CN113249739A - Metal phosphide-loaded monatomic catalyst, preparation method thereof and application of metal phosphide-loaded monatomic catalyst as hydrogen evolution reaction electrocatalyst - Google Patents
Metal phosphide-loaded monatomic catalyst, preparation method thereof and application of metal phosphide-loaded monatomic catalyst as hydrogen evolution reaction electrocatalyst Download PDFInfo
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- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 title description 9
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- 230000035484 reaction time Effects 0.000 claims description 2
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- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 7
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- 238000002441 X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 description 4
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- 229910001981 cobalt nitrate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- OBWXQDHWLMJOOD-UHFFFAOYSA-H cobalt(2+);dicarbonate;dihydroxide;hydrate Chemical compound O.[OH-].[OH-].[Co+2].[Co+2].[Co+2].[O-]C([O-])=O.[O-]C([O-])=O OBWXQDHWLMJOOD-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 description 1
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- BFDHFSHZJLFAMC-UHFFFAOYSA-L nickel(ii) hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[Ni+2] BFDHFSHZJLFAMC-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- KBJMLQFLOWQJNF-UHFFFAOYSA-N nickel(ii) nitrate Chemical compound [Ni+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O KBJMLQFLOWQJNF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B1/00—Electrolytic production of inorganic compounds or non-metals
- C25B1/01—Products
- C25B1/02—Hydrogen or oxygen
- C25B1/04—Hydrogen or oxygen by electrolysis of water
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/36—Hydrogen production from non-carbon containing sources, e.g. by water electrolysis
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
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- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
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Abstract
The invention provides a metal phosphide-loaded monatomic catalyst, a preparation method thereof and application of the metal phosphide-loaded monatomic catalyst as an electrochemical hydrogen evolution reaction catalyst. The invention prepares the monatomic catalyst with the noble metal content of 0.2at percent to 5at percent by simple hydrothermal and vapor deposition methods, and the synthesis method is simple. Compared with the traditional Pt/C catalyst, the catalyst greatly reduces the consumption of noble metals, reduces the cost, improves the atom utilization rate, and accords with the concept of green chemistry. The obtained monatomic catalyst can be directly used as an electrode of an electrolytic cell, and the problems of low diffusion rate and the like caused by the use of a binder to an electrolytic cell system are avoided. In addition, compared with a commercialized Pt/C catalyst, the electrochemical hydrogen evolution performance of the catalyst has higher atom utilization rate, the catalyst has good stability, the activity of the catalyst is not obviously reduced after continuous electrolysis for 150 hours, and the catalyst has a higher industrial application prospect.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of material chemistry and electrocatalysis, in particular to a metal phosphide-loaded monatomic catalyst, a preparation method thereof and application thereof as a hydrogen evolution reaction electrocatalyst.
Background
Hydrogen (hydrogen, H)2) Has high energy density (142 MJ-kg)-1) And the combustion product is only water, which is a very clean alternative energy source. China is developing hydrogen energy vigorously, and industrial preparation, storage and transportation of the hydrogen energy have great strategic significance for future sustainable development of China. The blue book for developing the infrastructure of the hydrogen energy industry in China deeply analyzes the development current situation, the existing problems and the development prospect of the infrastructure of the hydrogen energy industry in China, and defines the development target and the main task of the infrastructure of the hydrogen energy industry in China. At present, the industrial hydrogen production mainly comprises the following three ways, namely methane steam reforming, coal gasification and water electrolysis. The industrial ratio of the former two is more than 95%, and the ratio of the hydrogen produced by electrolyzing water is less than 5%. Moreover, hydrogen is produced by methane steam reforming and coal gasification, a large amount of carbon dioxide is produced, and secondary pollution is caused to the environment, so that the method does not meet the requirement of the nation on sustainable development. Electrochemical water is decomposed to produce hydrogen, the reactant is water, and the electric energy for driving the reaction can be obtained by solar power generation, hydroelectric power generation, wind power generation and the like. And the product is only H2And O2The separation of the two electrodes by the membrane allows the production of nearly 100% pure hydrogen. Most importantly, the water resources of our country are rich, and zero carbon emission can be realized in the process of electrolyzing water, so that the requirement of sustainable development is met.
