CN113428884B - Adsorbent, method for preparing aluminum hydroxide and application - Google Patents

Adsorbent, method for preparing aluminum hydroxide and application Download PDF

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CN113428884B
CN113428884B CN202110732792.1A CN202110732792A CN113428884B CN 113428884 B CN113428884 B CN 113428884B CN 202110732792 A CN202110732792 A CN 202110732792A CN 113428884 B CN113428884 B CN 113428884B
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aluminum
aluminum hydroxide
catalyst
reaction
hydroxide
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CN113428884A (en
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张佼
唐文奇
黄威
胡越
朱希亮
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Shanghai Saifu'er Baotou New Material Co ltd
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Abstract

An adsorbent, a method for preparing aluminum hydroxide and application thereof, which belong to the field of material chemical industry. The preparation method comprises the following steps: adding simple substance of aluminum into the solution to carry out aluminum water reaction under stirring at the temperature of 40-100 ℃, and drying the reaction precipitate at the temperature of 70-100 ℃. Wherein the catalyst comprises an organic guanidine compound, an organic amine compound, a mixture of the organic amine compound and alkyl ammonium hydroxide, or inorganic ammonium salt. The method can obtain the aluminum hydroxide with a specific shape and a single particle size distribution.

Description

Adsorbent, method for preparing aluminum hydroxide and application
Technical Field
The application relates to the field of material chemical industry, in particular to an adsorbent, a method for preparing aluminum hydroxide and application.
Background
Aluminum hydroxide is widely used in ceramics, medicine and the like, and the purpose of aluminum hydroxide is determined by aluminum hydroxide with different properties. The correlation of properties with the preparation process determines that differences in the preparation process of aluminium hydroxide will also determine the application of the product.
The preparation method of the aluminum hydroxide is more. At present, the methods for industrially producing aluminum hydroxide mainly include a bayer method, a sintering method, a hydrothermal method, and the like.
The traditional crystal seed decomposition method is mainly used for preparing aluminum hydroxide by a Bayer process. The aluminum hydroxide prepared by the reaction has high impurity content and low decomposition rate. In addition, the obtained aluminum hydroxide has disordered and not single particle appearance and larger particle size.
Similar to the bayer process, the carbonization process is carried out by regulating in a sodium aluminate solution and introducing carbon dioxide to prepare aluminum hydroxide. Similarly, the impurity ions in the product of the process are more, and especially sodium ions which are difficult to remove are retained, so that the application range of the product is greatly reduced.
Some processes for preparing aluminum hydroxide by using a metal catalyst through an aluminum water reaction generally have the defects of low reaction speed and low reaction degree. Another outstanding problem is that: the reaction temperature in the reaction process needs to be strictly controlled to ensure the reaction. Thus, such processes can add significantly to energy consumption. In addition, the addition of metal catalysts inevitably brings in some metal impurities, thereby affecting the purity of the product at source and even having obvious adverse effects on the appearance control of the product.
Disclosure of Invention
The application provides an adsorbent, a method for preparing aluminum hydroxide and an application thereof, which are used for partially or completely improving and even solving the problem that the aluminum hydroxide with specific morphology and single particle size is difficult to prepare.
The application is realized as follows:
in a first aspect, examples of the present application provide a method of making aluminum hydroxide. The method is used for obtaining the aluminum hydroxide with given micro-morphology and uniform granularity, and comprises the following steps:
adding an aluminum simple substance into the solution to perform aluminum water reaction under stirring at the temperature of 40-100 ℃, and drying the reaction precipitate at the temperature of 70-100 ℃;
wherein the solution is a liquid system formed by adding a catalyst into a solvent, and the catalyst is dissolved in the solvent so as to provide an alkaline reaction environment;
the solvent comprises water, and the catalyst comprises an organic guanidine compound, an organic amine compound, a mixture of the organic amine compound and alkyl ammonium hydroxide, or inorganic ammonium salt.
According to some examples of the application, the stirring operation is performed at a speed of 50 to 800 r/min.
According to some examples of the present application, the aluminum hydroxide is porous prism-shaped, the catalyst comprises a mixture of alkyl ammonium hydroxide and one or more selected from diisopropylamine, di-n-propylamine and isopropylamine, the concentration of the catalyst in the solution is 20g/L to 150g/L, the amount of the alkyl ammonium hydroxide is 0.1% to 5% of the volume of the solution, the liquid-solid ratio of the aluminum-water reaction is 5:1 to 40:1, and the liquid-solid ratio is the ratio of the mass of the aluminum simple substance to the volume of the catalyst.
