 ℃, the temperature is 600 ℃, the pressure is 2.5MPa, and the flow is 1g/s.
(3) The gas production rate and heat sink of hydrocarbon fuel were measured at 400 deg.C, 600 deg.C and 800 deg.C, respectively.
As a result: gas production rates at 400, 600, and 800 ℃ were 0.48%, 12.57%, and 34.75%, respectively; the heat sinks are 1487.5kJ/kg, 2369.8kJ/kg and 3507.4kJ/kg respectively.
Example 7:
(1) 3.0g of tetraisopropyl orthosilicate is weighed and added into 10.kg of aviation kerosene HD-01 (the main component is hanging type tetrahydrodicyclopentadiene), and the mixture is stirred uniformly.
(2) The fuel containing the additive was fed into the reaction tube (L1000 mm, phi 3mm x 0.5 mm) using a high pressure constant flow pump; reaction conditions are as follows: the temperature is 400 ℃, the temperature is 600 ℃, the pressure is 5MPa, and the flow is 3g/s.
(3) The gas production rate and heat sink of hydrocarbon fuel were measured at 400 deg.C, 600 deg.C and 800 deg.C, respectively.
As a result: gas production rates at 400, 600 and 800 ℃ were 0.85%, 15.87%, 38.85%, respectively; the heat sinks are 1502.6kJ/kg, 2457.2kJ/kg and 3661.3kJ/kg respectively.
Comparative example 1
(1) And directly inputting aviation kerosene RP-3 into a reaction tube (L1000 mm, phi 3mm x 0.5mm) by using a high-pressure constant flow pump for reaction. Reaction conditions are as follows: the temperature is 450-550 ℃, the pressure is 4MPa, and the flow is 0.134g/s.
(2) The gas production rate and heat sink for hydrocarbon fuel cracking at temperatures of 450, 475, 500, 525 and 550 ℃ were measured.
As a result: gas production rates at 450, 475, 500, 525 and 550 ℃ were 2.74%, 4.48%, 8.33%, 16.04% and 34.45%, respectively; the heat sinks are 1558.2kJ/kg, 1780.3kJ/kg, 1965kJ/kg, 2152.6kJ/kg and 2451kJ/kg respectively.
Comparative example 2
(1) 0.50g of triethylamine is weighed and added into 1.00kg of aviation kerosene RP-3 to be uniformly stirred.
(2) The fuel containing the additive was fed into the reaction tube (L1000 mm, Φ 3mm × 0.5mm) using a high-pressure constant flow pump. Reaction conditions are as follows: the temperature is 500-550 ℃, the pressure is 4MPa, and the flow is 0.134g/s.
(3) The gas production rate and heat sink for hydrocarbon fuel cracking at temperatures of 450, 475, 500, 525 and 550 ℃ were measured.
As a result: gas production rates of 4.21%, 7.17%, 15.28%, 25.84% and 43.81% at 450, 475, 500, 525 and 550 ℃ respectively; the heatsinks were 1679.5kJ/kg, 1929.7kJ/kg, 2167.1kJ/kg, 2379kJ/kg, and 2679.2kJ/kg, respectively.
The gas production rates and heat sinks of examples 1-4 were compared to comparative examples 1 and 2, and the results are shown in fig. 1 and 2, respectively.
As can be seen from the data, fig. 1 and 2, the cracking performance of hydrocarbon fuel can be effectively improved by adding organic titanate and/or organic silicate to hydrocarbon fuel, wherein the gas yield of the hydrocarbon fuel cracking of example 2 is improved by 554%, 402%, 357%, 234% and 79.4% respectively at the temperature of 450, 475, 500, 525 and 550 ℃ compared with that of comparative example 1 without adding cracking initiator; the heat sink is respectively improved by 18.47%, 19.42%, 26.00%, 25.51% and 18.26%; compared with comparative example 2 with triethylamine, the gas yield is respectively improved by 203%, 213%, 260%, 157% and 59.28%, and the heat sink is respectively improved by 9.95%, 14.37%, 23.36%, 21.21% and 15.53%; the gas production rate and the heat sink of other embodiments are also obviously higher than those of the comparative examples, and the organic titanate and/or organic silicate can be added into the hydrocarbon fuel to promote the cracking of the hydrocarbon fuel, so that the cracking performance can be obviously improved.
