CN113470492B - Demonstration device and demonstration method for verifying heisenberg uncertainty principle - Google Patents
Demonstration device and demonstration method for verifying heisenberg uncertainty principle Download PDFInfo
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- CN113470492B CN113470492B CN202110747792.9A CN202110747792A CN113470492B CN 113470492 B CN113470492 B CN 113470492B CN 202110747792 A CN202110747792 A CN 202110747792A CN 113470492 B CN113470492 B CN 113470492B
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Abstract
The invention provides an experiment teaching demonstration device for verifying a Heisenberg uncertainty principle, which comprises a laser, an M-Z interferometer with any beam splitting ratio and a data acquisition system. The laser emits monochromatic incident laser with stable frequency, and the incident laser passes through an arbitrary beam splitting ratio M-Z interferometer composed of a reflector, a half-wave plate, a polarization beam splitter, a phase modulator, a first signal generator and a beam combiner. And the related data is analyzed and processed by an acquisition system consisting of a balanced homodyne detector, a multiplier, a second signal generator, a low-pass filter and an oscilloscope. Based on the device, the invention further provides an experimental teaching demonstration method for verifying the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, which verifies the uncertainty principle of the quantum orthogonal operator through balanced homodyne detection of coherent light on one hand, and verifies the uncertainty principle between the particle number and the phase through intensity detection of an M-Z interferometer on the other hand. The device and the method are convenient to use, have intuitive experimental effect and provide possibility for popularization of the quantum measurement technology.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of optics and measurement, in particular to an experimental teaching demonstration device and method for verifying the uncertainty principle of Heisenberg.
Background
In university physical teaching, the knowledge points of quantum mechanics are abstract and not easy to understand. The Heisenberg uncertainty principle is used as the basis of quantum mechanics and is used for describing that microscopic particles cannot have determined space-time positions and momentum simultaneously in the motion process. This is contradictory to the knowledge in classical physics that the dynamic variables such as position, momentum, etc. of an object can be arbitrarily and accurately obtained. Meanwhile, the uncertainty principle is not easy to observe in real life, and the relevant experiment teaching devices lack in experiment teaching and other reasons, so that quantum mechanics is obscure and unintelligible, and the method becomes a difficult problem in the teaching process of the department.
However, in the last decade, quantum light sources, quantum measurement, quantum computers and the like have been developed on the basis of the heisenberg uncertainty principle, and have made great progress in the international physics field, so that it is important to design an experimental teaching demonstration device and method for verifying the heisenberg uncertainty principle to improve the quality of the university physics specialty student culture.
However, the traditional heisenberg uncertainty principle verification experiments are all realized through electron diffraction experiments, and the experiment equipment is complex, expensive and very complex in operation and debugging, so that the heisenberg uncertainty principle verification experiments are not suitable for college physical experiments. Therefore, the invention aims to provide an experiment teaching demonstration device and method for verifying the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, which meet the characteristics of clear physics, intuitive experiment phenomenon, easy operation and maintenance of instruments and the like, and provide possibility for popularization of quantum measurement technology.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention provides an experimental teaching demonstration device and method for verifying a Heisenberg uncertainty principle, and aims to demonstrate a quantum mechanics basic principle in an experimental mode so that a student can know and master the quantum mechanics principle and method.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention provides an experiment teaching demonstration device for verifying the heisenberg uncertainty principle, which comprises: the system comprises a laser, an M-Z interferometer with any beam splitting ratio and a data acquisition system. Wherein, the first and the second end of the pipe are connected with each other,
the laser is used for emitting monochromatic incident laser with stable frequency;
the arbitrary beam splitting ratio M-Z interferometer comprises a reflector, a half-wave plate, a polarization beam splitter, a phase modulator, a first signal generator and a beam combiner;
the first half wave plate is adjusted to enable the proportion of light passing through the polarization beam splitter to be different, and therefore the beam splitter with any proportion is formed. And adjusting the light splitting ratio of the beam splitter with any ratio, respectively carrying out a balanced homodyne detection experiment of coherent light and an intensity detection experiment of an M-Z interferometer, and respectively verifying the uncertainty principle of the quantum orthogonal operator and the uncertainty principle between the particle number and the phase.
Adjusting the second half-wave plate to enable polarization of two arms of the M-Z interferometer to be consistent, and obtaining high interference contrast;
the data acquisition system comprises a balanced homodyne detector, a multiplier, a second signal generator, a low-pass filter and an oscilloscope; which is used for data acquisition and analysis. The first photoelectric detector, the second photoelectric detector and the subtracter form a balanced homodyne detector.