According to some examples of the present application, the aluminum hydroxide is in the form of a porous, elongated spike, the catalyst comprises one or more of tetramethylguanidine, guanidine, and metformin, and the concentration of the catalyst in the solution is from 2g/L to 50g/L, the liquid-to-solid ratio of the aluminum-water reaction is from 5:1 to 40:1, and the liquid-to-solid ratio is the ratio of the mass of the aluminum simple substance to the volume of the catalyst.
According to some examples of the application, the aluminum hydroxide is in the shape of porous long bamboo shoots, the catalyst comprises one or more of diethylamine, ethylamine and monomethylamine, the concentration of the catalyst in the solution is 20g/L to 150g/L, and the liquid-solid ratio of the aluminum-water reaction is 5:1 to 40:1, wherein the liquid-solid ratio is the ratio of the mass of the aluminum simple substance to the volume of the catalyst.
According to some examples of the application, the aluminum hydroxide is in a porous rod shape, the catalyst comprises one or more of ammonia water, ammonium carbonate and ammonium bicarbonate, the concentration of the catalyst in the solution is 20g/L to 200g/L, the liquid-solid ratio of the aluminum-water reaction is 5:1 to 40:1, and the liquid-solid ratio is the ratio of the mass of the aluminum simple substance to the volume of the catalyst.
According to some examples of the present application, the aluminum hydroxide is present as gibbsite.
In a second aspect, the present application provides the use of an aluminium hydroxide obtained by the above-described method of preparing aluminium hydroxide as a support for adsorbing catalytic agents.
In a third aspect, examples of the present application provide an adsorbent containing aluminum hydroxide obtained by carrying out the above-described method for producing aluminum hydroxide.
According to some examples of the present application, the aluminum hydroxide is an aggregate of particles, and the specific surface area of the aggregate is 50m 2 The ratio of the carbon atoms to the carbon atoms is below g.
According to some examples of the present application, the particles have a D50 particle size below 10 microns, the particles are porous and have a pore size below 20 nanometers, and the aggregates have a pore volume below 0.02cm 3 The ratio of the carbon atoms to the carbon atoms is less than g.
The traditional preparation method of aluminum hydroxide, such as Bayer process, sintering process and other processes, has the problems of long and complicated reaction process, large energy consumption and the like. Most importantly, most of the aluminum hydroxide prepared by the processes has high impurity content, the appearance of the particles is not single and is more random, and the average particle size is also large. In the process of the implementation scheme, the method provided by the embodiment of the application can be used for preparing the aluminum hydroxide with the specific micro-morphology, and can also obtain relatively single particle size, so that the application scenes and the field of the aluminum hydroxide can be expanded. The single particle size means that most of the particles are in a relatively narrow interval and the size difference between the particle sizes is small. In addition, the method can greatly reduce the reaction flow, and has simple operation and easily controlled reaction conditions. The whole reaction process has no harmful substances, is environment-friendly, requires less energy consumption, and is economical and applicable.
Drawings
In order to more clearly illustrate the technical solutions in the embodiments or the prior art of the present application, the drawings used in the description of the embodiments or the prior art will be briefly described below.
FIG. 1 is a scanning electron micrograph of aluminum hydroxide according to examples 1-1 to 1-5 of the present application;
FIG. 2 is a graph showing the particle size of aluminum hydroxide in examples 1-1 to 1-5 of the present application;
FIG. 3 is an XRD spectrum of aluminum hydroxide in examples 1-1 to 1-5 herein;
FIG. 4 is a scanning electron micrograph of aluminum hydroxide according to examples 2-1 to 2-5 of the present application;
FIG. 5 is a graph showing the particle size of aluminum hydroxide in examples 2-1 to 2-5 of the present application;
FIG. 6 is an XRD spectrum of aluminum hydroxide in examples 2-1 to 2-5 herein;
FIG. 7 is a scanning electron micrograph of aluminum hydroxide according to examples 3-1 to 3-5 of the present application;
FIG. 8 is a graph showing particle sizes of aluminum hydroxide in examples 3-1 to 3-5 of the present application;
FIG. 9 is an XRD spectrum of aluminum hydroxide in examples 3-1 to 3-5 herein;
FIG. 10 is a scanning electron micrograph of aluminum hydroxide in examples 4-1 to 4-5 of the present application;
FIG. 11 is a graph showing the particle size of aluminum hydroxide in examples 4-1 to 4-5 of the present application;
FIG. 12 is an XRD spectrum of aluminum hydroxide in examples 4-1 to 4-5 of the present application.
