CN113299713A - Display panel and display device - Google Patents
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- CN113299713A CN113299713A CN202110558255.XA CN202110558255A CN113299713A CN 113299713 A CN113299713 A CN 113299713A CN 202110558255 A CN202110558255 A CN 202110558255A CN 113299713 A CN113299713 A CN 113299713A
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- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 61
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 50
- 230000001629 suppression Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 43
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 239000010408 film Substances 0.000 claims description 33
- 239000012782 phase change material Substances 0.000 claims description 23
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- 238000005538 encapsulation Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910010272 inorganic material Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000011147 inorganic material Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- -1 CuPe Chemical compound 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000007769 metal material Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- TVIVIEFSHFOWTE-UHFFFAOYSA-K tri(quinolin-8-yloxy)alumane Chemical compound [Al+3].C1=CN=C2C([O-])=CC=CC2=C1.C1=CN=C2C([O-])=CC=CC2=C1.C1=CN=C2C([O-])=CC=CC2=C1 TVIVIEFSHFOWTE-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011368 organic material Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 9
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000002834 transmittance Methods 0.000 description 2
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005452 bending Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005525 hole transport Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005286 illumination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004020 luminiscence type Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002161 passivation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K59/00—Integrated devices, or assemblies of multiple devices, comprising at least one organic light-emitting element covered by group H10K50/00
- H10K59/30—Devices specially adapted for multicolour light emission
- H10K59/38—Devices specially adapted for multicolour light emission comprising colour filters or colour changing media [CCM]
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K50/00—Organic light-emitting devices
- H10K50/80—Constructional details
- H10K50/86—Arrangements for improving contrast, e.g. preventing reflection of ambient light
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K50/00—Organic light-emitting devices
- H10K50/80—Constructional details
- H10K50/86—Arrangements for improving contrast, e.g. preventing reflection of ambient light
- H10K50/865—Arrangements for improving contrast, e.g. preventing reflection of ambient light comprising light absorbing layers, e.g. light-blocking layers
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K59/00—Integrated devices, or assemblies of multiple devices, comprising at least one organic light-emitting element covered by group H10K50/00
- H10K59/10—OLED displays
- H10K59/12—Active-matrix OLED [AMOLED] displays
- H10K59/126—Shielding, e.g. light-blocking means over the TFTs
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K59/00—Integrated devices, or assemblies of multiple devices, comprising at least one organic light-emitting element covered by group H10K50/00
- H10K59/40—OLEDs integrated with touch screens
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K59/00—Integrated devices, or assemblies of multiple devices, comprising at least one organic light-emitting element covered by group H10K50/00
- H10K59/50—OLEDs integrated with light modulating elements, e.g. with electrochromic elements, photochromic elements or liquid crystal elements
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- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Optics & Photonics (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
- Electroluminescent Light Sources (AREA)
Abstract
The invention relates to a display panel and a display device. The display panel includes: a substrate base plate; a light emitting device layer disposed on the base substrate; a color film layer and a color separation suppression layer disposed on a side of the light emitting device layer away from the base substrate, wherein the color film layer and the color separation suppression layer are stacked in a direction perpendicular to the base substrate, and wherein the color separation suppression layer is configured to suppress transmission of ambient light from an external environment to the light emitting device layer and the base substrate and to suppress transmission of the ambient light reflected from the light emitting device layer and the base substrate to the external environment.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of display. And more particularly, to a display panel and a display device.
Background
Organic Light-Emitting Diode (OLED) display panels have the advantages of self-luminescence, high efficiency, bright color, and the like, and have been gradually applied to the fields of large-area display, illumination, vehicle-mounted display, and the like.
Disclosure of Invention
Embodiments of the present invention provide a display panel capable of suppressing color separation while thinning the display panel.
The display panel includes: a substrate base plate; a pixel circuit layer disposed on the substrate base plate; a light emitting device layer disposed on the pixel circuit layer; a color film layer and a color separation suppression layer disposed on a side of the light emitting device layer away from the base substrate, wherein the color film layer and the color separation suppression layer are stacked in a direction perpendicular to the base substrate, and wherein the color separation suppression layer is configured to suppress transmission of ambient light from an external environment to the light emitting device layer and the base substrate and to suppress transmission of the ambient light reflected from the light emitting device layer and the base substrate to the external environment.
