CN113317105A - Method for improving soil ecological service function of fir forest based on plant function group construction - Google Patents
Method for improving soil ecological service function of fir forest based on plant function group construction Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention relates to a method for improving the soil ecological service function of a fir forest constructed based on a plant functional group, which comprises the following steps: 1) surveying vegetation conditions of forest lands, identifying fir forests needing under-forest vegetation and soil restoration, dividing the fir forests into sections according to different forest ages, and determining areas to be restored as fir young forests, middle-aged forests, near-aged forests, mature forests and/or over-aged forests and boundary positions of the fir forests; 2) introducing plant functional groups into each area to be repaired in spring, and respectively introducing different plant functional groups formed by combining two or more plants of taxus mairei, pterocarpus indicus, caulis spatholobi and kaempferia galanga according to different forest ages. The method has the advantages that different plant function groups of specific plant combinations are introduced according to different forest ages, so that the problem of reduction of various soil ecological service functions in the artificial fir forest management and management process can be comprehensively solved; the invention firstly puts forward the concept of introducing different plant functional groups into the artificial forests with different forest ages and brings the concept into practice, thereby obtaining better effect.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of forestry ecological restoration, relates to a soil restoration technology, and particularly relates to a fir forest soil ecological service function improving method constructed based on a plant function group.
Background
China fir (Cunninghamia lancelata (Lamb.) Hook.) is one of the most main wood species in south China, and has the advantages of fast growth, good material quality, high yield, wide application and the like. However, in recent decades, a series of ecological problems such as reduction of species diversity, soil power degradation, reduction of carbon sink function and the like of the fir forest have appeared due to continuous expansion of the planting area of the fir forest, the wrong idea of paying attention to transient economic benefits and the improper forest culture and management mode. Therefore, in order to reverse the current situation of the fir forest artificial forest and improve the ecological system service functions of forest stand biodiversity, productivity, carbon fixation and emission reduction capability and the like, the healthy and stable ecological system state of the artificial forest can be presented, the requirements of human beings on wood production can be met, and the method is a common problem in the forestry and ecological communities.
The restoration of the vegetation under the China fir forest plays an important role in improving the ecological service function of the degraded China fir artificial forest, but the existing method generally aims at solving the problem that the single aspect of the soil under the China fir forest is improved by adopting single measures such as fertilization, withered and fallen substance retention, mixed crossing, mountain-making or soil preparation mode change, density control and the like in the whole forest area, and the improvement of the ecological service function of the soil is limited because the difference of forest ages is not treated differently.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention provides a fir forest soil ecological service function improving method based on plant function groups, and aims to comprehensively solve a series of ecological problems of fir artificial forest such as species diversity reduction, soil power degradation, carbon sink function reduction and the like by constructing different specific plant function groups in different forest age areas of a fir forest.
The technical scheme for solving the technical problems is as follows: the method for improving the soil ecological service function of the fir forest based on the plant function group comprises the following steps:
1) surveying vegetation conditions of forest lands, identifying fir forests needing under-forest vegetation and soil restoration, dividing the fir forests into sections according to different forest ages, and determining areas to be restored as fir young forests, middle-aged forests, near-aged forests, mature forests and/or over-aged forests and boundary positions of the fir forests;
2) introducing plant functional groups into each area to be repaired in spring, and respectively introducing different plant functional groups formed by combining two or more plants of taxus mairei, pterocarpus indicus, caulis spatholobi and kaempferia galanga according to different forest ages.
On the basis of the technical scheme, the invention can further specifically select the following.
Specifically, a plant function group A consisting of taxus mairei, caulis spatholobi and kaempferia galanga is introduced into young forests and near-mature forests, a plant function group B consisting of santal roses and kaempferia galanga is introduced into middle-aged forests and over-mature forests, and a plant function group C consisting of santal roses and taxus mairei is introduced into mature forests.
Specifically, the ratio of the number of the taxus nankingianus and the caulis spatholobi in the plant functional group A to the number of the kaempferia galanga clusters is 1:1: 1; the ratio of the number of the plants of the pteris santalina to the number of the kaempferia clusters in the plant functional group B is 1: 1; the plant functional group C has a strain ratio of 1:1 between Dalbergia odorifera and Taxus chinensis var mairei.
Specifically, the taxus chinensis var mairei, the caulis spatholobi and the kaempferia galanga in the plant functional group A are planted in a strip-shaped mixed mode, the taxus chinensis var mairei and the caulis spatholobi are planted in a staggered mode in the same row, the row spacing of the taxus chinensis var mairei and the caulis spatholobi is 2m multiplied by 2m, the row spacing of the taxus chinensis var mairei in the same row and the adjacent caulis spatholobi is 1m, the kaempferia galanga is planted in a row space, a cluster of kaempferia galanga is planted between two adjacent caulis spatholobi in the two rows, and four kaempferia galanga tubers are arranged in each cluster of kaempferia galanga and distributed on four vertexes of a square with the side length of 0.5 m.
Specifically, the plant functional group B of the Nanling yellow sandalwood and the Kaempferia galanga are planted in a strip-shaped mixed mode, the plant row spacing of the Nanling yellow sandalwood is 2m multiplied by 2m, a cluster of Kaempferia galanga is planted between two adjacent Nanling yellow sandalwood in two rows, and four Kaempferia galanga tubers are arranged in each cluster of Kaempferia galanga and are distributed at four vertexes of a square with the side length of 0.5 m.
Specifically, the south-lying yellow sandalwood and the south-lying Chinese yew in the plant functional group C are planted in a staggered mode in a block mode, plant row distances of the south-lying yellow sandalwood and the south-lying Chinese yew are both 2m multiplied by 2m, and the south-lying yellow sandalwood and the south-lying Chinese yew are planted in a staggered mode in rows and in spaces.
