CN113494600A - Abnormity diagnosis method and device - Google Patents
Abnormity diagnosis method and device Download PDFInfo
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- CN113494600A CN113494600A CN202110844622.2A CN202110844622A CN113494600A CN 113494600 A CN113494600 A CN 113494600A CN 202110844622 A CN202110844622 A CN 202110844622A CN 113494600 A CN113494600 A CN 113494600A
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16H—GEARING
- F16H61/00—Control functions within control units of change-speed- or reversing-gearings for conveying rotary motion ; Control of exclusively fluid gearing, friction gearing, gearings with endless flexible members or other particular types of gearing
- F16H61/12—Detecting malfunction or potential malfunction, e.g. fail safe; Circumventing or fixing failures
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16H—GEARING
- F16H61/00—Control functions within control units of change-speed- or reversing-gearings for conveying rotary motion ; Control of exclusively fluid gearing, friction gearing, gearings with endless flexible members or other particular types of gearing
- F16H61/12—Detecting malfunction or potential malfunction, e.g. fail safe; Circumventing or fixing failures
- F16H2061/1208—Detecting malfunction or potential malfunction, e.g. fail safe; Circumventing or fixing failures with diagnostic check cycles; Monitoring of failures
- F16H2061/1216—Display or indication of detected failures
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16H—GEARING
- F16H61/00—Control functions within control units of change-speed- or reversing-gearings for conveying rotary motion ; Control of exclusively fluid gearing, friction gearing, gearings with endless flexible members or other particular types of gearing
- F16H61/12—Detecting malfunction or potential malfunction, e.g. fail safe; Circumventing or fixing failures
- F16H2061/1224—Adapting to failures or work around with other constraints, e.g. circumvention by avoiding use of failed parts
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16H—GEARING
- F16H61/00—Control functions within control units of change-speed- or reversing-gearings for conveying rotary motion ; Control of exclusively fluid gearing, friction gearing, gearings with endless flexible members or other particular types of gearing
- F16H61/12—Detecting malfunction or potential malfunction, e.g. fail safe; Circumventing or fixing failures
- F16H2061/124—Limiting the input power, torque or speed
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16H—GEARING
- F16H47/00—Combinations of mechanical gearing with fluid clutches or fluid gearing
- F16H47/06—Combinations of mechanical gearing with fluid clutches or fluid gearing the fluid gearing being of the hydrokinetic type
- F16H47/08—Combinations of mechanical gearing with fluid clutches or fluid gearing the fluid gearing being of the hydrokinetic type the mechanical gearing being of the type with members having orbital motion
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Abstract
The application provides an abnormality diagnosis method and device, relates to the technical field of vehicle verification, and is used for detecting the working condition of a hydraulic mechanical stepless gearbox system pump. In the method, the hydraulic oil temperature and the engine speed of a vehicle are detected; determining a volumetric efficiency of a hydromechanical continuously variable transmission system pump of the vehicle; determining a volume efficiency basic value corresponding to the hydraulic oil temperature and the engine rotating speed obtained by detection according to a pre-stored corresponding relation among the hydraulic oil temperature, the engine rotating speed and the volume efficiency basic value; and when the ratio of the detected difference value of the volumetric efficiency and the volumetric efficiency basic value to the volumetric efficiency basic value is larger than or equal to a first preset ratio, or when the ratio of the detected difference value of the volumetric efficiency and the detected volumetric efficiency basic value to the volumetric efficiency basic value is larger than or equal to a second preset ratio, determining that the pump of the hydraulic mechanical continuously variable transmission system is abnormal.
Description
Technical Field
The present disclosure relates to vehicle verification technologies, and in particular, to a method and an apparatus for diagnosing an abnormality.
Background
The hydraulic mechanical stepless speed changing box integrates the advantages of hydraulic transmission and mechanical transmission, and has high transmission efficiency, large transmission power and wide speed regulation range. Compared with the traditional mechanical gear shifting gearbox, the transmission system of the hydraulic mechanical stepless gearbox is complex in structure, and stepless speed regulation is realized through a hydraulic system, so that the performance of the hydraulic system directly influences the section changing quality of the gearbox. Once the hydraulic system is abnormal, the normal operation of the vehicle is greatly affected. Under the condition that the hydraulic system has abnormal working conditions, if the overflow of a system pump is reduced, the system pump is blocked, and then the risk of shaft breakage is caused. The working environment of the hydraulic system is closed, and the abnormity of the hydraulic system is not as intuitive and easy to detect as that of a mechanical system, so that a proper abnormity diagnosis method is required to be designed for the hydraulic system of the hydraulic mechanical stepless gearbox.
The prior art cannot find the abnormal working condition of a hydraulic mechanical stepless gearbox system pump in time and takes corresponding measures.
Disclosure of Invention
The embodiment of the application provides an abnormity diagnosis method and device, which are used for finding out abnormal working conditions of a hydraulic mechanical stepless gearbox system pump in time and taking corresponding measures.
In a first aspect, an embodiment of the present application provides an abnormality diagnosis method, including:
detecting the hydraulic oil temperature and the engine speed of the vehicle;
determining a volumetric efficiency of a hydromechanical continuously variable transmission system pump of the vehicle;
determining a volume efficiency basic value corresponding to the hydraulic oil temperature and the engine rotating speed obtained by detection according to a pre-stored corresponding relation among the hydraulic oil temperature, the engine rotating speed and the volume efficiency basic value;
and determining whether the pump of the hydraulic mechanical continuously variable transmission system is abnormal or not according to the volumetric efficiency and the volumetric efficiency basic value obtained by detection.
Based on the scheme, the control system can judge whether the pump of the hydraulic mechanical stepless gearbox system is abnormal or not by detecting the volumetric efficiency of the system pump, and the method is simple and easy to implement.
In one possible implementation manner, the method for determining whether the hydromechanical continuously variable transmission system pump is abnormal according to the detected volumetric efficiency and the volumetric efficiency base value comprises the following steps: when the ratio of the difference value of the volumetric efficiency and the basic value of the volumetric efficiency to the basic value of the volumetric efficiency is larger than or equal to a first preset ratio, determining that the pump of the hydraulic mechanical continuously variable transmission system is abnormal; alternatively, the first and second electrodes may be,
and when the ratio of the difference value of the volume efficiency basic value and the detected volume efficiency to the volume efficiency basic value is larger than or equal to a second preset ratio, determining that the pump of the hydraulic mechanical continuously variable transmission system is abnormal.