Detailed Description
Embodiments of the present application will be described in detail below with reference to examples, but those skilled in the art will appreciate that the following examples are only illustrative of the present application and should not be construed as limiting the scope of the present application. The examples, in which specific conditions are not specified, were conducted under conventional conditions or conditions recommended by the manufacturer. The reagents or instruments used are not indicated by the manufacturer, and are all conventional products available commercially.
The following is a detailed description of the adsorbent, the method for preparing aluminum hydroxide and the application of the adsorbent in the embodiments of the present application:
in practice, the inventors have found that aluminum hydroxide having different micro-morphologies tends to exhibit different properties, which can affect its specific application. However, to the best of the inventors' knowledge, some current solutions for preparing aluminum hydroxide do not provide good control over the microscopic morphology of the resulting product and tend to exhibit a non-uniform particle size distribution (i.e., both large and small particle sizes and a relatively dispersed distribution; or, alternatively, a non-concentrated particle size distribution).
In contrast to some current methods for preparing aluminum hydroxide, in the examples of the present application, the preparation of aluminum hydroxide by an aqueous aluminum reaction is chosen. Further, in the case of the aluminum water reaction process, a catalyst is also used in the present example, and in the present example, mainly a substance capable of generating an alkaline environment. This is because, in general, reaction of aluminum with water forms a dense oxide film on the surface of aluminum, thereby preventing the reaction from proceeding. The aforementioned catalyst can break the oxide film, thereby allowing the reaction to continue.
The main principle is as follows: the reaction of elemental aluminum in the alkaline solution provided by the catalyst is promoted and enhanced. Due to the hydroxide ion (OH) provided by the basic catalyst - ) The protective oxide film formed on the surface of the aluminum is dissolved through a chemical process, so that a new aluminum surface (a newly exposed surface of the simple aluminum substance) exists. Reaction of the New aluminum with the alkaline solution to form aluminate ions (Al (OH) 4- ) And hydrogen (H) 2 )。
Namely, the reaction was carried out according to the following reaction equation.
2Al+6H 2 O+2OH - →2Al(OH) 4 - +3H 2 (1)
Al(OH) 4 - →OH - +Al(OH) 3 (2)
The aluminum water reaction mainly goes through two processes of a reaction formula (1) and a reaction formula (2). The above two reactions can be integrated into reaction formula (3), and after the alumina film is damaged, it can be regarded as that aluminum reacts with water directly (as in reaction formula 4) to prepare hydrogen and aluminum hydroxide.
2Al+6H 2 O→2Al(OH) 3 +3H 2 (4)
And, particularly, the inventors have found that in the production of aluminum hydroxide by the aqueous aluminum reaction, the catalyst not only promotes the continuation of the reaction but also largely determines the properties of aluminum hydroxide, and therefore, it is important to select an appropriate catalyst.
During the reaction, the catalyst can inhibit the growth of aluminum hydroxide particle and control the size of the particle effectively.
It is to be noted that the influence of different catalysts on the morphology is large, and the catalysts play a decisive role in the formation, growth, nucleation and growth of aluminum hydroxide particles from the reaction kinetics and interfacial energy point of view. In addition, the interfacial energies of the catalysts for the reactions are all different, and thus the nucleation and growth of particles is also affected by the catalysts.
In different catalyst examples, the surface tension of the aluminum surface is different for different catalysts, thereby affecting the wetting angle between the liquid catalyst and the aluminum. In the growth process of the aluminum hydroxide particles, the wetting angle acts on the growth direction of the crystal face to a great extent, and meanwhile, the reaction interface energies of different catalysts on the aluminum surface are different. These factors all affect the growth tendency of the crystal. Therefore, the shapes of different catalysts are mostly inconsistent in the process of preparing aluminum hydroxide.