Specifically, when the seedlings are introduced in spring, the taxus mairei, the wingceltis and the caulis spatholobi are directly planted with corresponding seedlings with the height of less than 1m, and the kaempferia galanga is directly buried with tubers.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects that:
the invention improves the soil ecological service function of the fir artificial forest by introducing the plant function group for the first time, and introduces the plant function group of different specific plant combinations according to the forest age, thereby comprehensively solving the problems of various soil ecological service function reductions such as fertility reduction (lack of nitrogen and phosphorus nutrition and the like), biological diversity reduction, carbon sink reduction and the like in the management and management process of the fir artificial forest.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of the configuration of five functional groups of plants provided by the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a diagram showing the analysis of the main components of the fungal community in the under-forest soil after the introduction of the functional groups of plants into the young forest;
FIG. 3 is a diagram of the analysis of the main components of the fungal community in the under-forest soil after the introduction of the functional groups of plants into the middle-aged forest;
FIG. 4 is a diagram of the analysis of the main components of the fungal community in the soil under the forest after the introduction of the functional groups of plants into the closely maturing forest;
FIG. 5 is a diagram showing the analysis of the main components of the fungal community in the under-forest soil after the mature forest is introduced into each plant functional group;
FIG. 6 is a diagram of the analysis of the main components of the fungal community in the under-forest soil after the introduction of the over-mature forest into each plant functional group;
FIG. 7 is a diagram showing the analysis of the major components of the bacterial community in the under-forest soil after the introduction of the functional groups of plants into the young forest;
FIG. 8 is a diagram showing the analysis of the main components of the bacterial community in the under-forest soil after the introduction of the functional groups of plants into the middle aged forest;
FIG. 9 is a diagram showing the analysis of the main components of the bacterial community in the soil under the forest after the introduction of the functional groups of plants into the closely maturing forest;
FIG. 10 is a diagram showing the analysis of the major components of the bacterial community in the under-forest soil after the mature forest is introduced into each functional group of plants;
FIG. 11 is a diagram showing the analysis of the main components of the bacterial community in the under-forest soil after the introduction of the over-mature forest into each plant functional group;
FIG. 12 is a graph of the relative abundance of soil fungi after introduction of young forests into various functional groups of plants;
FIG. 13 is a graph of the relative abundance of soil fungi after introduction of middle aged forests into various functional groups of plants;
FIG. 14 is a graph of the relative abundance of soil fungi after introduction of a closely maturing forest into each functional group of plants;
FIG. 15 is a graph of the relative abundance of soil fungi after introduction of mature forests into various plant functional groups;
FIG. 16 is a graph of the relative abundance of soil fungi after introduction of an overmature forest into each functional group of plants;
FIG. 17 is a graph of the relative abundance of soil bacteria after introduction of young forests into various functional groups of plants;
FIG. 18 is a graph of the relative abundance of soil bacteria after introduction of middle aged forests into various functional groups of plants;
FIG. 19 is a graph of the relative abundance of soil bacteria following introduction of a proximal forest to various functional groups of plants;
FIG. 20 is a graph of the relative abundance of soil bacteria following introduction of mature forests into various functional groups of plants;
FIG. 21 is a graph of the relative abundance of soil bacteria after introduction of an ultramature forest into each functional group of plants.
Detailed Description
The technical solutions provided by the present invention are further described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and specific embodiments, which are only used for explaining the present invention and are not used for limiting the scope of the present invention.
The invention provides a method for improving the soil ecological service function of a fir forest constructed based on a plant functional group, which comprises the following steps:
1) surveying vegetation conditions of forest lands, identifying fir forests needing under-forest vegetation and soil restoration, dividing the fir forests into sections according to different forest ages, and determining areas to be restored as fir young forests, middle-aged forests, near-aged forests, mature forests and/or over-aged forests and boundary positions of the fir forests;
2) introducing plant functional groups into each area to be repaired in spring, and respectively introducing different plant functional groups formed by combining two or more plants of taxus mairei, pterocarpus indicus, caulis spatholobi and kaempferia galanga according to different forest ages.
As shown in fig. 1, the present invention provides five functional groups of plants with specific proportion composition and specific planting distribution:
the functional group of plants (functional group of plants C) represented by reference numeral 1 is taxus mairei and pterocarpus santalinus according to the ratio of 1:1, the plant numbers are greater than that of the southern Chinese yew and the south-lying yellow sandalwood in a block-shaped staggered mode, the plant row spacing of the southern Chinese yew and the south-lying yellow sandalwood is 2m multiplied by 2m, the southern Chinese yew and the south-lying yellow sandalwood in the same row and between adjacent rows are staggered, and the spacing between the southern Chinese yew and the adjacent south-lying yellow sandalwood is 1 m;
the plant function group (plant function group B) represented by reference numeral 2 was a group in which the number of plants and the number of kaempferia galanga clusters of pterocarpus santalinus were 1:1, carrying out strip-shaped mixed planting, wherein the plant row spacing of the Nanling yellow sandalwood is 2m multiplied by 2m, the kaempferia galanga is planted among rows, the ridge width and the height of the kaempferia galanga are 1m and 0.2m, the plant row spacing is 0.5m, the hole depth is 6cm, and each hole of the kaempferia galanga tuber is 1 block;
the plant functional group represented by the reference numeral 3 is the Nanling yellow sandalwood and the caulis spatholobi according to the weight ratio of 1:1, the plant number is more than that of the strip-shaped staggered mixed planting, and the plant row spacing of the Nanling yellow sandalwood and the suberect spatholobus stem is 2m multiplied by 2 m;
the plant functional group represented by the reference numeral 4 is taxus mairei, santalina indicum and spatholobus stem according to the proportion of 1:1: 2, the plant number of the taxus mairei and the pteris indicus L.var.nandina is larger than that of the strip-shaped staggered mixed planting, the plant row spacing of the taxus mairei and the plant row spacing of the pteris indicus L.var.nandina are respectively 4m multiplied by 4m, the plant row spacing of the suberect spatholobus stems is 2m multiplied by 2m, the suberect spatholobus stems are separately planted in rows, and the rows of the suberect spatholobus stems are planted in rows by staggering the taxus mairei and the pteris indicus linn.r.var.nandina and are staggered with the suberect spatholobus stems.