The hydrogen production catalyst for electrolysis water with the highest activity at present is a platinum-based catalyst, and the low reserves thereof cause the high price thereof, thus being not beneficial to large-scale industrial production. The development of the catalyst with high efficiency and low price has important research significance for the hydrogen production by electrolyzing water. The design of the existing material mainly comprises two ideas, namely, the dosage of the platinum-based catalyst is reduced; secondly, the high-efficiency non-platinum-based catalyst with low price is developed. Although considerable progress has been made in the research on non-platinum-based catalysts, particularly transition metal phosphide nanomaterials, whose excellent H adsorption and desorption activities impart them with good electrocatalytic hydrogen production performance, they are far from the platinum-based catalysts in terms of catalytic activity and stability. At present, most of researches are carried out to load noble metal atoms on a substrate of a carbon material, and the overall activity of the composite material is not high enough due to the low activity of carbon itself. Furthermore, there have been studies on the incorporation of a single atom of a noble metal into the crystal lattice of a transition metal oxide, phosphide or the like to substitute the metal site therein, and the substitution of the metal site does not change much with respect to the local environment of the single atom, so that the overall activity is still not very desirable. Therefore, there is a need to develop a new method for improving the activity and utilization rate of the noble metal monoatomic atoms. The invention develops a method for precisely anchoring noble metal monoatomic atoms by anion vacancy of transition metal phosphide, and realizes high-efficiency electrocatalytic hydrogen production effect.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of the above, the technical problem to be solved by the present invention is to provide a metal phosphide-supported monatomic catalyst, a preparation method thereof, and an application thereof as a hydrogen evolution reaction electrocatalyst, which not only reduces the amount of noble metals used, but also obtains higher catalytic activity, and realizes efficient catalysis in atomic economy.
In order to achieve the above object, the present invention provides a method for preparing a metal phosphide-supported monatomic catalyst, comprising the steps of:
s1) preparing a mixed solution of transition metal salt, urea, ammonium fluoride and water, adding a carrier, and carrying out hydrothermal reaction;
s2) cleaning and drying the sample reacted in the step S1), and then placing the sample in a tubular furnace to carry out high-temperature phosphorization in an inert atmosphere to obtain a transition metal phosphide material;
s3) carrying out high-temperature heat treatment on the transition metal phosphide material obtained in the step S2) under the action of reducing atmosphere;
s4) soaking the sample obtained in the step S3) in an impregnation solution containing noble metal ions, and then carrying out drying treatment;
s5) carrying out reduction treatment on the sample obtained in the step S4) to obtain the metal phosphide-supported monatomic catalyst.
Preferably, the transition metal salt is selected from one or more of nitrate, chloride or ammonium salt of transition metal.
Preferably, the transition metal is selected from one or more of nickel, iron, cobalt and molybdenum.
Preferably, the concentration of the transition metal salt in the mixed solution is 0.02-0.08 mol/L; more preferably 0.045 to 0.055 mol/L.
Preferably, the carrier is selected from one or more of nickel foam, carbon cloth and carbon paper.
Preferably, the carbon cloth and the carbon paper are subjected to hydrophilic treatment before use.
The method of the hydrophilic treatment of the present invention is not particularly limited, and may be a method known to those skilled in the art. Preferably involving two weeks of soaking in concentrated sulfuric acid and concentrated nitric acid.
In the present invention, the temperature of the hydrothermal reaction in the step S1) is preferably 100 to 150 ℃.
In the present invention, the reaction time of the hydrothermal reaction in the step S1) is preferably 4 to 10 hours.
And then cleaning and drying the sample reacted in the step S1).