The application example provides different catalysts for different micro-morphologies of aluminum hydroxide. The aluminum hydroxide with different morphologies obtained has different properties and corresponding use scenes. Since the present application is to prepare aluminum hydroxide by an aluminum water reaction, the catalyst selected for use in the present application is a substance that is soluble in water, thereby providing an alkaline environment. The catalyst can be organic guanidine compounds, organic amine compounds, a mixture of organic amine compounds and alkyl ammonium hydroxide, or inorganic ammonium salts.
When the catalyst is selected to use a mixture of, for example, an alkylammonium hydroxide (e.g., tetramethylammonium hydroxide, tetrabutylammonium hydroxide, tetrahexylammonium hydroxide, etc.) and one or more selected from diisopropylamine, di-n-propylamine and isopropylamine, the aluminum hydroxide obtained is porous prismatic. The polygonal columnar aluminum hydroxide having a small particle size can be widely used as a precursor of functional alumina. Wherein diisopropylamine (C) 6 H 15 N), di-N-propylamine (C) 6 H 15 N), isopropylamine (C) 3 H 9 N) has an amine group, and the nitrogen atom of the amine group has a lone pair of electrons, which can be supplied to H in an aqueous solution + Thereby forming OH - And the solution formed by dissolving in water exhibits alkalinity. The ammonium hydroxide group-containing substance can enhance the alkali content in the reaction solution, and the added content is not high, thereby promoting the reaction of aluminum, water and alkali, accelerating the reaction rate and increasing the conversion rate of the reaction.
When one or more of tetramethylguanidine, guanidine and metformin is selected as a catalyst, the aluminum hydroxide obtained is prepared in the form of porous long-striped spikes. The smaller-particle-size, long-striped, spiked aluminum hydroxide is considered to be a widely used inorganic material.
When one or more of diethylamine, ethylamine and monomethylamine is selected for use as the catalyst, the aluminum hydroxide obtained is in the form of porous long bamboo shoots. Elongated, long, bamboo-shoot-shaped aluminum hydroxide in the form of filaments is widely used as a catalyst support.
When the catalyst is selected to use one or more of ammonia, ammonium carbonate and ammonium bicarbonate, the prepared aluminum hydroxide is in a porous rod shape. The rod-shaped aluminum hydroxide having a long and thin shape is widely used as a catalyst carrier.
In addition, to avoid introducing impurities and the like, the water used in the aluminum water reaction can be considered as deionized water or ultrapure water or distilled water to eliminate the adverse effect of impurity ions in the solvent on the aluminum water reaction and the aluminum hydroxide product. The simple aluminum substance can be one or more of aluminum foil, aluminum blocks, aluminum particles, aluminum powder, aluminum wires and aluminum ingots, and the purity of the simple aluminum substance is 2N-6N (99.0% -99.9999%). In addition, it has been found in experiments that different forms of aluminum can respond differently to the reaction speed, and therefore, in some cases, the aluminum element in different initial forms can be replaced by another element in order to control the reaction speed.
In summary, the preparation method of aluminum hydroxide in the examples of the present application can be briefly described as follows.
A reaction vessel or other reaction vessel with a stirrer was used as a place for the aluminum water reaction, in which the following operations were carried out.
(1) Water was injected into the above apparatus, and then the catalyst was added thereto, and mixed uniformly by stirring to form a first solution. The catalyst is chosen to be added to the water in the examples of this application, since the addition of water to the catalyst can result in incomplete reaction of a portion of the material at the bottom of the vessel during the reaction.
(2) Adding simple substance aluminum into the device, and reacting under the condition of mechanical stirring. The temperature can be controlled in the reaction process, for example, the temperature is controlled to be 40-100 ℃, and the reaction time can be controlled to be 2-7 h according to the use amount of the raw materials. Since pouring the solution directly into the material may result in incomplete reaction of the material in the bottom part of the vessel during the reaction, the solution exemplified in this application chooses to add elemental aluminum to the first solution.
(3) Introducing gas generated in the aluminum water reaction process into a water tank (part of the gas is dissolved in water, and part of the gas, such as hydrogen, overflows), transferring the gas in the water tank to a gas tank, and collecting the gas in the gas tank.
(4) And (3) finishing the reaction when the aluminum in the first solution is completely dissolved, filtering, taking out the precipitate, washing with water and drying in vacuum. The drying method is, for example, under vacuum condition, the drying process is 70-100 ℃, and the drying time is 18-24 h.
(5) After vacuum drying, porous aluminum hydroxide with specific morphology is obtained.