In some embodiments, the color separation suppression layer includes a transflective material layer and a light phase change material layer stacked on each other in a vertical direction.
In some embodiments, the optical phase-change material is configured such that the phase of light transmitted from a single time thereof varies by an odd multiple of π/2.
In some embodiments, the color separation suppression layer comprises two transflective material layers and three light phase change material layers, and wherein each of the two transflective material layers is sandwiched between adjacent ones of the three light phase change material layers.
In some embodiments, the transflective material comprises a metallic material or an inorganic material; the phase change material includes an inorganic material or an organic material.
In some embodiments, the transflective material comprises at least one of: sm, Al, Cr and Ag; the phase change material comprises at least one of: ZnO, mixtures of Alq3 and C60, CuPe, LiF.
In some embodiments, the display panel further comprises a touch layer on a side of the light emitting device layer away from the base substrate, the touch layer comprising at least one of the color film layer and the color separation suppression layer.
In some embodiments, the touch layer includes a first insulating layer, a first touch electrode layer, a second insulating layer, a second touch electrode layer, and a third insulating layer sequentially disposed along a direction away from the substrate base plate.
In some embodiments, one of the first insulating layer and the third insulating layer includes the color separation suppression layer.
In some embodiments, the third insulating layer comprises a color separation suppression layer.
In some embodiments, the first insulating layer comprises a color separation suppression layer.
In some embodiments, the third insulating layer comprises a color film layer.
In some embodiments, the display panel further includes a touch layer on a side of the light emitting device layer away from the base substrate, wherein the touch layer and the color film layer and the color separation suppression layer are stacked on each other.
In some embodiments, the color film layer is located on a side of the touch layer away from the base substrate, and the color separation suppression layer is located on a side of the color film layer away from the base substrate.
In some embodiments, the display panel further comprises an encapsulation layer disposed on the light emitting device layer, the color film layer and color separation suppression layer being located between the light emitting device layer and the thin film encapsulation layer in a direction perpendicular to the substrate base plate; and a black matrix disposed in the color film layer.
In some embodiments, the light emitting device layer further comprises a pixel defining layer disposed on the base substrate, the pixel defining layer comprising a plurality of openings defining a plurality of sub-pixels, wherein a projection of the black matrix on the base substrate overlaps a projection of the pixel defining layer on the base substrate.
In some embodiments, the light emitting device layer comprises: a first electrode disposed on the substrate base plate and in the opening; a light emitting layer on a side of the first electrode remote from the substrate base plate; and a second electrode on a side of the light emitting layer remote from the base substrate.
The embodiment of the invention also provides a display device. The display device includes the display panel as described above.
Drawings
In order to more clearly illustrate the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention, the drawings of the embodiments will be briefly described below, it being understood that the drawings described below relate only to some embodiments of the present invention and are not limiting thereof, wherein:
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a display panel according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a display panel according to an embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of a display panel according to an embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of a display panel according to an embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of a display panel according to an embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 6 is a schematic view of a color separation suppression layer according to the present invention;
fig. 7 is a schematic view of a display device according to an embodiment of the present invention.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the embodiments of the present invention clearer, the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. It is to be understood that the embodiments described are only a few embodiments of the present invention, and not all embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the described embodiments of the invention without any inventive step, also belong to the scope of protection of the invention.
When introducing elements of the present invention and the embodiments thereof, the articles "a," "an," "the," and "said" are intended to mean that there are one or more of the elements. The terms "comprising," "including," "containing," and "having" are intended to be inclusive and mean that there may be additional elements other than the listed elements.
For purposes of the following surface description, the terms "upper", "lower", "left", "right", "vertical", "horizontal", "top", "bottom", and derivatives thereof shall relate to the invention as it is oriented in the drawing figures. The terms "overlying," "atop … …," "positioned … …," or "positioned atop … …" mean that a first element, such as a first structure, is present on a second element, such as a second structure, wherein there may be intermediate elements, such as an interface structure, between the first element and the second element. The term "contacting" means connecting a first element, such as a first structure, to a second element, such as a second structure, with or without other elements at the interface of the two elements. The light emitting side of a display panel (e.g., an OLED display panel) is generally provided with a polarizer to reduce the influence of external ambient light on the display performance of the display panel. However, since the polarizer has a large thickness, it is difficult for the display panel to meet the demand for slimness of the display panel. For this reason, a color film layer may be used to reduce the thickness of the display panel instead of the polarizer.