According to the invention, the washing process is deionized water and ethanol washing, and the number of times is preferably 3-10.
Preferably, the drying process is carried out at a low temperature of 40-60 ℃.
Then high-temperature phosphorization is carried out.
According to the invention, the material is preferably placed in a tube furnace to be phosphorized at high temperature in an inert atmosphere, so that the transition metal phosphide material is obtained.
A phosphorus source compound is placed in the tube furnace.
In the invention, the phosphorus source for high-temperature phosphorization is selected from one or more of red phosphorus, sodium hypophosphite and sodium dihydrogen phosphate.
According to the invention, the high-temperature phosphorization temperature is preferably 500-700 ℃.
According to the invention, the high-temperature phosphorization time is preferably 2-4 h.
And then carrying out high-temperature heat treatment on the obtained transition metal phosphide material under the action of reducing atmosphere to obtain the transition metal phosphide material containing P vacancies.
In the invention, preferably, the reducing atmosphere is argon-hydrogen mixed gas; among them, the hydrogen content is preferably 3% to 10%.
According to the invention, the temperature of the high-temperature heat treatment is preferably 400-600 ℃.
According to the invention, the time of the high-temperature heat treatment is preferably 0.5-3 h.
The resulting material is then soaked in an impregnation solution containing noble metal ions.
In the present invention, the noble metal ions are preferably selected from one or more of noble metal ions such as Pt ions, Ru ions, and Pd ions.
According to the invention, the impregnation solution containing noble metal ions is prepared by mixing a noble metal-containing salt and water.
The noble metal-containing salt is preferably a chloride containing noble metal ions such as Pt ions, Ru ions and Pd ions.
In the present invention, the noble metal and the transition metal in the transition metal salt are preferably added in an atomic ratio of 0.2 at%, 1 at%, 2 at%, 5 at%, and 10 at%.
According to the invention, the soaking time is preferably 0.5-2 h.
Preferably, the drying treatment is low-temperature vacuum drying of water. The temperature of the drying treatment is preferably 40-60 ℃.
Preferably, the reduction treatment is one or more of reduction in a reducing atmosphere or reduction by ultraviolet light.
The reducing atmosphere is preferably argon-hydrogen mixture.
According to the invention, the temperature of the reduction atmosphere is preferably 250-350 ℃.
According to the invention, the reducing time of the reducing atmosphere is preferably 0.5-2 h.
Preferably, the wavelength in the ultraviolet light reduction is 254 nm; the illumination time is preferably 10-60 min.
The invention provides a metal phosphide-loaded monatomic catalyst prepared by the preparation method;
wherein the atom content of the noble metal single atom is 0.2at percent to 5at percent.
The catalyst prepared by the invention is a noble metal monoatomic catalyst anchored by transition metal phosphide anion vacancy.
In the present invention, the atomic content of the noble metal monoatomic atom means the content with respect to the metal atom in the metal phosphide.
In the present invention, the atomic content of the noble metal monoatomic atom is more preferably 0.5 at% to 2 at%; specifically, the concentration is 0.8 at%, 1.2 at%, 1.5 at%, 1.8 at%, or a range in which any of the above values is an upper limit value or a lower limit value.
The invention provides a metal phosphide-loaded monatomic catalyst prepared by the preparation method, or an application of the metal phosphide-loaded monatomic catalyst as an electrochemical hydrogen production catalyst.
Specifically, the invention provides a working electrode of an electrocatalytic hydrogen production catalyst, which is obtained by growing the metal phosphide-loaded monatomic catalyst prepared by the preparation method or the metal phosphide-loaded monatomic catalyst on a conductive substrate.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following beneficial effects:
(1) the invention synthesizes the self-supporting metal phosphide nano material by hydrothermal and chemical vapor deposition methods, and accurately controls the anchoring position of the monatomic by defect treatment and an impregnation method, thereby realizing accurate regulation and control of the monatomic local environment.
