CN113266828B - Radioactive waste pyrolysis combustion furnace - Google Patents
Radioactive waste pyrolysis combustion furnace Download PDFInfo
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- CN113266828B CN113266828B CN202110377649.5A CN202110377649A CN113266828B CN 113266828 B CN113266828 B CN 113266828B CN 202110377649 A CN202110377649 A CN 202110377649A CN 113266828 B CN113266828 B CN 113266828B
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
- F23G5/00—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor
- F23G5/02—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor with pretreatment
- F23G5/027—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor with pretreatment pyrolising or gasifying stage
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
- F23G5/00—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor
- F23G5/44—Details; Accessories
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
- F23G5/00—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor
- F23G5/44—Details; Accessories
- F23G5/442—Waste feed arrangements
- F23G5/444—Waste feed arrangements for solid waste
Abstract
The invention relates to a radioactive waste pyrolysis combustion furnace, which comprises a shell and a water-cooling jacket arranged outside the shell, wherein the bottom of the shell is provided with a primary air inlet, the middle of the shell is provided with a secondary air inlet, and the top of the shell is provided with a tertiary air inlet; a water cooling cavity is defined between the water cooling jacket and the shell, and a cooling water outlet, a cooling water inlet and a drain port which are communicated with the water cooling cavity are arranged on the water cooling jacket. The invention sets multiple paths of air inlet, and controls the air inlet amount of each path according to the components and the process parameters of waste materials, so that the pyrolysis combustion furnace can realize various waste treatment modes such as firstly pyrolysis and then combustion, simultaneously pyrolysis and combustion or direct combustion, the receiving capacity of the device to waste with different components and the adaptability of the operation working condition are improved, and the application range of the device is expanded; the equipment has compact structure and good shock resistance, and can be transported on roads as a whole.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of pyrolysis combustion furnace equipment, in particular to a radioactive waste pyrolysis combustion furnace.
Background
Nuclear facilities such as military industry, scientific research, experiments and nuclear power stations can generate a large amount of radioactive wastes in the operation and maintenance processes, wherein the proportion of combustible wastes accounts for about 50 percent, such as plastics, rubber, cotton fabrics, wood, resin, waste oil and the like, and incineration is used as one of the earliest radioactive waste volume reduction technologies, so that the method is very suitable for treating the radioactive solid wastes with low levels, can realize great volume reduction, can realize inorganization of wastes, and is favorable for final disposal. Therefore, the incineration technology of radioactive combustible solid waste is widely used in the united states, france, germany, japan, and the like, and is one of the main technologies for treating radioactive waste.
According to the air supply condition when the waste is burnt, two forms of excess air burning and pyrolysis burning can be realized. The excess air combustion means that the waste is combusted on a grate, and combustion air is partially fed in from the lower part of the grate and partially fed in from a proper position of a hearth. To ensure complete combustion of the waste, it is generally necessary to provide a sufficiently high temperature and a supply of air greater than the theoretical amount. However, this combustion mechanism cannot avoid the generation of tar and smoke odor, and is not suitable for burning wastes containing synthetic materials. The excess air combustion has the advantages of simple process, simple and convenient operation, stable operation and low cost; the defects are that complete combustion is difficult to realize, the fly ash and tar content in the flue gas is high, the load of tail gas treatment is heavy, the radioactive concentration of the flue gas is high, and the requirement of a flue gas purification system is high; the pyrolysis incineration refers to that the waste is pyrolyzed in an oxygen-poor and low-temperature environment to generate combustible pyrolysis gas and pyrolysis coke, and then the pyrolysis gas and the pyrolysis coke are fully combusted at high temperature to generate incineration ash with stable properties and completely combusted smoke. Because the incineration ash is generated in the pyrolysis process, volatile nuclides at a high temperature can be ensured to be left in the incineration ash at a lower temperature, so that the concentration of the nuclides and the purification of flue gas are facilitated. The pyrolysis incineration flue gas flow is also stable, the amount of entrained fly ash is small, and the flue gas purification is facilitated. The pyrolysis incineration has the advantages of complete combustion, high volume reduction ratio, low ash carbon residue rate and less smoke gas, but the pyrolysis incineration has higher requirement on waste pretreatment. The equipment structure is designed according to specific process requirements, one incineration equipment can only realize specific incineration forms generally, each incineration form has respective advantages and disadvantages, and the treatment requirements of various wastes and working conditions are difficult to meet simultaneously, so that the equipment structure has weak adaptability to the receiving capacity of wastes with different components and the operating working conditions, and has certain limitation.