Based on the scheme, the control system can judge whether the pump of the hydraulic mechanical stepless gearbox system is abnormal or not by detecting the volumetric efficiency of the system pump, and the method is simple and easy to implement. In one possible implementation, the method further includes:
sending out alarm information;
controlling the speed of the vehicle to be not higher than a first threshold value and controlling the torque transmitted by a hydro-mechanical continuously variable transmission of the vehicle to be not higher than a second threshold value.
Based on the scheme, the control system can take corresponding measures when the pump of the hydraulic mechanical continuously variable transmission system is in an abnormal working condition so as to remind a driver of overhauling the pump of the hydraulic mechanical continuously variable transmission system.
In one possible implementation, determining the volumetric efficiency of the vehicle includes:
receiving an actual flow of the hydromechanical continuously variable transmission system pump from a flow sensor;
determining the theoretical flow corresponding to the detected engine speed according to the corresponding relation between the prestored engine speed and the theoretical flow of the pump of the hydraulic mechanical continuously variable transmission system;
and determining the volumetric efficiency according to the actual flow and the theoretical flow.
Based on the scheme, the working condition of the hydraulic mechanical stepless gearbox system pump is diagnosed in an easy-to-realize mode, and a driver can conveniently find the abnormal working condition of the hydraulic mechanical stepless gearbox system pump in time and handle the abnormal working condition in time.
In a possible implementation, the ith volumetric efficiency of the prestored hydraulic oil temperature, the engine speed and the volumetric efficiency is measured at the ith hydraulic oil temperature and the ith engine speed; the difference value between the temperature of the ith hydraulic oil and the temperature of the (i-1) th hydraulic oil is a preset value, and the rotating speed of the ith engine is the same as that of the (i-1) th engine;
the jth volumetric efficiency is measured at the jth hydraulic oil temperature and at the jth engine speed; the temperature of the jth hydraulic oil is the same as that of the jth-1 hydraulic oil, the jth engine speed is one of a set of engine speeds, and the jth engine speed is different from that of the jth-1 engine speed;
wherein i is a positive integer, j is a positive integer, and a total of i + j of the volumetric efficiency basic values are present in the prestored correspondence relationship among the hydraulic oil temperature, the engine speed, and the volumetric efficiency basic value.
Based on the scheme, the correction of the temperature of the hydraulic oil and the rotating speed of the engine is added, so that the volume efficiency basic value is more accurate.
In one possible implementation, the correspondence is determined after a specified period of operation of a hydro-mechanical continuously variable transmission of the vehicle.
Based on the scheme, the consideration on the working time is added, and the change of the gear abrasion on the leakage flow and the system flow is considered, so that the obtained corresponding relation among the temperature of the hydraulic oil, the rotating speed of the engine and the volumetric efficiency is more accurate.
In a second aspect, an embodiment of the present application provides an abnormality diagnosis apparatus, including: a processing unit and a storage unit;
wherein the storage unit is used for storing computer programs or instructions;
the processing unit is used for executing the computer program or the instructions in the storage unit and executing the following processing:
detecting the hydraulic oil temperature and the engine speed of the vehicle;
determining a volumetric efficiency of a hydromechanical continuously variable transmission system pump of the vehicle;
determining a volume efficiency basic value corresponding to the hydraulic oil temperature and the engine rotating speed obtained by detection according to a pre-stored corresponding relation among the hydraulic oil temperature, the engine rotating speed and the volume efficiency basic value;
and determining whether the pump of the hydraulic mechanical continuously variable transmission system is abnormal or not according to the volumetric efficiency and the volumetric efficiency basic value obtained by detection.
In a possible implementation manner, the processing unit, when determining whether the pump of the hydromechanical continuously variable transmission system is abnormal according to the detected volumetric efficiency and the volumetric efficiency basic value, is specifically configured to:
when the ratio of the difference value of the volumetric efficiency and the basic value of the volumetric efficiency to the basic value of the volumetric efficiency is larger than or equal to a first preset ratio, determining that the pump of the hydraulic mechanical continuously variable transmission system is abnormal; alternatively, the first and second electrodes may be,
and when the ratio of the difference value of the volume efficiency basic value and the detected volume efficiency to the volume efficiency basic value is larger than or equal to a second preset ratio, determining that the pump of the hydraulic mechanical continuously variable transmission system is abnormal.
In one possible implementation, the processing unit is further configured to:
sending out alarm information;
controlling the speed of the vehicle to be not higher than a first threshold value and controlling the torque transmitted by a hydro-mechanical continuously variable transmission of the vehicle to be not higher than a second threshold value.
In one possible implementation, the apparatus further includes:
the transceiving unit is used for receiving the actual flow of the hydraulic mechanical continuously variable transmission system pump from a flow sensor;
the processing unit, when processing the volumetric efficiency of the vehicle, is specifically configured to:
determining the theoretical flow corresponding to the detected engine speed according to the corresponding relation between the prestored engine speed and the theoretical flow of the pump of the hydraulic mechanical continuously variable transmission system;
and determining the volumetric efficiency according to the actual flow and the theoretical flow.
In a possible implementation, the ith volumetric efficiency of the prestored hydraulic oil temperature, the engine speed and the volumetric efficiency is measured at the ith hydraulic oil temperature and the ith engine speed; the difference value between the temperature of the ith hydraulic oil and the temperature of the (i-1) th hydraulic oil is a preset value, and the rotating speed of the ith engine is the same as that of the (i-1) th engine;
the jth volumetric efficiency is measured at the jth hydraulic oil temperature and at the jth engine speed; the temperature of the jth hydraulic oil is the same as that of the jth-1 hydraulic oil, the jth engine speed is one of a set of engine speeds, and the jth engine speed is different from that of the jth-1 engine speed;
wherein i is a positive integer, j is a positive integer, and a total of i + j of the volumetric efficiency basic values are present in the prestored correspondence relationship among the hydraulic oil temperature, the engine speed, and the volumetric efficiency basic value.