In the aluminum water reaction process, the catalyst used in the reaction raw materials is a water-soluble reagent, so that the catalyst can be discharged along with waste liquid after the reaction is completed, namely, the purity of the aluminum hydroxide is ensured from the source, and no impurity element is introduced in the whole process. The other reaction product, hydrogen, can be directly recovered, and a part of the by-product, ammonia, can also be recovered, both of which have great practical values. In short, the scheme exemplified in the application introduces few impurities during the reaction, and the reaction product is easy to recover and dispose. Therefore, the method in the application is simple, easy to implement and low in costThe scheme can obtain the aluminum hydroxide with good quality. In addition, it should be noted that the aluminum hydroxide obtained in the examples of the present application is gibbsite (α -Al (OH)) 3 Alpha-trihydrate Al 2 O 3 ) And are distinguished in their microscopic morphology by the particular catalyst and reaction conditions.
The amounts of the respective raw materials used in the above reaction process are disclosed below.
In an example of using a mixture of an organic amine compound and an alkylammonium hydroxide as a catalyst, the concentration of the catalyst in the first solution is 20g/L to 150g/L, the amount of the alkylammonium hydroxide is 0.1% to 5% by volume of the first solution, and the liquid-solid ratio of the first aluminum-water reaction is 5:1 to 40: 1. Under the condition, the average primary crystal grain diameter of the aluminum hydroxide can be 100-900 nm, the purity can reach 2N-5N (99.0-99.999%), and the appearance is a single polygonal column-shaped superfine product.
In an example of using an organic guanidine compound as a catalyst, the catalyst includes one or more of tetramethylguanidine, guanidine, and metformin, and the concentration of the catalyst in the first solution is 2g/L to 50g/L, and the liquid-solid ratio of the first aluminum-water reaction is 5:1 to 40:1 (mass ratio; g /). Under the condition, the average particle size D50 of the prepared aluminum hydroxide is about 5 mu m, the purity can reach 2N-5N (99.0-99.999%), and the aluminum hydroxide is a single strip spike-shaped product.
In an example of using the organic amine compound as the catalyst, the concentration of the catalyst in the first solution is 20g/L to 150g/L, and the liquid-solid ratio of the first aluminum-water reaction is 5:1 to 40: 1. Under the condition, the average grain diameter D50 of the prepared aluminum hydroxide is about 3 mu m, the purity can reach 2N-5N (99.0-99.999%), and the aluminum hydroxide is a strip bamboo shoot-shaped product.
In an example using an inorganic ammonium salt as the catalyst, the concentration of the catalyst in the first solution is 20g/L to 200g/L, and the liquid-solid ratio of the first aluminum-water reaction is 5:1 to 40: 1. Under the condition, the average grain diameter D50 of the prepared aluminum hydroxide is about 5 mu m, the purity can reach 2N-5N (99.0-99.999%), and the aluminum hydroxide is a rod-shaped product. The inorganic ammonium salt is, for example, a mixture of one or more of ammonium hydroxide (which may be 15 to 28% in concentration by mass fraction), ammonium carbonate, ammonium bicarbonate, and the like.
In the above description, the liquid-solid ratio refers to the ratio (g/L) of the mass g of the simple aluminum substance to the volume L of the catalyst. The molar ratio of the simple aluminum to the catalyst is the ratio of the molar amount of the simple aluminum (m1) to the sum of the molar amounts of the catalysts in the solution (m2), i.e., m1/m2, and can be calculated by the above liquid-solid ratio.
The aluminum hydroxides prepared by the above-described scheme are aggregates of particles, and in some examples the specific surface area of the aggregates is 50m 2 The ratio of the total carbon content to the total carbon content is below g; wherein the particles are porous and have a pore size of 20 nm or less, and the aggregate has a pore volume of 0.02cm 3 The ratio of the carbon atoms to the carbon atoms is less than g. Due to the fine size and porous nature, it has potential value as an adsorbent material. In addition, due to the characteristics of gibbsite, the gibbsite has good chemical stability, so that the gibbsite can be used as a carrier of a catalyst and can be used as a specific catalytic product by adsorbing the catalyst.
The present application is described in further detail below with reference to examples.