For some units or departments with low total waste generation and scattered location distribution, the conventional incineration facilities are relatively high in construction and operation cost, large in operating personnel and complex in management procedures, and are not very suitable for the places in terms of economy and management. If the wastes are transported to a waste treatment facility, the transport problem of the radioactive wastes needs to be considered, the wastes need to be prepared and packaged to meet the corresponding transport standard, and the actual economic and management cost is high. Therefore, the vehicle-mounted incineration disposal device is developed, the device meets the transportation standard, can be directly moved to a plurality of waste generation places or temporary storage places, respectively carries out waste volume reduction treatment work, and can meet the waste treatment requirements of the places.
However, the conventional incinerator is made of a large amount of refractory materials, so that the problems of vibration prevention, transportation and the like required by a vehicle are not considered, and the conventional incinerator is large in size and cannot be used in a vehicle-mounted incinerator.
To above-mentioned problem, this patent designs a radioactive waste pyrolysis fires burning furnace, can realize the mode of multiple waste disposal such as pyrolysis earlier back combustion, limit pyrolysis limit burning or direct combustion, improves the device to the receptivity of different composition wastes material and the adaptability of operation operating mode, expands the range of application of device, adopts compactification and shockproof design simultaneously, considers on-vehicle requirement, has the characteristics of whole easy transportation.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to solve the defects in the prior art and provides a radioactive waste pyrolysis combustion furnace.
In order to achieve the purpose, the technical scheme adopted by the invention is as follows:
a radioactive waste pyrolysis combustion furnace comprises a shell and a water cooling jacket arranged outside the shell, wherein a primary air inlet is formed in the bottom of the shell, a secondary air inlet is formed in the middle of the shell, and a tertiary air inlet is formed in the top of the shell;
and a water cooling cavity is defined between the water cooling jacket and the shell, and a cooling water outlet, a cooling water inlet and a drain port which are communicated with the water cooling cavity are arranged on the water cooling jacket.
Further, a secondary air ring pipe connected with the secondary air inlet is arranged on the inner wall of the shell, and a plurality of air inlets are formed in the secondary air ring pipe;
and a tertiary air ring pipe connected with the tertiary air inlet is arranged on the inner wall of the shell, and a plurality of air inlets are formed in the tertiary air ring pipe.
Furthermore, the shell is a diameter-variable vertical straight cylinder body with a thick upper part and a thin lower part and a conical section.
Further, be equipped with tail gas export, agitating unit interface, emergent explosion venting mouth, charge door, instrument interface and observation hole on the casing.
Further, agitating unit interface connection agitating unit, tail gas outlet connect the back burner, and the charge door connects feeding device, the emergent system of letting out the mouth connecting device of exploding.
Furthermore, a fire grate component is arranged in the shell, a small-diameter section of the shell is positioned between the primary air inlet and the interface of the stirring device, the fire grate component comprises two semicircular fire grates with gaps, a support, a shaft sleeve, a sealing piece, an input shaft of the fire grate component, and a burner positioned above the fire grates, and the connecting position of the primary air inlet and the shell is positioned at the bottom of the fire grate component.
Further, the bottom of casing is equipped with the ash discharge flange, and the ash discharge mechanism is connected to the ash discharge flange.
Furthermore, the shell is also provided with a sight glass, an observation hole and a support.
Further, the secondary air inlet is made of heat-resistant steel and is positioned on the side face of the shell between the variable-diameter section of the shell and the tail gas outlet; the tertiary air inlet is positioned on the side surface of the shell between the tail gas outlet and the emergency explosion venting port; the cooling water outlet and the emptying port are positioned at the top of the water-cooling jacket, and the cooling water inlet is positioned at the bottom of the water-cooling jacket.