In one possible implementation, the correspondence is determined after a specified period of operation of a hydro-mechanical continuously variable transmission of the vehicle.
In a third aspect, an embodiment of the present application provides an electronic device, which includes a processor and a memory;
the memory for storing computer programs or instructions;
the processor is configured to execute the computer program or instructions in the memory to perform the operation steps of the method in any one of the possible implementations of the first aspect by using the hardware resources in the controller.
In a fourth aspect, the present application provides a computer-readable storage medium having stored therein instructions, which when executed on a computer, cause the computer to perform the method of the above-described aspects.
In addition, the beneficial effects of the second aspect to the fourth aspect can be referred to as the beneficial effects of the first aspect, and are not described herein again.
Drawings
In order to more clearly illustrate the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present application, the drawings needed to be used in the embodiments of the present application will be briefly described below, and it is obvious that the drawings described below are only some embodiments of the present application, and it is obvious for those skilled in the art to obtain other drawings based on these drawings without creative efforts.
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a hydromechanical continuously variable transmission provided by an embodiment of the present application;
FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a hydromechanical continuously variable transmission system pump according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;
FIG. 3 is an exemplary flowchart of an anomaly diagnosis method provided by an embodiment of the present application;
FIG. 4 is an exemplary flowchart of an anomaly diagnosis method provided by an embodiment of the present application;
fig. 5 is a structural diagram of an abnormality diagnosis apparatus according to an embodiment of the present application;
fig. 6 is a block diagram of an electronic device according to an embodiment of the present application.
Detailed Description
In order to facilitate understanding of technical solutions provided by the embodiments of the present application, terms of art related to the embodiments of the present application are described below.
1) The volumetric efficiency represents the leakage resistance of the pump of the hydraulic mechanical stepless gearbox system and is equal to the ratio of the actual flow rate to the theoretical flow rate of the pump of the hydraulic mechanical stepless gearbox system. Where the actual flow is the theoretical flow minus the leakage flow.
In order to facilitate understanding of technical solutions provided by the embodiments of the present application, the embodiments of the present application are described in further detail below with reference to the drawings of the specification. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present application.
It should be noted that the terms "first," "second," and the like in the description and claims of this application and in the drawings described above are used for distinguishing between similar elements and not necessarily for describing a particular sequential or chronological order. It is to be understood that such descriptions are interchangeable under appropriate circumstances such that the embodiments of the application can be practiced in sequences other than those illustrated or described herein. The embodiments described in the following exemplary embodiments do not represent all embodiments consistent with the present application. Rather, they are merely examples of apparatus and methods consistent with certain aspects of the application, as detailed in the appended claims.
In the description of the present application, "/" indicates an OR meaning, for example, A/B may indicate A or B; in the present application, "and/or" is only an association relationship describing an associated object, and means that there may be three relationships, for example, a and/or B, and may mean: a exists alone, A and B exist simultaneously, and B exists alone. In addition, in the description of the present application, "a plurality" means two or more.
At present, a method for identifying the working state of a pump of a hydraulic mechanical continuously variable transmission system and diagnosing the abnormal working condition of the pump of the hydraulic mechanical continuously variable transmission system in time does not exist in the related technology. Once the hydraulic mechanical stepless transmission system pump has an abnormal working condition, the normal operation of a vehicle can be greatly influenced, even the result of shaft breakage is caused, so how to design a proper abnormal diagnosis method for the hydraulic mechanical stepless transmission system pump is urgent to solve.
In view of this, the present application provides an abnormality diagnosis method. In the method, volumetric efficiency curves under different temperatures and different rotating speeds under normal conditions can be established and stored in a Transmission Control Unit (TCU). The control system can monitor the real-time volumetric efficiency value of the hydraulic mechanical continuously variable transmission system pump in the running process of the vehicle, and judge whether the ratio of the difference value of the real-time volumetric efficiency value and the volumetric efficiency basic value of the corresponding rotating speed and temperature under the normal condition to the volumetric efficiency basic value is too large or too small, so that the purposes of intelligently identifying the working state of the hydraulic mechanical continuously variable transmission system pump and diagnosing the abnormality of the hydraulic mechanical continuously variable transmission system pump are achieved.
The structure of the hydromechanical continuously variable transmission is described below. Referring to fig. 1, the hydraulic mechanical continuously variable transmission includes a hydraulic system and a mechanical system, the hydraulic system includes a system pump and a motor (shown as a pump motor system), an input shaft is connected with an engine, the engine speed is divided to the hydraulic system and the mechanical system through a fixed gear, then is converged by a planetary gear mechanism, and is output through an output end.
The structure of the system pump will be described below. Referring to fig. 2, the system pump is formed by mutually meshing a pair of gears with the same parameters, the gap between the gear and the inner wall surface of the pump body is small, the suction and discharge cavity can be separated, hydraulic oil in the suction cavity is discharged from the oil discharge cavity through extrusion through rotation of the gear, and low-pressure oil is converted into high-pressure oil.
Referring to fig. 3, an exemplary flowchart of an abnormality diagnosis method provided in an embodiment of the present application may include the following operations.
301: the control system detects the hydraulic oil temperature and the engine speed of the vehicle.
In the running process of the vehicle, the control system can detect the temperature of hydraulic oil of a pump of a continuously variable transmission system of the vehicle and the rotating speed of an engine of the pump. The temperature of the hydraulic oil can be determined by a temperature sensor, the temperature sensor can send the measured temperature of the hydraulic oil to a control system, and the measured temperature of the hydraulic oil can be displayed on a central control display interface. The engine speed may be determined by a tachometer on the instrument panel, which may optionally display the engine speed under various operating conditions.
302: the control system calculates a real-time volumetric efficiency of the vehicle.
The volumetric efficiency can be determined by the actual flow and the theoretical flow of a hydraulic mechanical stepless gearbox system pump. The actual flow can be a system flow, that is, an actual flow generated by the system during the running of the vehicle, and the actual flow can be detected by a flow sensor, and the flow sensor can be placed on an output pipeline of the hydraulic oil. In the embodiment of the present application, a method for measuring the actual flow rate is not particularly limited.