Examples 1 to 1
And (3) injecting water into the reaction kettle which is started by the stirrer and heated to the set temperature, and then adding the catalyst to fully mix to form a solution. Then adding the simple substance of aluminum into the mixture and continuously stirring the mixture for reaction. After the reaction, the filtrate was removed by filtration, and the obtained precipitate was dried under vacuum at a set drying temperature. Wherein the simple substance of aluminum is aluminum foil with the purity of 4N, and the added mass is 10 g. The liquid-solid ratio of the volume of the catalyst to the mass of the aluminum simple substance is 5:1 (g/L). The stirring speed is 800r/min, the reaction temperature is 80 ℃, the reaction time is 4h, the drying temperature is 80 ℃, and the drying time is 24 h. The amount of alkyl ammonium hydroxide added was 1% by volume of the total solution.
The other examples were carried out according to the process of example 1-1, and mainly differ in the composition of the catalyst, the liquid-solid ratio of the volume of the catalyst to the mass of the elemental aluminum, the reaction time of the aluminum water, and the initial morphology of the elemental aluminum, and are listed in table 1 below.
TABLE 1
Figure BDA0003140392990000101
Figure BDA0003140392990000111
In Table 1, the numbers and concentrations of the respective examples are set to mass concentrations (g/L) of all the catalysts in the aluminum water reaction solution (consisting of the catalyst and the solvent water). The liquid-solid ratio refers to the ratio of the mass of the entire catalyst to the volume of the catalyst (g/L). The reaction time refers to the time (h) for adding the simple substance aluminum to carry out the aluminum water reaction.
The catalysts used in the respective examples are shown in Table 2.
Figure BDA0003140392990000112
Figure BDA0003140392990000121
The aluminum hydroxide obtained in each of the above examples was subjected to the test, and the results are shown in Table 3 below. Wherein, the scanning electron microscope structure of the aluminum hydroxide product is shown in figure 1, figure 4, figure 7 and figure 10, the particle size distribution is shown in figure 2, figure 5, figure 8 and figure 11, and the XRD spectrogram is shown in figure 3, figure 6, figure 9 and figure 12. Where group 1-1 corresponds to example 1-1, group 1-2 corresponds to example 1-2, and so on.
TABLE 3
Figure BDA0003140392990000122
Figure BDA0003140392990000131
The above description is only a preferred embodiment of the present application and is not intended to limit the present application, and various modifications and changes may be made by those skilled in the art. Any modification, equivalent replacement, improvement and the like made within the spirit and principle of the present application shall be included in the protection scope of the present application.

Claims (6)

1. A method for preparing aluminum hydroxide, characterized in that it is used to obtain aluminum hydroxide with a given micro-morphology and uniform particle size, said aluminum hydroxide being porous prismatic;
adding an aluminum simple substance into the solution to perform aluminum water reaction under stirring at the temperature of 40-100 ℃, and drying the reaction precipitate at the temperature of 70-100 ℃;
wherein the solution is a liquid system formed by adding a catalyst into a solvent, and the catalyst is dissolved in the solvent so as to provide a basic reaction environment;
the solvent comprises water, the catalyst comprises a mixture of alkyl ammonium hydroxide and one or more selected from diisopropylamine, di-n-propylamine and isopropylamine, the concentration of the catalyst in the solution is 20g/L to 150g/L, the dosage of the alkyl ammonium hydroxide is 0.1 percent to 5 percent of the volume of the solution, the liquid-solid ratio of the aluminum-water reaction is 5:1 to 40:1, and the liquid-solid ratio is the ratio of the mass of the aluminum simple substance to the volume of the catalyst.
2. The method for preparing aluminum hydroxide according to claim 1, wherein the stirring is performed at a speed of 50 to 800 r/min.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein the aluminum hydroxide is present as gibbsite.
4. Use of the aluminum hydroxide obtained by the method for producing aluminum hydroxide according to any one of claims 1 to 3 as a carrier for adsorbing a catalytic agent.
5. An adsorbent comprising the aluminum hydroxide obtained by the method for producing aluminum hydroxide according to any one of claims 1 to 3.
6. The adsorbent according to claim 5, wherein the aluminum hydroxide is an aggregate of particles, and the specific surface area of the aggregate is 50m 2 The ratio of the total carbon content to the total carbon content is below g;
or the D50 particle size of the particles is below 10 microns, the particles are porous and have a pore size below 20 nm, and the pore volume of the aggregates is 0.02cm 3 The ratio of the carbon atoms to the carbon atoms is less than g.
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