However, although the use of the color film layer instead of the polarizer can effectively reduce the thickness of the display panel, the inventors have found that the solution still has some problems. Specifically, since the transmittance of the color film layer is greater than that of the polarizer, more external ambient light is transmitted to the inside of the display panel and is reflected inside the display panel than in the case of using the polarizer. The inventors have further noticed that when the reflected external ambient light exits the display panel, a color separation phenomenon is likely to occur, affecting the display effect of the display panel. In particular, the color separation phenomenon is particularly sensitive to the flatness of reflective structures (such as cathode and anode electrodes of an OLED) inside the display panel, and increases the difficulty of forming an electrode layer as a reflective structure of ambient light inside the display panel to some extent.
Fig. 1 is a schematic view of a display panel according to an embodiment of the present invention. As shown in fig. 1, a display panel according to an embodiment of the present invention includes: a base substrate 10 on which a pixel circuit layer 19 is provided; a light emitting device layer 11 disposed on the pixel circuit layer 19; a color film layer 12 and a color separation suppression layer 13 provided on a side of the light emitting device layer 11 away from the substrate base plate 10, wherein the color film layer 12 and the color separation suppression layer 13 are laminated in a direction perpendicular to the substrate base plate 10, and wherein the color separation suppression layer 13 is configured to suppress transmission of ambient light from an external environment to the light emitting device layer 11 and the substrate base plate 10, and to suppress transmission of ambient light reflected from the light emitting device layer 11 and the substrate base plate 10 to the external environment.
With this configuration, color separation can be suppressed while the display panel is made thin. That is, on the one hand, the display panel thickness can be reduced by using a color film layer instead of a polarizing film, and on the other hand, the problem of color separation of ambient light due to high color film transmittance is solved by introducing a color separation suppression layer.
The introduction of the color separation suppression layer by this scheme does not require the introduction of a separate manufacturing step from the display panel, and the manufacturing cost is inexpensive. When such a scheme is applied to a flexible display panel, no change in display efficiency is observed after 10000 bending test times.
Fig. 2 is a schematic diagram of a display panel according to an embodiment of the invention. As shown in fig. 2, the display panel according to the embodiment of the present invention may further include a touch layer 14 on a side of the light emitting device layer 11 away from the base substrate 10, wherein the touch layer 14 is laminated with the color film layer 13 and the color separation suppression layer 12.
Fig. 3 is a schematic diagram of a display panel according to an embodiment of the invention. As shown in fig. 3, the touch layer 14 may further include a first insulating layer 141, a first touch electrode layer 142, a second insulating layer 143, a second touch electrode layer 144, and a third insulating layer 145 sequentially disposed along a direction away from the substrate base plate 10.
The display panel may further include: a black matrix 15 disposed in the color film layer 13; an encapsulation layer 16 disposed over the light emitting device 11; and a cover plate 17 positioned at a side of the display panel farthest from the substrate base plate 10.
In an actual product, the driving circuit layer may include an active layer, a gate electrode, a gate insulating layer, source/drain electrodes, a passivation layer, and a planarization layer disposed on the substrate, which are not described in detail herein.
The light emitting device layer 11 may include a pixel defining layer 18 disposed on the base substrate 10. The pixel defining layer 18 may include a plurality of openings defining a plurality of sub-pixels, wherein a projection of the black matrix 15 on the substrate base 10 overlaps a projection of the pixel defining layer 18 on the substrate base 10. The light emitting device layer may further include: a first conductive layer 113 disposed on the base substrate 10 and in the opening; a light-emitting layer 112 on a side of the first electrode 142 away from the base substrate 10; a second conductive layer 113 on the side of the light emitting layer 112 remote from the base substrate 10.