The flow sensor can measure the actual flow of the pump of the hydraulic mechanical stepless gearbox system and send the measured actual flow to the control system. The theoretical flow rate is related to the engine speed, and the control system may store a corresponding relationship between the theoretical flow rate and the engine speed, such as Q _ T ═ Vn/1000. Vn is the displacement of a pump of a hydraulic mechanical stepless gearbox system, and n is the rotating speed of an engine. The control system can determine the theoretical flow corresponding to the detected engine speed according to the detected engine speed.
In one possible implementation, the control system may calculate the real-time volumetric efficiency of the vehicle by equation (1) below.
η _ Q ═ Q _ R/Q _ T equation (1)
In the above formula (1), η _ Q is the volumetric efficiency, Q _ R is the actual flow rate, and Q _ T is the theoretical flow rate.
303: and the control system determines whether the pump of the hydraulic mechanical continuously variable transmission system is abnormal or not according to the volumetric efficiency obtained by detection and the volumetric efficiency basic value.
The above-mentioned volumetric efficiency base value may be prestored by the control system. The control system can store the corresponding relation among the engine speed, the hydraulic oil temperature and the volume efficiency basic value, and the corresponding relation can be obtained by testing the hydraulic mechanical stepless gearbox through the testing system. The hydraulic stepless gearbox of the vehicle and the test hydraulic stepless gearbox can be the same hydraulic stepless gearbox or different hydraulic mechanical stepless gearboxes. It will be appreciated that the test hydro-mechanical cvt is the same model hydro-mechanical cvt as the vehicle described above.
In one possible implementation, the control system may compare the real-time volumetric efficiency to a volumetric efficiency base value.
In one example, the control system may determine whether a ratio of a difference between the real-time volumetric efficiency and the volumetric efficiency base value to the volumetric efficiency base value is greater than or equal to a first preset ratio.
Specifically, the control system can determine that abnormal working conditions occur in the pump of the hydraulic mechanical continuously variable transmission system when the ratio of the difference value of the real-time volumetric efficiency minus the volumetric efficiency basic value to the volumetric efficiency basic value is larger than or equal to a first preset ratio. The aforementioned first predetermined ratio may be determined empirically, such as 3%, 5% or 7%, and the application is not limited specifically. When the ratio of the difference value to the volume efficiency basic value is larger than or equal to a first preset ratio, the hydraulic mechanical continuously variable transmission system pump may be stuck, and therefore the control system can determine that the hydraulic mechanical continuously variable transmission system pump has an abnormal working condition.
And if the ratio of the difference value of the real-time volumetric efficiency and the volumetric efficiency basic value to the volumetric efficiency basic value is smaller than a first preset ratio, the pump of the hydraulic mechanical continuously variable transmission system is normal. In another example, the control system may determine whether a ratio of a difference between the volumetric efficiency base and the real-time volumetric efficiency to the volumetric efficiency base is greater than or equal to a second predetermined ratio.
Specifically, the control system can determine that abnormal working conditions occur in the pump of the hydraulic mechanical continuously variable transmission system when the ratio of the difference value of the real-time volumetric efficiency subtracted from the volumetric efficiency basic value to the volumetric efficiency basic value is larger than or equal to a second preset ratio. The second preset ratio may be determined empirically, such as 8%, 10% or 12%, and when the ratio of the difference to the base value of the volumetric efficiency is greater than or equal to the second preset ratio, the pressure of the hydraulic system may be low, so that the control system may determine that an abnormal condition occurs in the pump of the hydraulic mechanical continuously variable transmission system.
And if the ratio of the difference value of the volume efficiency basic value and the real-time volume efficiency to the volume efficiency basic value is smaller than a second preset ratio, the pump of the hydraulic mechanical continuously variable transmission system is normal.
Optionally, when the pump of the actual hydraulic mechanical continuously variable transmission system is abnormal, the control system can also reduce the vehicle speed and the torque transmitted by the hydraulic mechanical continuously variable transmission through an instruction. For example, the control system may control the speed of the vehicle to be no higher than a first threshold and the torque delivered by the hydromechanical continuously variable transmission to be no higher than a second threshold. The first threshold may be predetermined according to an empirical value, and may be, for example, 2Km/h, 4Km/h, or 5Km/h, and the like, which is not limited in the present application. The second threshold may be predetermined from an empirical value, and may be, for example, 173.5N · m or 180N · m.
The speed and the torque of the vehicle are reduced, so that the load of the vehicle is reduced, the load of a gearbox is reduced, the rotating speed of an engine is reduced, and the risk of shaft breakage of a pump of a hydraulic mechanical stepless gearbox system is avoided.
In a possible implementation mode, if the control system judges that the pump of the hydraulic mechanical continuously variable transmission system has abnormal working conditions, the control system can also send out alarm information to remind a driver of overhauling the pump of the hydraulic mechanical continuously variable transmission system. The warning message may be an audio warning, such as a beep, or the warning message may be a display warning, such as an abnormal message icon displayed on a dashboard or a center control display interface of the vehicle.
It should be noted that the measures taken by the control system when the pump of the hydraulic mechanical continuously variable transmission system has abnormal working conditions are only exemplary and do not constitute a limitation on the measures taken by the control system. The control system can also take other measures to reduce the engine speed or reduce the temperature of the hydraulic oil, such as directly controlling the reduction of the engine speed and the like.
Based on the scheme, the control system can judge whether the pump of the hydraulic mechanical stepless gearbox system is abnormal or not by detecting the volumetric efficiency of the system pump, and the method is simple and easy to implement. In addition, the control system can take corresponding measures when the pump of the hydraulic mechanical continuously variable transmission system is abnormal, and the situation that the pump of the hydraulic mechanical continuously variable transmission system is broken is avoided.