The first signal generator and the second signal generator in the invention adopt a dual-channel signal generator.
Based on the device, the invention also provides an experimental teaching demonstration method for verifying the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, which comprises the following specific steps:
step 1: monochromatic incident laser with stable frequency emitted by the laser enters the M-Z interferometer with adjustable splitting ratio through the first reflector;
and 2, step: the first half wave plate and the polarization beam splitter form a beam splitter with adjustable splitting ratio. Adjusting the first half-wave plate to ensure that the light splitting ratios of the polarization beam splitter are different, and adjusting the light splitting ratio of the polarization beam splitter to be 90: 10, developing a balanced homodyne detection experiment of coherent light;
and 3, step 3: the first signal generator emits a triangular wave to drive the phase modulator. Adjusting the light path to ensure that the output voltages of the first photoelectric detector and the second photoelectric detector are consistent, and recording interference signals by using an oscilloscope;
and 4, step 4: the interference signal and the sinusoidal signal sent by the second signal generator sequentially pass through a multiplier and a low-pass filter, and then a noise signal is recorded by using an oscilloscope;
and 5: comparing the interference signal and the noise signal recorded in the step 3 and the step 4. Wherein the noise signal corresponding to the interference phase is amplitude quadrature operator fluctuation<(ΔX) 2 >The noise signal corresponding to the destructive interference is fluctuated by the phase quadrature operator<(ΔY) 2 >. Recording the relevant data and calculating<(ΔX) 2 ><(ΔY) 2 >Verifying the uncertainty of the quantum orthogonal operator;
step 6: changing light intensity, and verifying the uncertainty relation of quantum orthogonal operators under different light intensities;
and 7: adjusting the first half-wave plate to enable the splitting ratio of the polarization beam splitter to be 50: 50, carrying out intensity detection of the M-Z interferometer;
and step 8: repeating the step 3 and the step 4, wherein the noise signal corresponding to the interference position is the particle number fluctuation delta N, and the noise signal corresponding to the interference cancellation position is the phase uncertainty
Recording the relevant data and calculating
Verifying uncertainty between the number of particles and the phase;
and step 9: and changing light intensity, and verifying the uncertainty relation between the particle number and the phase under different light intensities.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
the teaching demonstration device and method for verifying the Heisenberg uncertainty principle can verify the uncertainty relation of quantum orthogonal operators and the uncertainty relation between the particle number and the phase, show the basic theory of quantum mechanics in an experiment mode and help students to know the principle and method of quantum mechanics more intuitively. The device and the method provided by the invention are convenient to use, have intuitive experimental effect and provide possibility for popularization of quantum measurement technology. Meanwhile, the teaching demonstration device and the method provided by the invention have the advantages of low manufacturing cost, simple structure and convenience in operation and maintenance, are suitable for college physical experiment teaching, and provide possibility for popularization of quantum measurement technology. According to the invention, by verifying the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, quantum mechanics is introduced into the student teaching classroom in a college physical experiment mode, the device is simple, the operation is convenient, and the understanding of students on the quantum mechanics in the experiment mode is facilitated.
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In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the present invention or the technical solutions in the prior art, the drawings used in the embodiments or the prior art descriptions will be briefly introduced below, it is obvious that the drawings in the following description are only some embodiments of the present invention, and it is also possible for those skilled in the art to obtain other drawings based on the drawings without creative efforts.
Fig. 1 is a schematic diagram of a teaching demonstration device for verifying the heisenberg uncertainty principle provided by the invention.
FIG. 2 is a flow chart of a demonstration method for Heisenberg uncertainty principle verification teaching provided by the invention.
The device comprises a laser 1, a first reflector 2, a first half wave plate 3, a polarization beam splitter 4, a second reflector 5, a third reflector 6, a fourth reflector 7, a second half wave plate 8, a fifth reflector 9, a phase modulator 10, a beam combiner 11, a sixth reflector 12, a first photoelectric detector 13, a second photoelectric detector 14, a subtractor 15, a dual-channel signal generator 16, a multiplier 17, a low-pass filter 18 and an oscilloscope 19.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be described in further detail with reference to the following specific examples and the accompanying drawings. The procedures, conditions, experimental methods and the like for carrying out the present invention are general knowledge and common general knowledge in the art except for the contents specifically mentioned below, and the present invention is not particularly limited.