Further, the tail gas outlet is positioned on the side surface of the large-diameter section of the shell between the secondary air inlet and the tertiary air inlet; the emergency explosion venting port is positioned on the side surface of the large-diameter section at the top of the shell and is communicated with the interior of the shell; the feed inlet is located the casing major diameter section side between overgrate air entry and tertiary air entry, with the inside intercommunication of casing.
The invention has the beneficial effects that: the invention sets multiple paths of air inlet, and controls the air inlet amount of each path according to the components and the process parameters of waste materials, so that the pyrolysis combustion furnace can realize various waste treatment modes such as firstly pyrolysis and then combustion, simultaneously pyrolysis and combustion or direct combustion, the receiving capacity of the device to waste with different components and the adaptability of the operation working condition are improved, and the application range of the device is expanded; the device has compact structure and good shock resistance, and can be used for highway transportation as a whole.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic front view of the present invention;
fig. 2 is a schematic side view of the present invention.
Detailed Description
As shown in fig. 1 and 2, a radioactive waste pyrolysis combustion furnace includes an ash discharge flange 1; a primary air inlet 2; a grate assembly 3; a water-cooled jacket 4; a housing 5; a secondary air inlet 6; a support 7; a tertiary air inlet 8; a cooling water outlet 9; an evacuation port 10; a tail gas outlet 11; a stirring device interface 12; an emergency explosion venting port 13; a sight glass 14; an instrument interface 15; a feed port 16; a viewing aperture 17; a cooling water inlet 18.
The device comprises a shell 5, a dust discharging flange 1, a primary air inlet 2, a fire grate component 3, a stirring device interface 12, an observation hole 17, a secondary air inlet 6, a tail gas outlet 11, a sight glass 14, an instrument interface 15, a charging hole 16, a tertiary air inlet 8 and an emergency explosion venting port 13, wherein the shell 5 is a diameter-changing vertical straight cylinder with a tapered section which is thick at the top and thin at the bottom, and the diameter-changing vertical straight cylinder is sequentially connected with the top of the shell from the bottom to the top of the shell to form a device main body, wherein the secondary air inlet 6 and the tertiary air inlet 8 are in a ring pipe form and are communicated with air inlet holes which are uniformly distributed at corresponding positions on the wall surface of the shell 5; the ash discharging flange 1 is connected with an ash discharging mechanism; the stirring device interface 12 is connected with a stirring device; the tail gas outlet 11 is connected with a post-combustion furnace; the charging hole 16 is connected with a charging device; the emergency explosion venting port 13 is connected with an emergency system of the device. The outer part of the shell 5 is integrally provided with a water cooling jacket 4, the bottom of the water cooling jacket 4 is provided with a cooling water inlet 18, the top of the water cooling jacket 4 is provided with a cooling water outlet 9 and an evacuation port 10, and the proper position of the outer wall of the shell is connected with a plurality of device supports 7.