The functional group of plants represented by reference numeral 5 (functional group of plants a) was taxus mairei, santal indicum and kaempferia galanga according to a ratio of 1:1: the number of plants of 1 is greater than that of the strips, the plant row spacing of the taxus mairei and the pteris indicus L.var.nandina is 2m multiplied by 2m, the taxus mairei and the pteris indicus L.var.nandina in the same row are staggered, the distance between two rows of plants is 1m, the kaempferia galanga is planted between rows, the ridge width of the kaempferia galanga is 1m, the height of the kaempferia galanga is 0.2m, the plant row spacing is 0.5m, the hole depth is 6cm, and 1 kaempferia galanga rhizome is planted in each hole.
Reference numeral 6 represents a blank control, i.e. no functional groups of plants were introduced under the forest.
When the seedlings are introduced in spring, the taxus mairei, the pterocarpus santalinus and the caulis spatholobi are directly planted with corresponding seedlings with the height of less than 1m, the kaempferia galanga is directly embedded with tubers, and each hole is usually embedded with 3 tubers.
The young forest (Y), the middle forest (Z), the near-mature forest (J), the mature forest (C) and the over-mature forest (G) of the fir wood artificial forest, of which the under-forest soil is to be ecologically restored, are respectively introduced in spring by using the plant functional groups, the physicochemical property, the microbial quantity, the species and the abundance of the under-forest soil are tested after two years of introduction, in order to describe the results of ecological restoration of the soil, the plant functional group with the reference number of 1 is introduced into the young forest by using Y1 in the following contents, namely the young forest is introduced with Taxus chinensis var mairei and Dalbergia odorifera 1:1, the letters represent artificial fir woods of corresponding forest ages, and the numbers represent plant functional groups (numbers 1-5) or blank controls (number 6) of corresponding numbers in figure 1. The recovery effect was as follows:
1. influence of different plant functional groups on soil physicochemical properties
In a young forest of the fir, the organic matter content, total nitrogen content, total phosphorus content, alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen content, available phosphorus content and quick-acting potassium content of soil under the forest are all improved in a Y5 (taxus chinensis, caulis spatholobi and kaempferia galanga) mode sample plot, compared with a control group, the organic matter content is improved by 30.81%, the total nitrogen content is improved by 45.77%, the total phosphorus content is improved by 27.59%, the alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen content is improved by 41.66%, and the quick-acting potassium content is improved by 20.75%. The pH value of the young forest is the highest when Y4 (yellow sandalwood + suberect spatholobus stem + taxus chinensis) is used, but the difference with other model groups is basically not obvious. The content of total potassium in the young forest is the highest in Y1 (yellow sandalwood and Chinese yew), which is improved by 188.59 percent and is obviously higher than other planting mode groups.
In the China fir midling forest, the content of soil organic matters, total nitrogen, alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen and available phosphorus is obviously higher than that of other groups in a Z2 (yellow sandalwood and kaempferia galanga) group, compared with a control group, the content of the organic matters is increased by 31.87%, the content of the total nitrogen is increased by 28.95%, the content of the alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen is increased by 43.94%, and the content of the available phosphorus is increased by 174.35%. The pH value and the total potassium content of the soil are obviously higher in the group Z4 (yellow sandalwood, taxus chinensis and suberect spatholobus stem) than in other groups, and the total potassium content of the soil is improved by 19.57 percent. The total phosphorus content in the Z1 (yellow sandalwood + Chinese yew) and Z4 (yellow sandalwood + Chinese yew + suberect spatholobus stem) groups is obviously higher than that in other planting mode groups, and the total phosphorus content in the Z1 group is improved to the highest level compared with that in the control group and is 46.43%. The effect of each planting mode on the quick-acting potassium of the middle-aged forest is not obvious.
In the fir-tree near-mature forest, the pH value and the total phosphorus content of soil are obviously higher than those of other planting modes in a J3 (Dalbergia odorifera and suberect spatholobus stem) mode, and the total phosphorus content is improved by 40% compared with that of a control group. J5 (Chinese yew, caulis Spatholobi and rhizoma kaempferiae) group has the most obvious improvement on the organic matter content and the alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen content of soil, the organic matter content is improved by 55.46%, and the alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen content is improved by 93.72%. J2 (yellow sandalwood and kaempferia galanga) has the most obvious effect of improving the total nitrogen and available phosphorus content of soil, the total nitrogen content is improved by 62.73%, and the available phosphorus content is improved by 44.08%. Different planting patterns had no significant effect on the amount of available potassium.
In a mature forest of Chinese fir, the C1 (yellow sandalwood and Chinese yew) group has the most obvious improvement on the total nitrogen, alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen and available phosphorus contents of soil, so that the total nitrogen content is improved by 13.97%, the alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen content is improved by 62.56%, and the available phosphorus content is improved by 326.86%. The organic matter of the soil is improved to the highest degree, but the difference with other groups is not obvious. The content of the total phosphorus and the total potassium in the C5 group (Chinese yew, suberect spatholobus stem and kaempferia galanga) is obviously higher than that of other groups, the content of the total phosphorus is improved by 15.15 percent, and the content of the total potassium is improved by 7.18 percent. The C3 (Dalbergia odorifera and caulis Spatholobi) mode and the C1 (Dalbergia odorifera and Taxus chinensis) mode have the most remarkable effect of improving the quick-acting potassium in soil, and the quick-acting potassium is improved by 61.04% in the C3 mode compared with the control group. The soil pH was significantly higher in the C2 (yellow sandalwood + kaempferia galanga) mode than in the other mode groups.