(2) The obtained nano material is loaded on conductive carbon cloth, carbon paper or nickel foam, and can be directly used as an electrode of an electrolytic cell, so that the problems of low diffusion rate, poor conductivity and the like caused by the use of a binder are avoided, and the electrode manufacturing process is simplified.
(3) The catalytic performance of the obtained cobalt phosphide-loaded monoatomic ruthenium and monoatomic platinum catalyst is greatly improved compared with that of a commercial Pt/C, wherein the current density of mass normalization is 44 times and 4 times that of the commercial Pt/C respectively when the over potential is 50 mV. The activity is maximized and the price is minimized through the ingenious coupling, and the catalytic effect of atomic economy is realized.
(4) Stability tests show that the material has good stability, the activity is basically unchanged after continuous electrolysis for 150 hours, and the morphology and the phase of the material can be well maintained after reaction.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is an X-ray diffraction pattern of a single atom of ruthenium supported by cobalt phosphide nanowires prepared in example 1 of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a scanning electron microscope image of a single atom of ruthenium loaded cobalt phosphide nanowire prepared in example 1 of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a local structural analysis of the ruthenium atom of the cobalt phosphide nanowire-supported ruthenium monatomic catalyst prepared in example 1 of the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a linear sweep voltammogram of a ruthenium monoatomic support from cobalt phosphide nanowires prepared in example 1 of the present invention, and compared with commercial Pt/C;
FIG. 5 is a linear sweep voltammogram of a cobalt phosphide nanowire-supported platinum monoatomic species prepared in example 2 of the present invention and compared to a commercial Pt/C;
FIG. 6 is an X-ray diffraction pattern of a nickel phosphide-supported ruthenium monatomic catalyst and a cubic phase nickel phosphide prepared in example 3 of the present invention.
Detailed Description
In order to further illustrate the present invention, the following examples are given to describe the metal phosphide-supported monatomic catalyst of the present invention, its preparation method and its use as a hydrogen evolution reaction electrocatalyst.
Example 1
Preparing a ruthenium monatomic catalyst loaded by the cobalt phosphide nanowire:
0.2911g of cobalt nitrate was weighed and dissolved in 20mL of deionized water to form a uniform pink solution, then 0.3003g of urea and 0.074g of ammonium fluoride were added and stirred for half an hour to form a uniform solution. The prepared solution was transferred to a 25mL Teflon hydrothermal reaction kettle, and a 2cm by 3cm piece of hydrophilic carbon cloth was placed in the kettle. Putting it into stainless steel reaction kettle shell, screwing the kettleCovering the carbon cloth, and reacting in an oven at 120 ℃ for 6h to obtain the basic cobalt carbonate nanowire precursor growing on the carbon cloth. And (3) oscillating and cleaning the carbon cloth, drying the carbon cloth in a vacuum drying box at 60 ℃, and finally carrying out phosphating treatment for 2 hours in a tubular furnace at 500 ℃ by taking Ar gas as carrier gas by taking red phosphorus as a phosphorus source to obtain the cobalt phosphide nanowire. Then taking out red phosphorus in a tube furnace, and carrying out Ar/H treatment at 500 DEG C2And (3) carrying out gas reduction treatment for 1h to obtain the cobalt phosphide containing P vacancies. It was put into a solution containing 0.2mM of ruthenium chloride and allowed to stand for 1 hour of adsorption. Then washing with clean water for several times to remove the ruthenium ions weakly adsorbed on the surface. Followed by drying in a vacuum oven at 60 ℃ for 6 h. Finally placing the mixture in a tube furnace for Ar/H2Reducing for 1h at 300 ℃ in the atmosphere. Obtaining the ruthenium monatomic catalyst loaded by the cobalt phosphide nanowire.
The atomic ratio of Ru in the prepared cobalt phosphide nanowire-loaded ruthenium monatomic catalyst is 1.5 at% through inductively coupled plasma atomic absorption spectrometry.