The light emitting layer 112 may include a hole injection layer, a hole transport layer, an organic light emitting layer, an electron transport layer, an electron injection layer, and the like. The encapsulation layer 16 serves to encapsulate the light emitting device layer 11 to prevent moisture, oxygen, and the like from entering the light emitting device. The encapsulation layer may comprise a thin film encapsulation layer, which may be, for example, a stack of an organic encapsulation layer and an inorganic encapsulation layer.
As shown in fig. 3, the color film layer 13 may be located on a side of the touch layer 14 away from the substrate base plate 10. The color separation suppression layer 12 may be located on a side of the color film layer 13 away from the base substrate 10, and the color separation suppression layer 12 may also be located on a side of the color film layer 13 toward the base substrate.
The touch layer 14 may include at least one of the color film layer 13 and the color separation suppression layer 12. For example, one of the first and third insulating layers 141 and 145 may include a color separation suppression layer. By doing so, a part of the insulating layer originally in the touch layer can be replaced with the color separation suppression layer, so that the thinning of the display panel can be maintained.
Fig. 4 is a schematic diagram of a display panel according to an embodiment of the present invention. As shown in fig. 4, the third insulating layer 145 may include a color separation suppression layer 12. With this configuration, the display panel can be kept slim.
Fig. 5 is a schematic diagram of a display panel according to an embodiment of the present invention. As shown in fig. 5, the first insulating layer 141 may include a color separation suppression layer 12. Further, the third insulating layer 145 may include a color film layer 13. With this configuration, the display panel can be kept slim.
Fig. 6 is a schematic view of a color separation suppression layer according to the present invention. The color separation suppression layer 12 may include a transflective material layer 121 and a light phase change material layer 122 stacked on each other in a vertical direction.
The transflective material layer can reduce the intensity of light transmitted therethrough, thereby being capable of suppressing transmission of ambient light from the external environment to the light-emitting device layer and the base substrate, and suppressing transmission of ambient light reflected from the light-emitting device layer and the base substrate to the external environment. The transflective material layer may include a metallic material or an inorganic material. For example, the transflective material includes at least one of: sm, Al, Cr and Ag.
The optical phase-change material is configured such that the phase of light transmitted from a single time thereof varies by an odd multiple of pi/2. As shown in fig. 6, such a configuration makes the phase difference of the light a incident from the optical phase change material layer 122 and the light B exiting from the optical phase change material layer 122 be an odd multiple of pi for each optical phase change material layer, so that the light a incident to the optical phase change material layer and the light B exiting therefrom undergo interference cancellation, and it is also possible to suppress the transmission of ambient light from the external environment to the light emitting device layer and the substrate base plate, and to suppress the transmission of ambient light reflected from the light emitting device layer and the substrate base plate to the external environment. The phase change material may include organic and/or inorganic substances. For example, the phase change material may include at least one of: ZnO, mixtures of Alq3 and C60, CuPe, LiF. The thickness of the phase-change material layer may be set according to the wavelength of light to be suppressed.
As shown in fig. 6, the color separation suppression layer may include two transflective material layers 121 and three light phase change material layers 122, wherein each of the two transflective material layers 121 is sandwiched between adjacent two of the three light phase change material layers 122. This can achieve a preferable color separation suppression effect.
Due to the limitations of the prior art, the light emitting device layer 11 and the driving backplane 19 are often not flat enough, resulting in light from the external environment being incident on a certain sub-pixel, then being reflected to and exiting from sub-pixels adjacent to the sub-pixel. Thus, the color separation phenomenon is more easily generated, and the display panel provided by the embodiment of the invention can also improve the color separation phenomenon caused by the condition.
Fig. 7 is a schematic view of a display device according to an embodiment of the present invention. As shown in fig. 7, the display device 100 according to an embodiment of the present invention may include a display panel 200. The display panel 200 may be a display panel as described above, for example, may be a display panel as illustrated in fig. 1 to 6.
Certain specific embodiments have been described, which have been presented by way of example only, and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention. Indeed, the novel embodiments described herein may be embodied in various other forms; furthermore, various omissions, substitutions and changes in the form of the embodiments described herein may be made without departing from the spirit of the inventions. The accompanying claims and their equivalents are intended to cover such forms or modifications as would fall within the scope and spirit of the inventions.