The invention provides a teaching demonstration device for verifying the heisenberg uncertainty principle in a first aspect. The method comprises the following specific steps:
the laser 1 emits monochromatic laser with stable frequency;
the M-Z interferometer with the adjustable splitting ratio is formed by a first half wave plate 3, a polarization beam splitter 4, a second reflecting mirror 5, a third reflecting mirror 6, a fourth reflecting mirror 7, a second half wave plate 8, a fifth reflecting mirror 9, a phase modulator 10, a first signal generator, a beam combiner 11 and a sixth reflecting mirror 12;
the first photoelectric detector 13, the second photoelectric detector 14, the subtracter 15, the second signal generator, the multiplier 17, the low-pass filter 18 and the oscilloscope 19 form a data acquisition system; the first photodetector 13, the second photodetector 14 and the subtractor 15 constitute a balanced homodyne detector.
Wherein, the light wave emitted by the laser 1 enters the M-Z interferometer with adjustable beam splitting ratio through the first reflector 2;
the first half-wave plate 3 and the polarization beam splitter 4 form a beam splitter with adjustable splitting ratio. The first half-wave plate 3 is adjusted so that the light-splitting ratio passing through the polarization beam splitter 4 is different. And adjusting the light splitting ratio of the beam splitter with any ratio, respectively carrying out a balanced homodyne detection experiment of coherent light and an intensity detection experiment of an M-Z interferometer, and respectively verifying the uncertainty principle of the quantum orthogonal operator and the uncertainty principle between the particle number and the phase.
The device comprises a laser 1, an M-Z interferometer with any beam splitting ratio and a data acquisition system. The laser 1 emits monochromatic incident laser with stable frequency, and the incident laser passes through an arbitrary beam splitting ratio M-Z interferometer composed of a reflecting mirror, a half-wave plate, a polarization beam splitter 4, a phase modulator 10, a first signal generator and a beam combiner 11. The relevant data is analyzed and processed by an acquisition system consisting of a balanced homodyne detector, a multiplier 17, a second signal generator, a low-pass filter 18 and an oscilloscope 19.
Based on the device, the invention further provides an experimental teaching demonstration method for verifying the Heisenberg uncertainty principle. The method verifies the uncertainty principle of the quantum orthogonal operator through balanced homodyne detection of coherent light on one hand, and verifies the uncertainty principle between the particle number and the phase through intensity detection of an M-Z interferometer on the other hand.
The invention provides a teaching demonstration method for verifying the heisenberg uncertainty principle, which comprises the following specific steps:
step 1: monochromatic incident laser light with stable frequency emitted by the laser 1;
step 2: the first half-wave plate 3 is adjusted so that the splitting ratio of the polarization beam splitter 4 is 90: 10, carrying out balanced homodyne detection of coherent light;
and 3, step 3: the first signal generator emits a triangular wave to drive the phase modulator 10. Adjusting the light path to ensure the output voltage of the balanced homodyne detector to be consistent, and recording an interference signal by using an oscilloscope 19;
and 4, step 4: the interference signal and the sinusoidal signal sent by the second signal generator sequentially pass through a multiplier 17 and a low-pass filter 18, and then a noise signal is recorded by using an oscilloscope 19;
and 5: comparing the interference signal and the noise signal recorded in the step 3 and the step 4. Wherein the noise signal corresponding to the interference phase is amplitude quadrature operator fluctuation<(ΔX) 2 >The noise signal corresponding to the destructive interference is fluctuation of phase quadrature operator<(ΔY) 2 >. Recording the relevant data and calculating<(ΔX) 2 ><(ΔY) 2 >And verifying the uncertainty of the quantum orthogonal operator.
Step 6: changing light intensity, and verifying the uncertainty relation of the quantum orthogonal operator under different light intensities;
and 7: the first half-wave plate 3 is adjusted so that the splitting ratio of the polarization beam splitter 4 is 50: 50, carrying out intensity detection of the M-Z interferometer;
and 8: repeating the step 3 and the step 4, wherein the noise signal corresponding to the interference cancellation position is the particle number fluctuation delta N, and the noise signal corresponding to the interference cancellation position is the phase uncertainty
Recording the relevant data and calculating
Verifying uncertainty between the number of particles and the phase;
and step 9: and changing light intensity, and verifying the uncertainty relation between the particle number and the phase under different light intensities.
According to the invention, by verifying the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, quantum mechanics is introduced into the student teaching classroom in a college physical experiment mode, the device is simple, the operation is convenient, and the understanding of students on the quantum mechanics in the experiment mode is facilitated.