In the fir mature forest, the G1 (yellow sandalwood and taxus chinensis) group enables the contents of soil organic matters, total phosphorus, alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen and quick-acting potassium to be obviously higher than those of other mode groups, compared with a control group, the content of the organic matters is improved by 44.20%, the content of the total phosphorus is improved by 16.28%, the content of the alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen is improved by 248.74%, and the content of the quick-acting potassium is improved by 51.28%. G5 (Taxus chinensis + caulis Spatholobi + Kaempferia galanga) has the highest content improvement on total nitrogen and total potassium of soil, but has no significant difference with other planting pattern groups. G2 (yellow sandalwood and kaempferia galanga) has the most obvious effect on the content of available phosphorus in soil. The increase of the soil pH value by G3 (Dalbergia odorifera + Spatholobus suberect spatholobus stem) is the highest, but the difference with other model groups is not significant.
Under the mode of Y5 (Chinese yew, suberect spatholobus stem and kaempferia galanga), the soil urease activity in the young Chinese fir forest is improved by 35.74 percent compared with that of a control group, and the urease activity is obviously higher than that of other planting modes; under the Z4 (yellow sandalwood, taxus chinensis and suberect spatholobus stem) mode, the urease activity of the middle aged forest is improved by 50.42 percent compared with that of a control group, and is obviously higher than that of other planting modes; under the J1/C1 (yellow sandalwood + suberect spatholobus stem) mode, the urease activities of the juveniles and the mature forests are improved to the maximum extent compared with a control group, and are respectively improved by 21.18 percent and 32.76 percent, and the urease activity is obviously higher than that of other mode groups; under the G3 (Dalbergia odorifera and suberect spatholobus stem) mode, the urease activity of the perhexiline is improved by 26.97 percent compared with that of a control group, and the urease activity is obviously higher than that of other mode groups. Under the mode of Y4/Y2/Y5, the activity of soil acid phosphatase in the fir young forest is obviously higher than that of other groups, wherein the activity of acid phosphatase in the mode of Y4 (yellow sandalwood, taxus chinensis and caulis spatholobi) is improved by most (38.97%) compared with that in the mode of a control group; under the G1 (Dalbergia odorifera and suberect spatholobus stem) mode, the activity of acid phosphatase in the fir mature forest is improved to the maximum (163.76%) compared with that of a control group, and the activity of the acid phosphatase is obviously higher than that of other groups; different planting patterns have no influence on the soil acid phosphatase of China fir midlings, near-ripening forests and over-ripening forests. In a Y2 mode (yellow sandalwood and kaempferia galanga), the soil cellulase activity of the young fir forest is obviously higher than that of other groups, and compared with a control group, the activity is improved by 101.04%; in a Z5/J5 (Chinese yew, suberect spatholobus stem and kaempferia galanga) mode, the cellulase activity of the soil of China fir midling and the soil of the near-mature forest is obviously higher than that of other groups in the same forest age, and the cellulase activity respectively increases by 82.44% and 73.95% compared with that of a control group; in the C3/G3 (yellow sandalwood + suberect spatholobus stem) mode, the soil cellulase activity of the fir mature forest and the over-mature forest is obviously higher than that of other groups of the same forest age, and the activities are respectively increased by 86.49% and 40.74% compared with the control group. .
2. Effect of different plant function groups on soil microorganisms
2.1 analyzing main components of soil fungal communities in different forest ages:
from the principal component analysis, the larger the distance between the groups, the larger the difference between the groups. The patterns of Y1, Y2, Y3 and Y4 in the young forest are completely separated from the patterns of Y5 and Y6 on a PC1 axis, which shows that the differences of the soil fungal community structures of the patterns of Y1, Y2, Y3 and Y4 and the soil fungal community structures of the patterns of Y6 are obvious, and the change of the soil fungal community structures is not obvious after the young forest is implanted into the Y5 pattern. The Z1, Z5 and Z6 modes and the Z2, Z3 and Z4 modes in the middle aged forest are completely separated on the PC1 axis, and the Z1, Z6 modes and the Z5 modes are completely separated around the PC2 axis, which shows that the soil fungal community structure difference of the Z2, Z3 and Z4 modes and the soil fungal community structure difference of the Z6 mode are obvious, the soil fungal community structure difference of the Z5 mode and the soil fungal community structure difference of the Z6 mode are obvious, and the soil fungi do not change significantly relative to the Z6 control group after the Z1 mode is implanted. The complete separation of the J1, J2, J3, J4, J5 pattern groups and the J6 control group on the PC1 axis in the inbred forest indicates that the structure of the fungal community in soil is significantly changed in each planting pattern of the inbred forest compared with the control group. In mature forests, the C2 pattern is completely separated from the groups of the C1, C3, C4, C5 and C6 patterns on the PC1 axis, the groups of the C3 and C5 patterns and the groups of the C1, C4 and C6 patterns are completely separated on the PC2 axis, which shows that the fungal community structure of the C2 pattern group is obviously different from that of the C6 control group, the fungal community structure of the C3 and C5 patterns is obviously different from that of the C6 control group, and the soil fungal community is not obviously changed in the planting patterns of C1 and C4 compared with that of the C6 control group. In the over-mature forest, the complete separation of the G1 pattern from the G2, G3, G4, G5 and G6 patterns around the PC1 axis, the complete separation of the G5 pattern from the G2, G3, G4 and G6 patterns around the PC2 axis indicate that the soil fungal community structure of the G1 pattern is obviously different from that of a G6 control group, the soil fungal community structure of the G5 pattern is obviously different from that of a G6 control group, and the soil fungal community structure of the G2, G3 and G4 planting patterns is not obviously changed compared with that of the control group.