The ash discharging flange 1 is a shaping device and is connected with the bottom of the shell 5 to form a whole, and the ash discharging mechanism of the lower connecting device is used for sending the generated incineration ash into an ash bucket and then properly collecting the incineration ash;
the primary air inlet 2 is positioned on the side surface of the small-diameter section of the shell 5 between the ash discharge flange 1 and the grate component 3, is communicated with the inside of the shell 5 and is used for feeding primary air required by the process into the device;
the fire grate component 3 is a non-standard device, is made of heat-resistant steel, is positioned at a small-diameter section of a shell 5 between a primary air inlet 2 and a stirring device interface 12, comprises two semicircular fire grates with gaps, a support, a shaft sleeve, a sealing element and an input shaft of the fire grates, and a burner positioned above the fire grates and used for bearing a waste material bag and igniting the waste material bag, and plays a role in adjusting airflow, loosening materials, discharging ash and the like in the waste pyrolysis process;
the water cooling jacket 4 is made of metal and arranged outside the whole shell 5, the bottom of the water cooling jacket is provided with a cooling water inlet 18, the top of the water cooling jacket is provided with a cooling water outlet 9 and a drain opening 10, so that cooling water flows out from the lower part to the top of the water cooling jacket 4 to be filled with the water cooling jacket 4, and the device can bear high enough operation temperature;
the shell 5 is made of a high-temperature-resistant corrosion-resistant metal material, is a variable-diameter vertical straight barrel with a tapered section, is thick at the top and thin at the bottom, and is sequentially connected with an ash discharge flange 1, a primary air inlet 2, a fire grate component 3, a stirring device interface 12, an observation hole 17, a secondary air inlet 6, a tail gas outlet 11, a viewing mirror 14, an instrument interface 15, a feeding port 16, a tertiary air inlet 8 and an emergency explosion relief port 13 from the bottom to the top to form a device main body. The specific dimensions of the housing 5 are determined by the amount of processing required by the device;
the secondary air inlet 6 is made of heat-resistant steel and is positioned on the side surface of the shell 5 between the reducing section of the shell 5 and the tail gas outlet 11, and the secondary air inlet 6 is in a ring pipe form and is communicated with the shell 5 through air inlets which are uniformly distributed at corresponding positions on the wall surface of the shell 5 so as to uniformly feed secondary air required by the process into the device;
the support 7 is made of metal, and a plurality of supports are uniformly distributed at proper positions on the outer wall of the water-cooling jacket 4 to form a whole for supporting the whole device;
the tertiary air inlet 8 is positioned on the side surface of the shell 5 between the tail gas outlet 11 and the emergency explosion venting port 13, and the tertiary air inlet 8 is in a ring pipe form and is communicated with the shell 5 through air inlets which are uniformly distributed at corresponding positions on the wall surface of the shell and used for uniformly feeding tertiary air required by the process into the device;
the cooling water outlet 9 is made of metal and is arranged on one side of the top of the water cooling jacket 4, and circulating cooling water is discharged out of the water cooling jacket 4.
The emptying port 10 is made of metal, is arranged on one side of the top of the water-cooling jacket 4 and is used for discharging air in the jacket when cooling water is injected, so that the water-cooling jacket 4 can be filled with the cooling water;
the tail gas outlet 11 is positioned on the side surface of the large-diameter section of the shell 5 between the secondary air inlet 6 and the tertiary air inlet 8 and communicated with the inside of the shell 5, and the tail gas outlet 11 is connected with the rear combustion furnace and can further combust unburned complete pyrolysis gas and tar mist at high temperature, so that the generation amount of harmful substances is greatly reduced;
the stirring device interface 12 is positioned on the side surface of the small-diameter section of the shell 5 above the grate component 3, and is connected with a stirring device to break up the material bag in the furnace and prevent bridging and passage phenomena in the material layer;
the emergency explosion venting port 13 is positioned on the side surface of the large-diameter section at the top of the shell 5 and communicated with the interior of the shell 5, and an emergency system of the device is connected, so that the safe emission of smoke can be realized under the emergency working condition;
the sight glass 14 is a shaping device, is positioned on the side surface of the large-diameter section of the shell 5 between the secondary air inlet 6 and the tertiary air inlet 8, and is obliquely arranged downwards to observe the specific combustion condition of the pyrolysis gas;
the plurality of instrument interfaces 15 are arranged at proper positions on the side surface of the device shell 5 and connected with various instruments to monitor parameters such as temperature, pressure and the like in the operation process;
the feeding port 16 is positioned on the side surface of the large-diameter section of the shell 5 between the secondary air inlet 6 and the tertiary air inlet 8, is communicated with the inside of the shell 5 and is externally connected with a feeding device, and waste material bags enter the device from the feeding device;