Hereinafter, a method of obtaining the correspondence relationship between the hydraulic oil temperature, the engine speed, and the volumetric efficiency in the embodiment of the present application will be described. The test system may include a control system, a hydro-mechanical continuously variable transmission, and a flow sensor. The viscosity of hydraulic oil is sensitive to temperature change, and the viscosity of hydraulic oil is obviously reduced when the temperature is increased. Therefore, when the volumetric efficiency of the pump of the hydraulic mechanical continuously variable transmission system is detected and tested, the influence of different temperatures on the volumetric efficiency of the pump of the hydraulic mechanical continuously variable transmission system is considered. The working temperature range of the hydraulic mechanical continuously variable transmission is generally 20-95 ℃, pumps of a hydraulic mechanical continuously variable transmission system are tested at intervals of 5 ℃, and in addition, the volumetric efficiency of the pumps of the hydraulic mechanical continuously variable transmission system is different at different rotating speeds, so that the volumetric efficiency of the pumps of the hydraulic mechanical continuously variable transmission system is respectively tested at the rotating speeds of an engine of 800rpm, 1000rpm, 1200rpm, 1500rpm or 1800 rpm. The corresponding relation of the hydraulic oil temperature, the engine speed and the volumetric efficiency can be obtained and stored in the control system as a volumetric efficiency basic value.
For example, the volumetric efficiency base value of the pump of the test hydromechanical continuously variable transmission system can be detected under the condition that the temperature is changed and the engine speed is not changed. Specifically, the control system can control the hydraulic oil temperature to be 20 ℃ and the engine speed to be 800 rpm. At the moment, the flow sensor can measure and obtain the actual flow of the pump of the hydraulic mechanical continuously variable transmission system and send the actual flow to the control system. The control system can determine the corresponding theoretical flow when the engine speed is 800rpm according to the prestored corresponding relation between the engine speed and the theoretical flow. The control system can determine and test the volumetric efficiency of the pump of the hydraulic mechanical continuously variable transmission system according to the determined theoretical flow and the actual flow measured by the flow sensor, and correspondingly stores the volumetric efficiency basic value as the temperature of the hydraulic oil is 20 ℃ and the rotating speed of the engine is 800 rpm. Next, the control system may control the hydraulic oil temperature to 25 ℃ and the engine speed to 800 rpm. At the moment, the flow sensor can measure and obtain the actual flow of the pump of the hydraulic mechanical continuously variable transmission system and send the actual flow to the control system. The control system can determine the corresponding theoretical flow when the engine speed is 800rpm according to the prestored corresponding relation between the engine speed and the theoretical flow. The control system can determine and test the volumetric efficiency of the pump of the hydraulic mechanical continuously variable transmission system according to the determined theoretical flow and the actual flow measured by the flow sensor, and correspondingly stores the volumetric efficiency basic value as the temperature of the hydraulic oil is 25 ℃ and the rotating speed of the engine is 800 rpm. By analogy, the control system can control the temperature of the hydraulic oil to increase at intervals of 5 ℃ so as to respectively obtain the volumetric efficiency when the temperature of the hydraulic oil is 20-95 ℃ and the rotating speed of the engine is 800 rpm.
Secondly, the control system can obtain the volumetric efficiency when the engine speed is controlled to be 1000rpm and the temperature of the hydraulic oil is different. Specifically, the control system can control the hydraulic oil temperature to be 20 ℃ and the engine speed to be 1000 rpm. At the moment, the flow sensor can measure and obtain the actual flow of the pump of the hydraulic mechanical continuously variable transmission system and send the actual flow to the control system. The control system can determine the corresponding theoretical flow when the engine speed is 1000rpm according to the prestored corresponding relation between the engine speed and the theoretical flow. The control system can determine and test the volumetric efficiency of the pump of the hydraulic mechanical continuously variable transmission system according to the determined theoretical flow and the actual flow measured by the flow sensor, and correspondingly stores the volumetric efficiency basic value as the temperature of the hydraulic oil is 20 ℃ and the rotating speed of the engine is 1000 rpm. Next, the control system may control the hydraulic oil temperature to 25 ℃ and the engine speed to 1000 rpm. At the moment, the flow sensor can measure and obtain the actual flow of the pump of the hydraulic mechanical continuously variable transmission system and send the actual flow to the control system. The control system can determine the corresponding theoretical flow when the engine speed is 1000rpm according to the prestored corresponding relation between the engine speed and the theoretical flow. The control system can determine and test the volumetric efficiency of the pump of the hydraulic mechanical continuously variable transmission system according to the determined theoretical flow and the actual flow measured by the flow sensor, and correspondingly stores the volumetric efficiency basic value as the temperature of the hydraulic oil is 25 ℃ and the rotating speed of the engine is 1000 rpm. By analogy, the control system can control the temperature of the hydraulic oil to increase at intervals of 5 ℃ so as to respectively obtain the volumetric efficiency when the temperature of the hydraulic oil is 20-95 ℃ and the rotating speed of the engine is 1000 rpm.
In the method, the control system controls the temperature of the hydraulic oil to increase at intervals of 5 ℃, and in specific implementation, the control system may also control the temperature of the hydraulic oil to increase at intervals of other temperatures, for example, 10 ℃, 8 ℃ or 15 ℃, and the like, and the present application is not limited in particular.
In addition, the control system in the method respectively obtains the volumetric efficiency when the temperature of the hydraulic oil is 20-95 ℃, and the control system can also respectively obtain the volumetric efficiency when the temperature is 0-100 ℃ or 0-120 ℃ through the method in specific implementation and can be determined according to actual conditions.
By analogy, the control system can respectively obtain the volume efficiency basic values of the pump of the hydraulic mechanical stepless gearbox system at different hydraulic oil temperatures under the conditions that the rotating speed of the engine is 800rpm, 1000rpm, 1200rpm, 1500rpm and 1800 rpm. The corresponding relation among the temperature of the hydraulic oil, the rotating speed of the engine and the volumetric efficiency can be stored in a control system of each vehicle, so that the abnormality diagnosis of the pump of the hydraulic mechanical continuously variable transmission system can be realized.