2.2 main component analysis of soil bacterial communities in different forest ages:
the patterns of Y4 and Y6 and the patterns of Y1, Y2, Y3 and Y5 in the young forest are completely separated on the PC1 axis, which shows that the structural differences of the soil bacterial communities of the patterns of Y1, Y2, Y3 and Y5 are obvious compared with the control group of Y6, and the structural changes of the bacterial communities after the pattern of Y4 is planted are not obvious compared with the control group of Y6. The Z1 and Z2 patterns and the Z3, Z4, Z5 and Z6 patterns in the middle aged forest are completely separated around the PC1 axis, the Z3 and Z5 patterns and the Z4 and Z6 patterns are completely separated around the PC2 axis, and the results show that the structure of the soil bacterial community of the Z1 and Z2 patterns and a control group is remarkably different, the structure of the bacterial community of the Z3 and Z5 patterns and the structure of the bacterial community of the Z6 control group are remarkably different, and the structure of the bacterial community of the Z4 planting pattern is not remarkably different compared with the structure of the control group. In the familiar forest, the J1 and J2 patterns are completely separated from the J3, J4, J5 and J6 patterns around the PC1 axis, and the J4, J5 and J3 and J6 groups are completely separated around the PC2 axis, which shows that the J1 and J2 patterns are obviously different from the soil bacterial community structure of the J6 control group, the J4 and J5 patterns are obviously different from the soil bacterial community structure of the control group, and the J3 pattern is not obviously changed from the soil bacterial community structure of the control group. In mature forests, the C3 pattern is completely separated from the C1, C2, C4, C5 and C6 patterns around the PC1 axis, and the C1 and C4 patterns are completely separated from the C2, C5 and C6 patterns around the PC2 axis, so that the difference between the C3 pattern and the bacterial community structure of a control group is obvious, the difference between the C1 and C4 patterns and the bacterial community structure of the control group is also obvious, and the difference between the C2 and the community structure of the C5 patterns and the control group is not obvious. In the mature forest, the patterns G1, G2, G5 and G6 are separated from the patterns G3 and G4 around the axis PC1, the patterns G1 and G2 are separated from the patterns G5 and G6 around the axis PC2, which shows that the patterns G3 and G4 have obvious difference from the structure of the bacterial community in the soil of a G6 control group, the patterns G1 and G2 have obvious difference from the structure of the bacterial community in the control group, and the structure of the bacterial community in the soil after the pattern G5 is planted is not obviously changed compared with the control group.
2.3 analysis of diversity of microorganisms Alpha in different forest ages
2.3.1 analysis of abundance and diversity of soil fungal communities in different forest ages:
in the young fir forest, as can be seen from the Chao1 index and the ACE index in table 1, the abundance of soil fungus community among different planting modes is Y3> Y1> Y2> Y5> Y4> Y6 in sequence, the Shannon index of soil fungus is Y5> Y2> Y1> Y3> Y4> Y6, the abundance and diversity level of soil fungus of 5 mode groups are higher than those of a control group, and the soil fungus abundance and diversity of the young fir forest are improved by different planting modes. In China fir midling forest, the abundance of soil fungal communities under different modes is Z1> Z5> Z2> Z3> Z4> Z6 in sequence, the Shannon index of soil fungi is Z3> Z2> Z1> Z5> Z4> Z6, the Chao1 index, the ACE index and the Shannon index of soil fungi in 5 planting modes are all higher than those of a control group, and the condition that the abundance and the diversity of the soil fungi in the midling forest are positively influenced by applying different planting modes is shown. In the China fir inbred forest, the abundance degree of soil fungus communities in different modes is J5> J2> J4> J1> J3> J6, the Shannon index of the soil fungi is J1> J3> J2> J5> J4> J6, the abundance degree and the diversity level of the soil fungi in 5 planting modes are higher than those of a control group, and the abundance degree and the diversity of the soil fungi in the inbred forest are improved by the 5 modes. In a mature forest of fir, the abundance index of soil fungi in each group is Y4, Y1, Y2, Y6, Y5 and Y3, wherein the abundance of the soil fungi in the three planting modes of Y4, Y1 and Y2 is higher than that in a control group. The soil fungus Simpson index size of each mode is C3> C2> C5> C1> C4> C6, and the Shannon index size is C6> C1> C4> C5> C2> C3, and the results show that the soil fungus community diversity level of the control group is higher than that of each planting group, and the 5 modes have no influence on the soil fungus diversity in the mature forest. In a fir over-mature forest, the soil fungal community abundance degree Chao1 index and the ACE index in different modes are in the size sequence of G3> G2> G1> G5> G4> G6, the soil fungal abundance degree Chao1 index and the ACE index in a 5 planting mode are higher than those of a control group, the over-mature forest soil fungal Simpson index is in the size sequence of G1> G5> G3> G6> G2> G4, the over-mature forest soil fungal Shannon index is in the size sequence of G4> G2> G3> G6> G5> G1, and the soil fungal diversity of G4 and G2 is higher than that of the control group.