the observation hole 17 is a shaping device, is positioned on the side surface of the small diameter section of the shell 5 above the grate component 3 and is used for observing the pyrolysis and scorching conditions of the waste material layer;
the cooling water inlet 18 is made of metal and is arranged at the bottom of the water-cooling jacket 4, and cooling water required by the device enters from the cooling water inlet;
during the operation of the radioactive waste incineration facility, the device is supported by a support 7 and is vertically arranged on a steel platform. The waste material bag to be treated is received by the charging device and is thrown into the inner bottom of the device shell 5 through the charging opening 16, is carried by the fire grate and is ignited by the burner arranged above the fire grate. The device is designed with three paths of air inlet from the bottom to the top of the device, namely a primary air inlet 2 below the fire grate, a secondary air inlet 6 below the tail gas outlet 11 and a tertiary air inlet 8 above the fire grate. The primary air is used for pyrolysis and burning, the secondary air is used for primary combustion, and the tertiary air and the flue gas are mixed and enter the post-combustion furnace for further combustion; firstly, the waste on the fire grate is pyrolyzed under the environment of oxygen deficiency and medium temperature to generate pyrolysis gas and pyrolysis coke, the pyrolysis coke is burnt off by reacting with primary air fed under the fire grate, and the released combustion heat is supplied to the requirements of preheating and pyrolyzing the materials above in a convection and conduction mode. Control appropriate primary air volume, make the burning rate of pyrolysis coke and the pyrolysis speed phase-match of waste matter, let the pyrolysis waste matter be in reasonable low oxygen environment and appropriate temperature range simultaneously to the waste matter can accomplish pyrolysis and burning by oneself in the device, except that the system start-up stage needs the combustor to ignite, in the normal operating process, need not the combustion-supporting of external heat. The inside agitating unit interface 12 that is provided with of casing 5 that this region corresponds utilizes external agitating unit to break up the bulk material package, prevents to appear bridging and channel phenomenon in the bed of material to guarantee the pyrolysis and the effect of singeing of the bed of material, maintain the pyrolysis oven even running, leave observation hole 17 simultaneously, be used for examining the particular case. The burnt pyrolytic coke becomes ash, and the ash falls into an ash discharging mechanism connected below the ash discharging flange 1 through the swinging of the fire grate, and is finally sent into an ash bucket for proper disposal. The pyrolysis gas moves upwards and is mixed with the secondary air and the tertiary air for further combustion, and because the secondary air inlet 6 and the tertiary air inlet 8 are in the form of circular pipes and are communicated with the air inlets which are uniformly distributed at corresponding positions on the wall surface of the shell 5, the secondary air and the tertiary air are uniformly distributed, and the combustion efficiency of the pyrolysis gas can be improved.
Because the secondary air inlet 6 and the tertiary air inlet 8 are respectively arranged below and above the tail gas outlet 11, the pyrolysis gas can be partially or completely combusted in the device by controlling the flow rate of the secondary air inlet and the flow rate of the tertiary air inlet. The area is provided with a sight glass 14 for observing the specific pyrolysis gas combustion condition. In summary, the air input of the primary air, the secondary air and the tertiary air is controlled according to the components and the technological parameters of the waste materials, so that a charging area, a combustion area, a pyrolysis area and an ash discharge area can be formed in the device from top to bottom, and various waste treatment modes such as firstly pyrolysis and then combustion, simultaneously pyrolysis and combustion or direct combustion and the like can be realized according to the requirements. If necessary, the combusted flue gas enters the post-combustion furnace from the tail gas outlet 11, and further high-temperature combustion is carried out on the completely unburned pyrolysis gas and tar mist, so that the generation amount of harmful substances is greatly reduced. The side of the device shell 5 is provided with a plurality of instrument interfaces 15 for monitoring the temperature, pressure and other parameters in the operation process, and meanwhile, the top is provided with an emergency explosion venting port 13, and the emergency system of the connecting device can realize the safe emission of smoke under the emergency working condition. In addition, the whole device is provided with a water cooling jacket 4, the bottom of the device is provided with a cooling water inlet 18, and the top of the device is provided with a cooling water outlet 9 and a drain port 10, so that cooling water enters from the lower part of the furnace body to the top of the furnace body and flows out to fill the water cooling jacket 4. The device adopts the form of a water-cooling jacket 4, so that the device can bear high enough operation temperature; meanwhile, the problems that the conventional lining refractory material has insufficient strength and is easy to lose, radioactive substances are easy to permeate and accumulate, and the conventional lining refractory material is difficult to treat are solved. In addition, the device shell 5 and the main components are made of high-temperature-resistant and corrosion-resistant metal materials, so that the service life is effectively prolonged.