The embodiments of the present invention have been described in detail, but the embodiments are only examples, and the present invention is not limited to the embodiments described above. Any equivalent modifications and substitutions to those skilled in the art are also within the scope of the present invention. Accordingly, equivalent alterations and modifications are intended to be included within the scope of the present invention, without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. The protection content of the present invention is not limited to the above embodiments. Variations and advantages that may occur to those skilled in the art are intended to be included within the invention without departing from the spirit and scope of the inventive concept, and the scope of the invention is to be determined by the appended claims.
Claims (5)
1. The utility model provides a verify experimental teaching presentation device of heisenberg uncertainty principle which characterized in that includes: the system comprises a laser (1), an M-Z interferometer with any beam splitting ratio and a data acquisition system; wherein, the first and the second end of the pipe are connected with each other,
the laser (1) emits monochromatic incident laser with stable frequency;
the arbitrary beam splitting ratio M-Z interferometer comprises a second reflecting mirror (5), a third reflecting mirror (6), a fourth reflecting mirror (7), a fifth reflecting mirror (9), a sixth reflecting mirror (12), a first half wave plate (3), a second half wave plate (8), a polarization beam splitter (4), a phase modulator (10), a first signal generator and a beam combiner (11);
the data acquisition system comprises a balanced homodyne detector, a multiplier (17), a second signal generator, a low-pass filter (18) and an oscilloscope (19); the balanced homodyne detector comprises a first detector (13), a second detector (14) and a subtracter (15).
2. The device according to claim 1, characterized in that the first half wave plate (3) is adapted so that the light passing through the polarizing beam splitter (4) is of different proportions, thus constituting a beam splitter of any proportion.
3. The arrangement according to claim 1, characterized in that the second half-wave plate (8) is adjusted so that the polarization of both arms of the M-Z interferometer is uniform, a high interference contrast being obtained.
4. The device according to claim 1, characterized in that the splitting ratio of the beam splitter of any ratio composed of the first half-wave plate (3) and the polarization beam splitter (4) is adjusted, the balanced homodyne detection experiment of coherent light and the intensity detection experiment of the M-Z interferometer are respectively carried out, and the uncertainty principle of quantum quadrature operator and the uncertainty principle between particle number and phase are respectively verified.
5. An experimental teaching demonstration method for verifying the heisenberg uncertainty principle, characterized in that a teaching demonstration device according to any one of claims 1 to 4 is used, said method comprising the following steps:
step 1: monochromatic incident laser with stable frequency emitted by the laser (1) enters an M-Z interferometer with any beam splitting ratio through the first reflecting mirror (2);
step 2: the first half wave plate (3) and the polarization beam splitter (4) form a beam splitter with adjustable splitting ratio, and the first half wave plate (3) is adjusted to enable the splitting ratio of the polarization beam splitter (4) to be 90: 10, carrying out balanced homodyne detection of coherent light;
and 3, step 3: the first signal generator sends out a triangular wave to drive the phase modulator (10); adjusting a light path, ensuring that the output voltages of a first detector (13) and a second detector (14) in the balanced homodyne detector are consistent, and recording interference signals by using an oscilloscope (19);
and 4, step 4: the interference signal and the sinusoidal signal sent by the second signal generator sequentially pass through a multiplier (17) and a low-pass filter (18), and then a noise signal is recorded by using an oscilloscope (19);
and 5: comparing the interference signals and the noise signals recorded in the step 3 and the step 4; wherein the noise signal corresponding to the interference phase is amplitude quadrature operator fluctuation<(ΔX) 2 >The noise signal corresponding to the destructive interference is fluctuated by the phase quadrature operator<(ΔY) 2 >(ii) a Recording the relevant data and calculating<(ΔX) 2 ><(ΔY) 2 >Verifying the uncertainty of the quantum orthogonal operator;
step 6: changing light intensity, and verifying the uncertainty relation of quantum orthogonal operators under different light intensities;
and 7: adjusting the first half-wave plate (3) to enable the splitting ratio of the polarization beam splitter (4) to be 50: 50, carrying out intensity detection of the M-Z interferometer;
and step 8: repeating the step 3 and the step 4, wherein the noise signal corresponding to the interference position is the particle number fluctuation delta N, and the noise signal corresponding to the interference cancellation position is the phase uncertainty
Recording the relevant data and calculating
Verifying uncertainty between the number of particles and the phase;
and step 9: and changing light intensity, and verifying the uncertainty relation between the particle number and the phase under different light intensities.
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