2.3.2 analysis of the abundance and diversity of soil bacterial communities in different forest ages:
in the young fir forest, the abundance of the soil bacteria community among different planting modes is Y2, Y3, Y1, Y5, Y4 and Y6 in sequence from the Chao1 index and the ACE index, and the abundance of the soil bacteria is higher than that of a control group in 5 planting modes. The Simpson indexes of soil bacteria in different planting modes are Y6> Y3> Y4> Y2> Y5> Y1, and the Shannon indexes of Y5> Y2> Y1> Y3> Y4> Y6, so that the 5 planting modes have the effect of improving the soil bacteria diversity of young forests. In China fir midlings, the abundance of the soil bacteria community under different modes is Z5, Z6, Z2, Z4, Z3 and Z1 in sequence, and the abundance of the soil bacteria under the Z5 mode is higher than that of a control group. The indexes of the soil bacteria Simpson are Z2> Z3> Z4> Z6> Z1> Z5 in sequence, the indexes of Shannon are Z5> Z1> Z6> Z4> Z3> Z2, and the diversity level of the soil bacteria in the two modes of Z5 and Z1 is higher than that of the soil in a control group. In the fir-tree near-mature forest, the enrichment degree of different modes of soil bacterial communities is in the order of J3> J4> J6> J2> J5> J1, wherein the enrichment degree of the soil bacteria in the two modes of J3 and J4 is higher than that in a control group. The Simpson index of soil bacteria under different planting modes is J2> J1> J3> J5> J6> J4, the Shannon index is J6> J4> J5> J3> J1> J2, and the bacterial diversity index of a control group is higher, which indicates that different modes have little influence on the bacterial diversity of soil. In the mature forest of China fir, the abundance of the soil bacterial community in each mode is C2, C5, C4, C6, C1 and C3 in sequence, wherein the abundance of the soil bacterial community in the three planting modes of C2, C5 and C4 is improved compared with that in a control group. The Simpson index size of soil bacteria of each mode is C3> C1> C2> C5> C4> C6, the Shannon index size is C4> C6> C2> C5> C1> C3, the diversity of the soil bacteria of the control group is high, and the abundance and diversity level of the soil bacteria community of the mature forest are not basically improved by applying other planting modes. In the fir mature forest, the soil bacterial community abundance degree Chao1 index and ACE index in different modes are in the order of G2, G3, G4, G6, G5 and G1, wherein the soil bacterial abundance degree of the G2, G3 and G4 is higher than that of a control group. The size sequence of the Simpson indexes of the over-ripened forest soil bacteria is G3> G4> G1> G2> G6> G5, the size sequence of the Shannon indexes of the over-ripened forest soil bacteria is G5> G2> G6> G4> G1> G3, and the Simpson indexes and the Shannon indexes of the soil bacteria of G5 are increased compared with the control group.
TABLE 1 soil microbial community abundance and diversity index for different plant functional group planting patterns
2.4 analysis of influence of composition and relative abundance of soil microbial communities of different forest ages
2.4.1 analysis of the influence of different plant functional group patterns on the composition and relative facies degree of soil fungal communities
Taxonomic analysis of soil fungi from fir trees of different ages showed a total of 4 mycoderm abundances greater than 1%, including Ascomycota (Ascomycota), Basidiomycota (Basidiomycota), Zygomycota (Zygomycota), and rozelomycota.
The colony structure composition of the soil fungi in the young forest at the phylum level sequentially comprises Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Zygomycota and Rozelomycota according to the proportion. The highest ratio in the 5 planting modes is ascomycota, the ratio is basically more than 40%, the basidiomycota ratio of the control group is the highest (45.85%), and the basidiomycota ratio of the 5 mode groups is reduced compared with the control group. The soil fungus accounted for 23.82% in the Rozellomycota in the Y3 mode, while the proportion of Rozellomycota in the other modes as well as in the control group was less than 3% in each mode.
The epiphyte in the middle aged forest is ascomycota, basidiomycota and zygomycota according to the proportion of the epiphyte in the phylum. Under the Z2, Z3, Z4 and Z5 modes, the ratio of ascomycota in soil fungi is the highest and exceeds 50 percent, and the ratio of zygomycota is relatively the lowest. In the Z1 model and the control group, the highest proportion was zygomycota (37.15%, 45.31%), and the relative proportion of basidiomycota was the lowest.
The soil fungi of the near-mature forest are ascomycota, basidiomycota and zygomycota in the phylum level according to the proportion. The JI and J2 model show the highest percentage of soil fungi in Basidiomycota, with the percentage sizes of 42.61% and 44.65%, respectively. The soil fungi of the J3, J4, J5 modes and the control group are all highest in the ascomycota, and the proportion is more than 40%. The soil fungus in each mode and in the control group was the lowest in the Rozellomycota proportion.
The mature forest soil fungi comprise ascomycota, basidiomycota and zygomycota in turn according to the occupied proportion at phylum level. The percentage of the soil fungus in the C2 mode is highest in basidiomycota (53.99%), the percentage of the soil fungus in the C5 mode is highest in zygomycota (62.81%), and the percentage of the soil fungus in the rest of the mode groups and the soil fungus in the control group are highest in ascomycota, particularly the percentage of the soil fungus in the C4 mode and the soil fungus in the control group are both more than 70%.
The soil fungi of the over-ripened forest are sequentially basidiomycota, ascomycota and zygomycota according to the occupied proportion at phylum level. The ratio of Basidiomycota in G1, G4, and G5 is highest (52.78, 45.47%, 66.18%), and the ratio of ascomycota in G2, G3 and the control group is highest (59.72%, 45.29%, 41.64%). The proportion of Rozellomycota in the different planting patterns and in the control group was the lowest.