In conclusion, the invention sets multiple paths of air inlet, and controls the air inlet amount of each path according to the components and the process parameters of the waste materials, so that the pyrolysis combustion furnace can realize various waste treatment modes such as firstly pyrolysis and then combustion, simultaneously pyrolysis and combustion or direct combustion, the receiving capacity of the device to waste with different components and the adaptability of the operation working condition are improved, and the application range of the device is expanded; the equipment has compact structure and good shock resistance, and can be transported on roads as a whole.
The foregoing shows and describes the general principles, essential features, and advantages of the invention. It will be understood by those skilled in the art that the present invention is not limited to the embodiments described above, which are merely illustrative of the principles of the invention, but that various changes and modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention, which fall within the scope of the invention as claimed. The scope of the invention is defined by the appended claims and equivalents thereof.
Claims (7)
1. A radioactive waste pyrolysis combustion furnace comprises a shell and a water-cooling jacket arranged outside the shell, and is characterized in that a primary air inlet is formed in the bottom of the shell, a secondary air inlet is formed in the middle of the shell, and a tertiary air inlet is formed in the top of the shell;
a water cooling cavity is defined between the water cooling jacket and the shell, and a cooling water outlet, a cooling water inlet and a drain port which are communicated with the water cooling cavity are arranged on the water cooling jacket;
the shell is provided with a tail gas outlet, a stirring device interface, an emergency explosion venting port, a charging port, an instrument interface and an observation hole, a fire grate assembly is arranged in the shell and is positioned at a small-diameter section of the shell between a primary air inlet and the stirring device interface, the fire grate assembly comprises two semicircular fire grates with gaps, a support, a shaft sleeve, a sealing element, an input shaft and a burner positioned above the fire grates, the connecting position of the primary air inlet and the shell is positioned at the bottom of the fire grate assembly, and a secondary air inlet is made of heat-resistant steel and is positioned on the side surface of the shell between a reducing section of the shell and the tail gas outlet; the tertiary air inlet is positioned on the side surface of the shell between the tail gas outlet and the emergency explosion venting port; the cooling water outlet and the emptying port are positioned at the top of the water-cooling jacket, and the cooling water inlet is positioned at the bottom of the water-cooling jacket;
the air inflow of the primary air inlet, the secondary air inlet and the tertiary air inlet is controlled according to the components and the process parameters of the waste materials, so that the pyrolysis combustion furnace can realize various waste treatment modes of firstly pyrolyzing and then combusting, and simultaneously pyrolyzing and combusting or directly combusting.
2. The furnace of claim 1, wherein the inner wall of the housing has a overfire air duct connected to the overfire air inlet, the overfire air duct having a plurality of air inlets;
and a tertiary air ring pipe connected with the tertiary air inlet is arranged on the inner wall of the shell, and a plurality of air inlets are formed in the tertiary air ring pipe.
3. The radioactive waste pyrolysis combustion furnace of claim 1 or 2, wherein the casing is a variable diameter vertical straight cylinder with upper thick and lower thin tapered sections.
4. The furnace of claim 3, wherein the stirring device is connected with the stirring device through an interface, the tail gas outlet is connected with the after-combustion furnace, the charging port is connected with the charging device, and the emergency explosion venting port is connected with the emergency system of the device.
5. The furnace of claim 4, wherein the bottom of the housing is provided with an ash discharge flange, and an ash discharge mechanism is connected to the ash discharge flange.
6. The furnace of claim 4, wherein the housing further comprises a viewing mirror, a viewing port, and a support.
7. The furnace of claim 4, wherein the tail gas outlet is located at a side of the large diameter section of the casing between the overfire air inlet and the tertiary air inlet; the emergency explosion venting port is positioned on the side surface of the large-diameter section at the top of the shell and is communicated with the interior of the shell; the feed inlet is located the casing major diameter section side between overgrate air entry and tertiary air entry, with the inside intercommunication of casing.
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