The above description is only for the purpose of illustrating the preferred embodiments of the present invention and is not to be construed as limiting the invention, and any modifications, equivalents and improvements made within the spirit and scope of the present invention are intended to be covered thereby.
Claims (4)
1. The application of organic titanate in improving the cracking performance of hydrocarbon fuel is characterized in that: the hydrocarbon fuel is used for hypersonic aircrafts, and the addition amount of organic titanate is 0.001-0.3% of the weight of the hydrocarbon fuel; the hydrocarbon fuel cracking conditions are as follows: the temperature is 400-800 ℃, the fuel flow is 0.1-3g/s, and the system pressure is 2.5-5Mpa; the organic titanate is one or more of n-butyl titanate, isopropyl titanate or titanate coupling agent.
2. Use according to claim 1, characterized in that: the fuel for hypersonic aircraft is paraffin, cycloparaffin or aviation kerosene.
3. A method of improving the cracking performance of a hydrocarbon fuel, comprising: mixing organic titanate and hydrocarbon fuel to obtain a fuel mixture, and then inputting the fuel mixture into a cracking reaction tube for cracking reaction; wherein the hydrocarbon fuel cracking conditions are as follows: the temperature is 400-800 ℃, the fuel flow is 0.1-3g/s, and the system pressure is 2.5-5Mpa; the organic titanate is one or more of n-butyl titanate, isopropyl titanate or titanate coupling agent; the hydrocarbon fuel is used for hypersonic aircrafts, and the addition amount of the organic titanate is 0.001-0.3% of the weight of the hydrocarbon fuel.
4. The method of claim 3, wherein: the cracking conditions of the hydrocarbon fuel are as follows: the temperature is 450-700 ℃, the fuel flow is 1g/s, and the system pressure is 4Mpa.
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Citations (4)
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| US5176814A (en) * | 1991-05-15 | 1993-01-05 | United Technologies Corporation | Method of cooling with an endothermic fuel |
| US5372613A (en) * | 1993-04-19 | 1994-12-13 | Mekonen; Kenneth | Fuel compositions |
| CN1225667A (en) * | 1996-07-01 | 1999-08-11 | M·S·宾格莱 | Additive composition |
| CN101724451A (en) * | 2009-12-09 | 2010-06-09 | 天津大学 | Method for improving cracking and stable performance of jet fuel |
Family Cites Families (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN1908133A (en) * | 2005-08-01 | 2007-02-07 | 葛明龙 | Group substituted silanes spaceflight fuel |
| CN100420733C (en) * | 2006-04-24 | 2008-09-24 | 北京金源化学集团有限公司 | High efficiency combustion catalyst |
| CN107868682B (en) * | 2017-07-24 | 2019-06-18 | 湖北航天化学技术研究所 | A kind of hypersonic aircraft high heat absorbing type fuel and preparation method |
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Patent Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5176814A (en) * | 1991-05-15 | 1993-01-05 | United Technologies Corporation | Method of cooling with an endothermic fuel |
| US5372613A (en) * | 1993-04-19 | 1994-12-13 | Mekonen; Kenneth | Fuel compositions |
| CN1225667A (en) * | 1996-07-01 | 1999-08-11 | M·S·宾格莱 | Additive composition |
| CN101724451A (en) * | 2009-12-09 | 2010-06-09 | 天津大学 | Method for improving cracking and stable performance of jet fuel |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
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| 燃油添加剂对降低汽油机油耗和有害排放物的试验研究;简弃非等;《华南理工大学学报(自然科学版)》;19990731(第07期);第97-100页 * |
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| CN112342065A (en) | 2021-02-09 |
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