The ruthenium monatomic catalyst loaded on the prepared cobalt phosphide nanowire has the same structure as a monoclinic-phase cobalt phosphide crystal, and the X-ray diffraction spectrum of the catalyst is shown in figure 1.
The ruthenium monatomic catalyst loaded on the prepared cobalt phosphide nanowire is a nanowire, and a scanning electron microscope picture is shown in figure 2.
The local structure of ruthenium in the ruthenium monatomic catalyst loaded on the cobalt phosphide nanowire prepared in the above manner is shown in fig. 3. Ruthenium is present as a single atom, with no ruthenium-ruthenium bond present.
The alkaline electrocatalytic hydrogen production performance test method of the prepared cobalt phosphide nanowire-loaded ruthenium monatomic catalyst comprises the following steps:
data collection was performed using the CHI660e electrochemical workstation. A three-electrode electrolytic cell is adopted for testing, the working electrode is the ruthenium monatomic catalyst loaded on the prepared cobalt phosphide nanowire, the reference electrode is an Hg/HgO electrode, the counter electrode is a carbon rod electrode, and the electrolyte is 1.0MKOH solution.
And (3) activity test: the voltammogram was scanned linearly at a scan rate of 5 mV/s.
And (3) stability testing: time potential analysis, set Current Density 10mA/cm2Time of measurementAt 150h, the voltage curve at constant current density for a continuous 150h was recorded.
The experimental results are as follows:
the electrochemical test results are shown in FIG. 4.
The linear sweep voltammogram results based on noble metal mass normalization showed that the mass activity of the cobalt phosphide nanowire supported ruthenium monatomic catalyst was 44 times that of the commercial Pt/C (20 wt%) at an overpotential of 50 mV.
In conclusion, the cobalt phosphide nanowire-loaded ruthenium monatomic catalyst (Ru-SA/Pv-CoP) prepared by the invention2) The activity is far superior to that of the current commercial Pt/C.
Example 2
And synthesis of RuSA/Pv-CoP2The steps of the catalyst are similar, and the ruthenium chloride solution is changed into chloroplatinic acid solution with the same concentration, so that the cobalt phosphide nanowire loaded platinum monatomic catalyst Pt-SA/Pv-CoP can be obtained2。
The electrochemical test results are shown in FIG. 5. At an overpotential of 50mV, Pt-SA/Pv-CoP2The mass activity of (A) is about 4 times that of the commercial Pt/C.
Example 3
0.2908g of nickel nitrate was weighed and dissolved in 20mL of deionized water to form a uniform pale green solution, then 0.3003g of urea and 0.074g of ammonium fluoride were added and stirred for half an hour to form a uniform solution. The prepared solution was transferred to a 25mL Teflon hydrothermal reaction kettle, and a 2cm by 3cm piece of hydrophilic carbon cloth was placed in the kettle. Putting the precursor into a stainless steel reaction kettle shell, screwing a kettle cover, and reacting in an oven at 120 ℃ for 6 hours to obtain the hydroxyl nickel hydroxide precursor growing on the carbon cloth. The carbon cloth is washed by oscillation, dried in a vacuum drying oven at 60 ℃, and finally phosphorized for 2 hours in a tubular furnace at 500 ℃ by taking red phosphorus as a phosphorus source and Ar gas as carrier gas to obtain the nickel phosphide nano-material. Then taking out red phosphorus in a tube furnace, and carrying out Ar/H treatment at 500 DEG C2And (4) carrying out gas reduction treatment for 1h to obtain the nickel phosphide containing the anion vacancy. Then, the solution was put into a ruthenium chloride solution containing 0.2mM, and allowed to stand for adsorption for 1 hour. Then washing with clean water for several times to remove the ruthenium ions weakly adsorbed on the surface. Then dried in a vacuum drying oven at a temperature of 60 DEG CAnd drying for 6 h. Finally placing the mixture in a tube furnace for Ar/H2Reducing for 1h at 300 ℃ in the atmosphere. To obtain the nickel phosphide-loaded ruthenium monatomic catalyst.