The 5 different modes of implantation have obvious effects on improving the abundance and the diversity level of the fungi in the soil of the fir wood artificial forest. Especially, in young forests and near-mature forests, the soil fungus richness and diversity + indexes under different planting modes are all compared with those of a control group. The fungal Simpson indexes of the Zhonglin Z4 (yellow sandalwood, suberect spatholobus stem and Chinese yew) and Z5 (Chinese yew, suberect spatholobus stem and kaempferia galanga) modes are lower than those of the control group, and in addition, other richness and diversity indexes of each planting mode are increased compared with those of the control group. The soil fungus abundance level is improved in different planting modes in over-mature forests, but the fungus diversity of only G4 (yellow sandalwood + suberect spatholobus stem + taxus chinensis) and G2 (yellow sandalwood + kaempferia galanga) modes is higher than that of a control group. After the mature forest is planted with plants in different modes, the abundance and diversity level of soil fungal communities are not improved. In the composition of the soil fungus community, the ratio of ascomycota in a G5 (taxus chinensis, caulis spatholobi and kaempferia galanga) mode in the mature forest is highest, and the ratio of ascomycota in other 4 forest ages is highest in a mode 4 (pterocarpus indicus, caulis spatholobi and taxus chinensis). The basidiomycota accounted for the highest ratio in the control group in young forests and the highest ratio in the other 4 forests in mode 2 (pterocarpus santalinus + kaempferia galanga). Zygomycota accounts for the highest proportion of all forest ages in Y2 (yellow sandalwood + kaempferia galanga), Z6 (contrast), J4 (yellow sandalwood + suberect spatholobus stem + taxus chinensis), C5 (taxus chinensis + suberect spatholobus stem + kaempferia galanga) and G3 modes respectively. The Rozellomycota phylum has the highest ratio under the mode of Y3 (pterocarpus santalinus and caulis spatholobi) of young forests and near-mature forests, and has the highest ratio under the mode of C2 (pterocarpus santalinus and rhizoma kaempferiae) and G4 (pterocarpus santalinus and caulis spatholobi and taxus chinensis) of mature forests and mature forests, and the Rozellomycota phylum does not exist in middle-aged forests.
2.4.2 analysis of the influence of the bacterial community composition and relative facies degree of different forest ages:
taxonomic analysis is carried out on soil bacteria of artificial forests of fir of different ages, and 11 bacterial phyla with abundance of more than 1% are obtained, namely Proteobacteria (Proteobacteria), acidobacter (Acidobacteria), clornorthe (Chloroflexi), actinomycete (actinobacillus), phytophthora (bacteroides), Firmicutes (Firmicutes), Verrucomicrobia (Verrucomicrobia), gemmatiudeetes (gemmatiudeetes), Bacteroidetes (bacteroidides), spirochetes (saccharomycetes) and Cyanobacteria (Cyanobacteria).
The proteobacteria and the acidophyla in each planting mode of the young forest occupy certain advantages, the occupied proportions are all more than 20%, the closteron ratio in soil bacteria of a control group is the highest (42.18%), and the proteobacteria and the acidophyla also occupy certain advantages (17.30% and 19.14%). Except for the phylum of Fulviculorum (1.04%) in the Y3 mode, the phylum of curvularia, Actinomycetes and Furomycetes all had a proportion of greater than 3% in each mode, and the proportion of bacteria at the level of the remaining phylum was substantially less than 3%.
The acidophyla, proteobacteria and closterium virginosum in different modes in the middle aged forest all have certain advantages, and the acidophyla in the Z1, Z3 and Z5 modes have the highest ratio, namely 32.57%, 28.02% and 28.88% respectively. The Proteobacteria in the Z2 mode was highest (36.13%), and Z4 and the control group were highest in Zygomycota virescens, reaching 32.00% and 28.07%, respectively. The ratio of actinomycete phyla in each mode is more than 7%, the ratio of the phylum of the phytophthora in the Z4 and Z5 modes, the ratio of the phylum of the phytophthora in the control group and the ratio of the phylum of the verrucomicrobia in each mode are more than 3%, and the ratio of bacteria in the level of the rest phylum is less than 3%.
The acidophyla, the proteobacteria and the closterium under different modes in the familiar forest all have certain advantages, and the acidophyla under the J2, J4 and J5 modes have the highest ratio, namely 32.24%, 33.66% and 34.88% respectively. The proportion of proteobacteria of J3 and the control group is the highest, and 31.58% and 29.05% are achieved respectively. The closteron occupancy was highest in the J1 mode (29.08%). The proportion of the actinomycetomycota in each mode, the firmicutes in the J1, J2, J3, J5, J6 modes, and the phytophthora in the J2, J4, J5 modes in each mode is more than 3%, and the proportion of the bacteria at the level of the remaining phyla is less than 3%.
The agrobacterium acidobacter, proteobacteria and clodothiobacillus under different modes in mature forests all have certain advantages, the clodothiobacillus in the C3 mode has the highest ratio (41.08%), and the proteobacteria in other modes except C3 has the highest ratio. The proportion of the actinomycetomycota in all the models, the phytophthora in the C1, C3, C4 and control, the verrucomica in the C4 and C6 models and the firmicutes in the C4 model was greater than 3% in each model.
The soil bacteria proteobacteria, acidobacteroidetes and clocurvularia viridis in different modes in the over-mature forest all have certain advantages, and the proteobacteria in the modes of G1, G3, G4 and G6 have the highest ratio, namely 32.00%, 53.54%, 33.88% and 27.57%. The Acidobacterium phylum under the G2 and G5 modes accounts for the highest percentage, namely 31.69% and 28.49%, respectively. The ratio of actinomycetomycota in all modes, the phylum of phytophthora in G1, G4, G5 and G6, the phylum of verrucomicrobia in G1, G4, G5 and G6, the phylum of firmicutes in G4 and G5 modes is more than 3 percent, and the ratio of bacteria in the level of the rest phylum is less than 3 percent.