Claims (15)
1. A display panel, comprising:
a substrate base plate;
a pixel circuit layer disposed on the substrate base plate;
a light emitting device layer disposed on the pixel circuit layer;
a color film layer and a color separation suppression layer disposed on a side of the light emitting device layer away from the base substrate, wherein the color film layer and the color separation suppression layer are stacked in a direction perpendicular to the base substrate, and wherein the color separation suppression layer is configured to suppress transmission of ambient light from an external environment to the light emitting device layer and the base substrate and to suppress transmission of the ambient light reflected from the light emitting device layer and the base substrate to the external environment.
2. The display panel according to claim 1, wherein the color separation suppression layer comprises a transflective material layer and a light phase change material layer stacked on each other in a vertical direction.
3. The display panel of claim 2, wherein the optical phase change material is configured to cause the phase of light transmitted from a single time thereof to change by an odd multiple of pi/2.
4. The display panel according to claim 2, wherein the color separation suppression layer includes two transflective material layers and three light phase change material layers, and wherein each of the two transflective material layers is sandwiched between adjacent two of the three light phase change material layers.
5. The display panel of claim 2, the transflective material comprising a metallic material or an inorganic material;
the phase change material includes an inorganic material or an organic material.
6. The display panel of claim 5, the transflective material comprising at least one of: sm, Al, Cr and Ag;
the phase change material comprises at least one of: ZnO, mixtures of Alq3 and C60, CuPe, LiF.
7. The display panel of claim 1, further comprising a touch layer on a side of the light emitting device layer away from the base substrate, wherein the touch layer comprises at least one of the color film layer and the color separation suppression layer.
8. The display panel according to claim 7, wherein the touch layer comprises a first insulating layer, a first touch electrode layer, a second insulating layer, a second touch electrode layer, and a third insulating layer sequentially arranged in a direction away from the substrate base plate.
9. The display panel according to claim 8, wherein one of the first insulating layer and the third insulating layer comprises the color separation suppression layer.
10. The display panel of claim 9, wherein the third insulating layer comprises a color film layer.
11. The display panel of claim 1, further comprising a touch layer on a side of the light emitting device layer away from the base substrate, wherein the touch layer and the color film layer and the color separation suppression layer are laminated to each other.
12. The display panel of claim 7, wherein the color film layer is on a side of the touch layer away from the base substrate, and the color separation suppression layer is on a side of the color film layer away from the base substrate.
13. The display panel of any of claims 1-12, further comprising:
an encapsulation layer disposed on the light emitting device layer, the color film layer and the color separation suppression layer being positioned between the light emitting device layer and the thin film encapsulation layer along a direction perpendicular to the substrate; and
and the black matrix is arranged in the color film layer.
14. The display panel of claim 13, wherein the light emitting device layer further comprises a pixel definition layer disposed on the base substrate, the pixel definition layer comprising a plurality of openings defining a plurality of sub-pixels, wherein a projection of the black matrix on the base substrate overlaps a projection of the pixel definition layer on the base substrate.
15. A display device comprising the display panel according to any one of claims 1 to 14.
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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| CN202110558255.XA CN113299713B (en) | 2021-05-21 | 2021-05-21 | Display panel and display device |
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| CN202110558255.XA CN113299713B (en) | 2021-05-21 | 2021-05-21 | Display panel and display device |
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| CN113299713B CN113299713B (en) | 2023-11-03 |
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Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN114864846A (en) * | 2022-05-17 | 2022-08-05 | 武汉华星光电半导体显示技术有限公司 | OLED light-emitting device and terminal equipment |
Citations (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US20190293990A1 (en) * | 2018-03-21 | 2019-09-26 | Samsung Display Co., Ltd. | Display device |
| CN112420956A (en) * | 2020-11-18 | 2021-02-26 | 京东方科技集团股份有限公司 | Display panel, manufacturing method thereof and display device |
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Patent Citations (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US20190293990A1 (en) * | 2018-03-21 | 2019-09-26 | Samsung Display Co., Ltd. | Display device |
| CN112420956A (en) * | 2020-11-18 | 2021-02-26 | 京东方科技集团股份有限公司 | Display panel, manufacturing method thereof and display device |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN114864846A (en) * | 2022-05-17 | 2022-08-05 | 武汉华星光电半导体显示技术有限公司 | OLED light-emitting device and terminal equipment |
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