CN113235461A - Method for repairing suspension bridge cable clamp and box girder ear hole - Google Patents
Method for repairing suspension bridge cable clamp and box girder ear hole Download PDFInfo
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- CN113235461A CN113235461A CN202110404282.1A CN202110404282A CN113235461A CN 113235461 A CN113235461 A CN 113235461A CN 202110404282 A CN202110404282 A CN 202110404282A CN 113235461 A CN113235461 A CN 113235461A
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
- E01D—CONSTRUCTION OF BRIDGES, ELEVATED ROADWAYS OR VIADUCTS; ASSEMBLY OF BRIDGES
- E01D22/00—Methods or apparatus for repairing or strengthening existing bridges ; Methods or apparatus for dismantling bridges
Abstract
The invention relates to a method for repairing ear holes of a cable clamp and a box girder of a suspension bridge, namely repairing the ear holes of the ear plates of the cable clamp and the box girder, comprising the following steps: the method comprises the following steps of (I) earhole treatment: the method comprises degreasing and cleaning treatment, wherein after degreasing cloth is adopted for treatment, the surface is cleaned by a cleaning agent; (II) heating: heating the lug plates of the cable clamp and the box girder by using a heating gun, detecting the temperature by using an infrared thermometer while heating, finishing heating when the temperature reaches 200-300 ℃, and keeping the temperature after heating; (III) repair welding: before repair welding, an infrared thermometer is adopted to measure the temperature of a part to be welded, the part to be welded is a worn part in an earhole, and repair welding is started when the temperature condition of 200 +/-10 ℃ is met; (IV) heat preservation: after the heat preservation is finished, opening and removing the heat preservation material, and cooling the heat preservation material to below 60 +/-10 ℃ along with air to process the aperture; and (V) boring: in order to ensure the diameter size of the pin hole, a hole boring machine is adopted for boring; and (VI) checking and accepting the size.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a method for repairing cable clamps and box girder ear holes on a bridge.
Background
The main cable of the suspension bridge is connected with the bridge floor through a sling, a cable clamp is usually arranged on the main cable, a box girder ear plate is arranged on the bridge floor, an upper end fork lug is arranged at the upper end of the sling, a lower end fork lug is arranged at the lower end of the sling, the upper end fork lug is connected with a cable clamp pin shaft, the lower end fork lug is connected with the box girder ear plate pin shaft, the pin shaft is connected, and the sling can swing to conform to the natural vibration of the bridge and is convenient to install and disassemble, and the sling can be conveniently replaced in the service period.
The cable clamp and the box girder ear plate are not replaced generally, the ear holes of the cable clamp and the box girder ear plate are matched with the pin shaft generally, the pin shaft is used as a stressed part, the pin shaft is easy to wear the ear holes for a long time, the wear of the inner wall of the ear hole is uneven, and the main wear is positioned on one side of the stress direction of the ear hole.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a method for repairing earholes of bridge cable clamps and box girder ear plates.
The technical scheme adopted by the invention for solving the problems is as follows: a method for repairing the ear holes of a bridge cable clamp and a box girder, namely repairing the ear holes of the ear plates of the cable clamp and the box girder, comprises the following steps:
treatment of earhole
Carrying out oil removal and cleaning treatment according to the actual ear hole condition;
(II) heating
(2.1) heating the whole lug plate of the pin hole to be welded after the pin hole is degreased and cleaned;
(2.2) heating the cable clamp and the lug plate of the box girder and simultaneously detecting the temperature, wherein when the temperature reaches 200-300 ℃, the heating is finished;
(2.3) immediately after heating, winding heat insulation materials along the two ends of the ear plate, and sealing the two ends of the ear hole to realize heat insulation, wherein the temperature of the ear plate is controlled to be 200 +/-10 ℃;
(III) repair welding
The temperature of a part to be welded is measured before repair welding, the part to be welded refers to a worn part in an earhole, repair welding is started when the temperature condition of 200 +/-10 ℃ is met, and the repair welding requirements are as follows:
(3.1) welding is carried out on a sunny day or a cloudy day with the temperature higher than-1 ℃, the welding heat preservation time is rapidly reduced due to too low temperature during welding, and meanwhile, the welding hardness is improved, so that the welding standard and the welding requirement cannot be met;
(3.2) the material of the repair welding material is consistent with that of the repair welding part, the material matched with the original material is adopted, and the evaluation grade of the welding area is not lower than the 3 grades specified in the steel casting radiographic and negative plate grade classification method (GB/T5677-1985);
(3.3) the height and the area of repair welding are determined according to the actual wear condition of the ear hole, the number of welding layers is judged after the cleaning of the ear hole is finished, and the welding size is controlled to be based on the machining amount with 3-5mm allowance in the ear hole in principle;
(3.4) repair welding needs to be carried out in sequence along the aperture direction, welding repair needs to ensure even and compact welding, obvious missing welding and gaps cannot exist, heat insulation materials are adopted for heat insulation after repair welding, the heat insulation temperature is 200 +/-10 ℃, and the heat insulation time is more than one hour;