Therefore, in the correspondence relation of the hydraulic oil temperature, the engine speed, and the volumetric efficiency stored in the control system, the ith volumetric efficiency is measured at the ith hydraulic oil temperature and the ith engine speed. The difference value between the temperature of the ith hydraulic oil and the temperature of the (i-1) th hydraulic oil is a preset value, and the rotating speed of the ith engine is the same as that of the (i-1) th engine. The jth volumetric efficiency is measured at the jth hydraulic oil temperature and at the jth engine speed. The temperature of the jth hydraulic oil is the same as that of the jth-1 hydraulic oil, the jth engine speed is one of the set of engine speeds, and the jth engine speed is different from that of the jth-1 engine speed. Wherein i is a positive integer, j is a positive integer, and the sum of i + j basic values of volumetric efficiency is in the correspondence among the prestored hydraulic oil temperature, the engine speed, and the basic value of volumetric efficiency.
It should be understood that the above-mentioned method for obtaining the correspondence relationship between the hydraulic oil temperature, the engine speed, and the volumetric efficiency is merely exemplary, and those skilled in the art may obtain the correspondence relationship between the hydraulic oil temperature, the engine speed, and the volumetric efficiency in other manners. For example, the volumetric efficiency at different hydraulic oil temperatures may be obtained when the engine speed is 800rpm, the volumetric efficiency at different hydraulic oil temperatures may be obtained when the engine speed is 1000rpm by changing the engine speed, and the corresponding relationship among the hydraulic oil temperature, the engine speed, and the volumetric efficiency may be obtained by analogy.
Based on the scheme, the correction of the temperature of the hydraulic oil and the rotating speed of the engine is added, so that the volume efficiency basic value is more accurate.
In a possible implementation manner, after the hydro-mechanical continuously variable transmission system pump works for a long time, the gears of the hydro-mechanical continuously variable transmission system pump are abraded, so that the leakage flow of the hydro-mechanical continuously variable transmission system pump can be changed, and the volume efficiency basic value of the hydro-mechanical continuously variable transmission system pump can be changed. Therefore, the control system can control the pump of the hydraulic mechanical inorganic gearbox system to continuously work, and when the working duration of the pump of the hydraulic mechanical inorganic gearbox system reaches a specified duration, the corresponding relation among the temperature of the hydraulic oil, the rotating speed of the engine and the volumetric efficiency is obtained again and stored in the control system of the vehicle. The specified time period may be predetermined according to an empirical value, such as 100 hours, 500 hours, or 1000 hours, and the present application is not particularly limited.
Based on the scheme, the consideration on the working time is added, and the change of the gear abrasion on the leakage flow and the system flow is considered, so that the obtained corresponding relation among the temperature of the hydraulic oil, the rotating speed of the engine and the volumetric efficiency is more accurate.
In order to more clearly understand the solutions proposed in the embodiments of the present application, the abnormality diagnosis method provided in the present application will be described with reference to specific embodiments. The method mainly comprises two stages, namely firstly generating a volume efficiency basic value curve, and then diagnosing the abnormal working condition of the pump of the hydraulic mechanical continuously variable transmission system when the vehicle runs according to the curve. Referring to fig. 4, an exemplary flowchart of an abnormality diagnosis method according to an embodiment of the present application is provided. The method specifically comprises the following steps:
401, the control system sets the engine speed to 800rpm, 1000rpm, 1200rpm, 1500rpm, 1800rpm, respectively.
402, the control system detects volumetric efficiency every 5 degrees within the range of hydraulic oil temperature of 20-95 ℃.
The volumetric efficiency curve is stored 403 in the control system as a volumetric efficiency base value.
The volumetric efficiency curve may refer to a corresponding relationship between the engine speed, the hydraulic oil temperature, and the volumetric efficiency measured by 401 and 402, and may specifically refer to the related description in the method embodiment shown in fig. 3, which is not described herein again.
404, controlling the system working timing.
And controlling the vehicle to normally run, and timing the running time of the vehicle.
405, the control system determines whether the timed interval is greater than 100 hours.
When the timing length is longer than 100 hours, the control system may return to execute 401 and 403, so as to obtain the volumetric efficiency curve when the vehicle operating length is longer than 100 hours, and store the curve in the control system.
406, the control system detects the hydraulic oil temperature and the engine speed of the vehicle.
The method for detecting the hydraulic oil temperature and the engine speed of the vehicle by the control system can be referred to the related description in the method embodiment shown in fig. 3, and is not described herein again.
The control system detects real-time volumetric efficiency 407.
The method for calculating the volumetric efficiency by the control system can refer to the related description of the embodiment of the method shown in fig. 3, and is not described herein again.
408, the control system determines whether the difference between the real-time volumetric efficiency and the corresponding base value of volumetric efficiency in the volumetric efficiency curve is greater than 5% of the base value of volumetric efficiency.
When the ratio of the difference value of the volume efficiency basic value corresponding to the current hydraulic oil temperature and the engine rotating speed in the real-time volume efficiency minus volume efficiency curve and the volume efficiency basic value is higher than 5%, the control system judges that the pump of the hydraulic mechanical continuously variable transmission system has an abnormal working condition, and continues to execute 410. Otherwise 409 is performed.
409, the control system judges whether the difference between the corresponding volume efficiency basic value and the real-time volume efficiency in the volume efficiency curve is higher than 10% of the volume efficiency basic value.
And when the ratio of the difference value of the real-time volumetric efficiency subtracted from the volumetric efficiency basic value corresponding to the current hydraulic oil temperature and the engine rotating speed in the volumetric efficiency curve and the volumetric efficiency basic value is lower than 10%, the control system judges that the pump of the hydraulic mechanical continuously variable transmission system has an abnormal working condition, and continues to execute 410. Otherwise return to execution 407.
The control system reduces the vehicle speed and torque delivered by the hydro-mechanical continuously variable transmission 410.
The measures taken by the control system when the pump of the hydro-mechanical continuously variable transmission system is abnormal can be referred to the related description in the method embodiment shown in fig. 3, and are not described herein again.
The volumetric efficiency of the hydraulic mechanical stepless gearbox system pump is a relatively stable value in a normal working state, when the system pump is in an abnormal working state, the volumetric efficiency can be changed, the working state of the system pump can be intelligently identified by monitoring the volumetric efficiency of the system pump in real time, active intervention can be timely carried out when the system pump is abnormal, and the phenomenon that the system pump is broken is avoided. Therefore, according to the scheme provided by the embodiment of the application, the working state of the pump of the hydraulic mechanical continuously variable transmission system is intelligently identified by detecting the volumetric efficiency of the pump of the hydraulic mechanical continuously variable transmission system in real time, and active intervention is performed when abnormality occurs.