The crystal structure of the ruthenium monatomic catalyst supported on nickel phosphide prepared above was the same as that of cubic phase nickel phosphide, and the X-ray diffraction spectrum thereof was shown in fig. 6.
The above description of the embodiments is only intended to facilitate the understanding of the method of the invention and its core idea. It should be noted that, for those skilled in the art, it is possible to make various improvements and modifications to the present invention without departing from the principle of the present invention, and those improvements and modifications also fall within the scope of the claims of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. A preparation method of a metal phosphide-loaded monatomic catalyst comprises the following steps:
s1) preparing a mixed solution of transition metal salt, urea, ammonium fluoride and water, adding a carrier, and carrying out hydrothermal reaction;
s2) cleaning and drying the sample reacted in the step S1), and then placing the sample in a tubular furnace to carry out high-temperature phosphorization in an inert atmosphere to obtain a transition metal phosphide material;
s3) carrying out high-temperature heat treatment on the transition metal phosphide material obtained in the step S2) under the action of reducing atmosphere;
s4) soaking the sample obtained in the step S3) in an impregnation solution containing noble metal ions, and then carrying out drying treatment;
s5) carrying out reduction treatment on the sample obtained in the step S4) to obtain the metal phosphide-supported monatomic catalyst.
2. The production method according to claim 1, wherein the transition metal salt is selected from one or more of nitrate, chloride or ammonium salt of transition metal;
the transition metal is selected from one or more of nickel, iron, cobalt and molybdenum;
the concentration of the transition metal salt in the mixed solution is 0.02-0.08 mol/L;
the carrier is selected from one or more of nickel foam, carbon cloth and carbon paper.
3. The preparation method according to claim 1, wherein the temperature of the hydrothermal reaction in the step S1) is 100-150 ℃; the reaction time is 4-10 h.
4. The preparation method according to claim 1, wherein the high-temperature phosphorized phosphorus source is selected from one or more of red phosphorus, sodium hypophosphite and sodium dihydrogen phosphate;
the temperature of the high-temperature phosphorization is 500-700 ℃, and the time is 2-4 h.
5. The method according to claim 1, wherein in step S3), the reducing atmosphere is argon-hydrogen mixture gas; wherein, the hydrogen content is 3-10%;
in the step S3), the temperature of the high-temperature heat treatment is 400-600 ℃, and the time is 0.5-3 h.
6. The method according to claim 1, wherein in step S4), the noble metal ions are selected from one or more of Pt ions, Ru ions, and Pd ions;
the charging atomic ratio of the noble metal and the transition metal in the transition metal salt is 0.2 at%, 1 at%, 2 at%, 5 at%, and 10 at%.
7. The preparation method according to claim 1, wherein the reduction treatment in step S5) is one or more of a reducing atmosphere reduction or an ultraviolet irradiation reduction;
the reducing atmosphere is selected from argon-hydrogen mixed gas;
the temperature of the reduction atmosphere is 250-350 ℃, and the time is 0.5-2 h;
the wavelength of ultraviolet light reduction is 254nm, and the illumination time is 10-60 min.
8. A metal phosphide-supported monatomic catalyst produced by the production method according to any one of claims 1 to 7;
wherein the atom content of the noble metal single atom is 0.2at percent to 5at percent.
9. The use of the metal phosphide-supported monatomic catalyst prepared by the preparation method according to any one of claims 1 to 7 or the metal phosphide-supported monatomic catalyst according to claim 8 as an electrochemical hydrogen production catalyst.
10. A working electrode of an electrocatalytic hydrogen production catalyst is obtained by growing a metal phosphide-loaded monatomic catalyst prepared by the preparation method of any one of claims 1 to 7 or the metal phosphide-loaded monatomic catalyst of claim 8 on a conductive substrate.
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