The influence of the 5 modes on soil bacteria is inconsistent, and the soil bacteria abundance and diversity level of each mode of the young forest are improved compared with the young forest. The enrichment and diversity of soil bacteria in the Zhonglin Z5 (Chinese yew, caulis Spatholobi and rhizoma Kaempferiae) mode are improved compared with those in the control group. The level of enrichment of soil bacteria can be improved most in the mode of the julienne J3 (yellow sandalwood + suberect spatholobus stem). The soil bacteria abundance level can be improved most in a mature forest C2 (yellow sandalwood + kaempferia galanga) mode. The enrichment level of soil bacteria can be improved in a mature forest G2 (yellow sandalwood and kaempferia galanga) mode, and the diversity level of soil bacteria can be improved in a G5 (Chinese yew, suberect spatholobus stem and kaempferia galanga) mode. In the composition of the soil bacterial community, 4 phyla with the highest occupation ratio in each forest age are proteobacteria, acidobacter, clotrimycota and actinomycetemcomita. The Y3, Z2, J3, C5 and G3 modes of proteobacteria are highest in different forest ages, the Y1, Z1, J5, C1 and G2 modes of Acidobacterium are highest in different forest ages, the Y6, Z4, J2, C3 and G6 modes of Zygomycota virescens are highest in different forest ages, and the Y4, Z2, J1, C5 and G3 modes of Actinomycetes are highest in different forest ages.
According to the related results of the different plant functional groups on the soil physicochemical properties and the microbial influences, aiming at serious nitrogen and phosphorus deficiency of China fir forest soil, reduction of soil microbial diversity, the own biological characteristics of the under-forest vegetation (such as nitrogen fixation characteristics of the wingceltis, the caulis Spatholobi leguminous plants, the taxus chinensis C4 plant characteristics, quick nutrient return of the kaempferia galanga and economic benefits thereof) and the like, the following better plant functional group configuration for improving the soil ecological functions of the forests with different forest ages can be preferably selected through comprehensive analysis: a plant function group a (plant function group configuration corresponding to reference numeral 5 in fig. 1) composed of taxus mairei, spatholobus stem and kaempferia galanga was introduced into young forests and near-mature forests, a plant function group B (plant function group configuration corresponding to reference numeral 2 in fig. 1) composed of santal indicum and kaempferia galanga was introduced into middle-aged forests and over-mature forests, and a plant function group C (plant function group configuration corresponding to reference numeral 1 in fig. 1) composed of santal indicum and taxus mairei was introduced into mature forests.
The above description is only for the purpose of illustrating the preferred embodiments of the present invention and is not to be construed as limiting the invention, and any modifications, equivalents, improvements and the like that fall within the spirit and principle of the present invention are intended to be included therein.
Claims (7)
1. The method for improving the soil ecological service function of the fir forest based on the plant functional group is characterized by comprising the following steps:
1) surveying vegetation conditions of forest lands, identifying fir forests needing under-forest vegetation and soil restoration, dividing the fir forests into sections according to different forest ages, and determining the areas to be restored to be young forests, middle-aged forests, near-aged forests, mature forests and/or over-aged forests and boundary positions of the young forests, the middle-aged forests, the near-aged forests, the mature forests and/or the over-aged forests;
2) introducing plant functional groups into each area to be repaired in spring, and respectively introducing different plant functional groups formed by combining two or more plants of taxus mairei, pterocarpus indicus, caulis spatholobi and kaempferia galanga according to different forest ages.
2. The method for improving soil ecological services function of a cedar forest constructed based on plant function groups as claimed in claim 1, wherein the plant function group A consisting of taxus mairei, caulis spatholobi and kaempferia galanga is introduced for young forests and near-mature forests, the plant function group B consisting of santalin and kaempferia galanga is introduced for middle-aged forests and over-mature forests, and the plant function group C consisting of santalin and taxus mairei is introduced for mature forests.
3. The method for improving the soil ecological service function of the cedar forest constructed on the basis of the plant function group as claimed in claim 2, wherein the plant number of the taxus mairei and the caulis spatholobi and the cluster number ratio of the kaempferia galanga in the plant function group A are 1:1: 1; the cluster ratio of the number of the plants of the Nanling yellow sandalwood to the number of the kaempferia galanga in the plant functional group B is 1: 1; the plant functional group C has a strain ratio of 1:1 between Dalbergia odorifera and Taxus chinensis var mairei.
4. The method for improving soil ecological service function of a cedar forest constructed on the basis of plant function groups according to claim 3, characterized in that in the plant function group A, Taxus cuspidata, caulis Spatholobi and rhizoma kaempferiae are planted in a strip-shaped mixed mode, Taxus chinensis var mairei and caulis Spatholobi are planted in a staggered mode in the same row, the row spacing of Taxus chinensis var mairei and caulis Spatholobi is 2m x 2m, the row spacing of Taxus chinensis var mairei and caulis Spatholobi in the same row is 1m, rhizoma kaempferiae is planted in a row, a cluster of rhizoma kaempferiae is planted between two adjacent caulis Spatholobi in two rows, and each cluster of rhizoma kaempferiae is embedded into four vertexes of a square with side length of 0.5m by four rhizoma kaempferiae tubers.
5. The method for improving the soil ecological service function of the cedar forest constructed on the basis of the plant function group as claimed in claim 3, wherein the plant function group B is obtained by planting the pterocarpus santalinus and the kaempferia galanga in a strip-shaped mixed mode, the plant row spacing of the pterocarpus santalinus is 2m x 2m, a cluster of kaempferia galanga is planted between two adjacent pterocarpus santalinus between two rows, and each cluster of kaempferia galanga is formed by embedding four kaempferia tubers into four vertexes of a square with the side length of 0.5 m.
6. The method for improving soil ecological service function of Chinese fir forest based on plant functional group construction as claimed in claim 3, wherein the south-lying yellow sandalwood and the south-lying Chinese yew in the plant functional group C are planted in a staggered manner in a block manner, the plant row spacing of the south-lying yellow sandalwood and the south-lying Chinese yew is 2m x 2m, and the south-lying yellow sandalwood and the south-lying Chinese yew are planted in a staggered manner in rows and in spaces.
7. The method for improving soil ecological services function of cedar trees constructed based on plant functional groups according to any one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that, when introduced in spring, corresponding seedlings with the height of 1m or less are directly planted in Taxus mairei, Pterocarpus indicus and caulis Spatholobi, and Kaempferiae is directly buried in tubers.
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