Based on the same concept of the above method, referring to fig. 5, an abnormality diagnosis apparatus 500 is provided according to an embodiment of the present application. The apparatus 500 is capable of performing the various steps of the above-described method, and will not be described in detail herein to avoid repetition. The apparatus 500 comprises a memory unit 501 and a processing unit 502. Optionally, the apparatus 500 may further include a transceiver unit 503.
In one scenario:
the storage unit 501 is used to store computer programs or instructions;
a processing unit 502 for executing the computer program or instructions in the storage unit and performing the following processes:
detecting the hydraulic oil temperature and the engine speed of the vehicle;
determining a volumetric efficiency of a hydromechanical continuously variable transmission system pump of the vehicle;
determining a volume efficiency basic value corresponding to the hydraulic oil temperature and the engine rotating speed obtained by detection according to a pre-stored corresponding relation among the hydraulic oil temperature, the engine rotating speed and the volume efficiency basic value;
and determining whether the pump of the hydraulic mechanical continuously variable transmission system is abnormal or not according to the volumetric efficiency and the volumetric efficiency basic value obtained by detection.
In a possible implementation manner, the processing unit, when determining whether the pump of the hydromechanical continuously variable transmission system is abnormal according to the detected volumetric efficiency and the volumetric efficiency basic value, is specifically configured to:
when the ratio of the detected difference value of the volumetric efficiency and the volumetric efficiency basic value to the volumetric efficiency basic value is larger than or equal to a first preset ratio, determining that the pump of the hydraulic mechanical continuously variable transmission system is abnormal; alternatively, the first and second electrodes may be,
and when the ratio of the difference value of the volume efficiency basic value and the detected volume efficiency basic value to the volume efficiency basic value is larger than or equal to a second preset ratio, determining that the pump of the hydraulic mechanical continuously variable transmission system is abnormal.
In a possible implementation manner, the processing unit 502 is further configured to:
sending out alarm information;
controlling the speed of the vehicle to be not higher than a first threshold value and controlling the torque transmitted by a hydro-mechanical continuously variable transmission of the vehicle to be not higher than a second threshold value;
in one possible implementation, the transceiver unit 503 is configured to receive an actual flow of the hydromechanical continuously variable transmission system pump from a flow sensor;
the processing unit 502, when processing the volumetric efficiency of the vehicle, is specifically configured to:
determining the theoretical flow corresponding to the detected engine speed according to the corresponding relation between the prestored engine speed and the theoretical flow of the pump of the hydraulic mechanical continuously variable transmission system;
and determining the volumetric efficiency according to the actual flow and the theoretical flow.
In a possible implementation, the ith volumetric efficiency of the prestored hydraulic oil temperature, the engine speed and the volumetric efficiency is measured at the ith hydraulic oil temperature and the ith engine speed; the difference value between the temperature of the ith hydraulic oil and the temperature of the (i-1) th hydraulic oil is a preset value, and the rotating speed of the ith engine is the same as that of the (i-1) th engine;
the jth volumetric efficiency is measured at the jth hydraulic oil temperature and at the jth engine speed; the temperature of the jth hydraulic oil is the same as that of the jth-1 hydraulic oil, the jth engine speed is one of a set of engine speeds, and the jth engine speed is different from that of the jth-1 engine speed;
wherein i is a positive integer, j is a positive integer, and a total of i + j of the volumetric efficiency basic values are present in the prestored correspondence relationship among the hydraulic oil temperature, the engine speed, and the volumetric efficiency basic value.
In one possible implementation, the correspondence is determined after a specified period of operation of a hydro-mechanical continuously variable transmission of the vehicle.
An electronic device is also provided in the embodiments of the present application, and referring to fig. 6, the electronic device includes a processor 601 and a memory 602. The memory 602 is used for storing computer-executable instructions, and the processor 601 executes the computer-executable instructions in the memory to perform the operation steps of the method in any one of the possible implementations of the method described above by using hardware resources in the controller. The processor 601 may be used to perform the operations of the processing unit 502 and the memory 602 may be used to perform the operations of the storage unit 501.
Embodiments of the present application also provide a computer-readable medium, on which a computer program is stored, where the computer program is executed by a processor or a controller to implement the steps of any of the methods as described above.
Those of ordinary skill in the art will understand that: all or a portion of the steps of implementing the above-described method embodiments may be performed by hardware associated with program instructions. The program may be stored in a computer-readable storage medium. When executed, the program performs steps comprising the method embodiments described above; and the aforementioned storage medium includes: various media that can store program codes, such as ROM, RAM, magnetic or optical disks.
While specific embodiments of the present application have been described above, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that these are by way of example only, and that the scope of the present application is defined by the appended claims. Various changes and modifications to these embodiments may be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and principles of this application, and these changes and modifications are intended to be included within the scope of this application. While the preferred embodiments of the present application have been described, additional variations and modifications in those embodiments may occur to those skilled in the art once they learn of the basic inventive concepts. Therefore, it is intended that the appended claims be interpreted as including preferred embodiments and all alterations and modifications as fall within the scope of the application.
It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications may be made in the present application without departing from the scope of the application. Thus, if such modifications and variations of the present application fall within the scope of the claims of the present application and their equivalents, the present application is intended to include such modifications and variations as well.
Claims (14)
1. An abnormality diagnosis method characterized by comprising:
detecting the hydraulic oil temperature and the engine speed of the vehicle;
determining a volumetric efficiency of a hydromechanical continuously variable transmission system pump of the vehicle;
determining a volume efficiency basic value corresponding to the hydraulic oil temperature and the engine rotating speed obtained by detection according to a pre-stored corresponding relation among the hydraulic oil temperature, the engine rotating speed and the volume efficiency basic value;
and determining whether the pump of the hydraulic mechanical continuously variable transmission system is abnormal or not according to the volumetric efficiency and the volumetric efficiency basic value obtained by detection.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein determining whether the hydromechanical continuously variable transmission system pump is abnormal based on the detected volumetric efficiency and the volumetric efficiency base value comprises:
when the ratio of the difference value of the volumetric efficiency and the basic value of the volumetric efficiency to the basic value of the volumetric efficiency is larger than or equal to a first preset ratio, determining that the pump of the hydraulic mechanical continuously variable transmission system is abnormal; alternatively, the first and second electrodes may be,
and when the ratio of the difference value of the volume efficiency basic value and the detected volume efficiency to the volume efficiency basic value is larger than or equal to a second preset ratio, determining that the pump of the hydraulic mechanical continuously variable transmission system is abnormal.
3. The method of claim 1 or 2, further comprising:
sending out alarm information;
controlling the speed of the vehicle to be not higher than a first threshold value and controlling the torque transmitted by a hydro-mechanical continuously variable transmission of the vehicle to be not higher than a second threshold value.
4. The method of claim 1 or 2, wherein determining the volumetric efficiency of the vehicle comprises:
receiving an actual flow of the hydromechanical continuously variable transmission system pump from a flow sensor;
determining the theoretical flow corresponding to the detected engine speed according to the corresponding relation between the prestored engine speed and the theoretical flow of the pump of the hydraulic mechanical continuously variable transmission system;
and determining the volumetric efficiency according to the actual flow and the theoretical flow.
5. The method according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the ith volumetric efficiency of the prestored hydraulic oil temperature, the engine speed and the volumetric efficiency is measured at the ith hydraulic oil temperature and the ith engine speed; the difference value between the temperature of the ith hydraulic oil and the temperature of the (i-1) th hydraulic oil is a preset value, and the rotating speed of the ith engine is the same as that of the (i-1) th engine;
the jth volumetric efficiency is measured at the jth hydraulic oil temperature and at the jth engine speed; the temperature of the jth hydraulic oil is the same as that of the jth-1 hydraulic oil, the jth engine speed is one of a set of engine speeds, and the jth engine speed is different from that of the jth-1 engine speed;
wherein i is a positive integer, j is a positive integer, and a total of i + j of the volumetric efficiency basic values are present in the prestored correspondence relationship among the hydraulic oil temperature, the engine speed, and the volumetric efficiency basic value.
6. The method according to claim 5, wherein the correspondence is determined after a specified period of operation of a hydro-mechanical continuously variable transmission of the vehicle.
7. An abnormality diagnostic device characterized by comprising: a processing unit and a storage unit;
wherein the storage unit is used for storing computer programs or instructions;
the processing unit is used for executing the computer program or the instructions in the storage unit and executing the following processing:
detecting the hydraulic oil temperature and the engine speed of the vehicle;
determining a volumetric efficiency of a hydromechanical continuously variable transmission system pump of the vehicle;
determining a volume efficiency basic value corresponding to the hydraulic oil temperature and the engine rotating speed obtained by detection according to a pre-stored corresponding relation among the hydraulic oil temperature, the engine rotating speed and the volume efficiency basic value;
and determining whether the pump of the hydraulic mechanical continuously variable transmission system is abnormal or not according to the volumetric efficiency and the volumetric efficiency basic value obtained by detection.
8. The arrangement according to claim 7, wherein the processing unit, when determining whether the hydromechanical continuously variable transmission system pump is abnormal based on the detected volumetric efficiency and the volumetric efficiency base value, is specifically configured to:
when the ratio of the difference value of the volumetric efficiency and the basic value of the volumetric efficiency to the basic value of the volumetric efficiency is larger than or equal to a first preset ratio, determining that the pump of the hydraulic mechanical continuously variable transmission system is abnormal; alternatively, the first and second electrodes may be,
and when the ratio of the difference value of the volume efficiency basic value and the detected volume efficiency to the volume efficiency basic value is larger than or equal to a second preset ratio, determining that the pump of the hydraulic mechanical continuously variable transmission system is abnormal.
9. The apparatus of claim 7 or 8, wherein the processing unit is further configured to:
sending out alarm information;
controlling the speed of the vehicle to be not higher than a first threshold value and controlling the torque transmitted by a hydro-mechanical continuously variable transmission of the vehicle to be not higher than a second threshold value.
10. The apparatus of claim 7 or 8, further comprising:
the transceiving unit is used for receiving the actual flow of the hydraulic mechanical continuously variable transmission system pump from a flow sensor;
the processing unit, when processing the volumetric efficiency of the vehicle, is specifically configured to:
determining the theoretical flow corresponding to the detected engine speed according to the corresponding relation between the prestored engine speed and the theoretical flow of the pump of the hydraulic mechanical continuously variable transmission system;
and determining the volumetric efficiency according to the actual flow and the theoretical flow.
11. The apparatus according to claim 7 or 8, characterized in that an ith volumetric efficiency of the prestored hydraulic oil temperature, the engine speed and the volumetric efficiency is measured at the ith hydraulic oil temperature and the ith engine speed; the difference value between the temperature of the ith hydraulic oil and the temperature of the (i-1) th hydraulic oil is a preset value, and the rotating speed of the ith engine is the same as that of the (i-1) th engine;
the jth volumetric efficiency is measured at the jth hydraulic oil temperature and at the jth engine speed; the temperature of the jth hydraulic oil is the same as that of the jth-1 hydraulic oil, the jth engine speed is one of a set of engine speeds, and the jth engine speed is different from that of the jth-1 engine speed;
wherein i is a positive integer, j is a positive integer, and a total of i + j of the volumetric efficiency basic values are present in the prestored correspondence relationship among the hydraulic oil temperature, the engine speed, and the volumetric efficiency basic value.
12. The apparatus according to claim 11, wherein the correspondence is determined after a specified period of operation of a hydro-mechanical continuously variable transmission of the vehicle.
13. An electronic device comprising a processor and a memory;
the memory for storing computer programs or instructions;
the processor for executing a computer program or instructions in a memory, such that the method of any of claims 1-6 is performed.
14. A computer-readable storage medium having stored thereon computer-executable instructions which, when invoked by a computer, cause the computer to perform the method of any one of claims 1 to 6.
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