(IV) Cooling
After the heat preservation is finished, opening and removing the heat preservation material, and cooling the heat preservation material to below 60 +/-10 ℃ along with air to process the aperture;
(V) boring
In order to ensure that the pin hole is bored by the diameter size of the pin hole,
boring operation:
(5.1) according to the design of the ear hole form, adopting a corresponding special fixture to control the verticality of the boring hole in a centering manner, ensuring the concentricity, the circumferential boring hole and the ear hole to be concentric, specifically, the special fixture for the ear plate comprises a fixing fixture, a positioning fixture and a positioning beam, wherein the fixing fixture comprises a front clamping plate and a rear clamping plate which are parallel to each other and arranged at intervals, the ear plate is arranged between the front clamping plate and the rear clamping plate and is locked by a plurality of fasteners, the front clamping plate and the rear clamping plate are respectively provided with positioning holes, the positioning holes correspond to the ear holes of the ear plate, and at least the positioning holes are ensured to be completely exposed out of the ear holes; the positioning clamps are welded on two sides of the fixing clamp, the positioning beam is welded with the fixing clamp and extends forwards and backwards, and the positioning beam is used for mounting a boring machine, so that the rotating shaft and the earhole of the boring machine can be conveniently and quickly positioned concentrically;
(5.2) adopting a motor to adjust the feed amount in a stepless speed change way, and meeting the roughness requirement of the design drawing: removing the machined surface, wherein the roughness is 6.3 s;
(5.3) polishing the surface of the inner hole by using a polishing machine after boring is finished, wherein the error of the diameter of the pin hole reaches (+ 0.3-0.0) mm and meets the requirement of a design drawing;
(5.4) after boring, performing anticorrosive coating on the inner hole of the lug hole to obtain a coating thickness of more than 10 microns;
(VI) acceptance of size
After boring, detecting the sizes of the holes, and after the sizes are accepted, carrying out UT-ultrasonic flaw detection and PT-penetration flaw detection on the earholes and the earplate surface;
the flaw detection requirements are met:
the flaw detection of the cable clamp shaft hole and the lug plate needs to meet the 1 st part of the ultrasonic detection of the steel casting: the ultrasonic flaw detection is carried out on the requirements of general purpose steel castings (GB/T7233.1-2009), and the grade 2 is qualified; carrying out penetrant inspection according to the requirements of the penetrant inspection of steel castings (GB/T9443-;
the flaw detection of the box girder ear hole and the ear plate needs to meet the requirement of a thick steel plate ultrasonic inspection method (GB/T2970-; carrying out penetration inspection according to the requirements of nondestructive penetration inspection (GB/T9218 and 2007), and ensuring that the A level is qualified;
if the flaw detection is unqualified, performing the preheating, repair welding, heat preservation and boring on an unqualified area according to the process, and then performing UT-ultrasonic flaw detection and PT-penetration flaw detection until the detection is qualified;
(VII) test verification
And (3) carrying out two groups of tests aiming at the cable clamp and the box girder ear plate which are made of the same material according to the repairing method in the step (1-6): preparing two cable clamp test ear plates for simulating repair and two box girder test ear plates for simulating repair, dividing the two cable clamp test ear plates into two groups, respectively carrying out ear plate opposite-pulling static load tests, and measuring the final strength and the damage form of the ear plates;
static load test parameters: starting from 0.1Pb, the loading rate is not more than 100 MPa/min, gradually increasing 0.1Pb and holding the load for 2 minutes in each stage, gradually loading to 0.5Pb, continuously loading after holding the load for 10 minutes, gradually increasing 0.05Pb in each stage and holding the load for 2 minutes until the load is not less than 0.95 Pb;
static load test structure: two ends of the cable clamp test lug plate and the box girder test lug plate are respectively provided with a lug hole, the inner wall of one lug hole is subjected to repair welding by the repairing method in the step (1-6), the two lug plates are respectively connected with two ends of the pair of connecting plates through repairing lug hole pin shafts, the lug plates are positioned between the pair of connecting plates, the two lug plates are respectively connected with fork lugs through normal lug hole pin shafts, and the fork lugs at the two ends are respectively connected to the test box;
in addition, two cable clamp test ear plates and two box girder test ear plates with normal ear holes are prepared, the normal ear holes are divided into two groups, ear plate opposite-pulling static load tests are respectively carried out to measure the final strength and the damage form of the normal ear plates, the reliability of the repairing method is evaluated by comparing and simulating the test results of the repaired ear plates and the normal ear plates, and then the solid bridge repairing is carried out.
Repair welding is the most important one step of this application, and repair welding technology is crucial, has directly decided the performance of restoreing back otic placode, and the inventor of this application explores based on current cable clamp, case roof beam otic placode industry standard or widely used material: ear plate material of cable clipZG270-500, tensile strength not less than 500MPa, yield strength not less than 270MPa, and CO for repair welding2A gas protection cover, wherein a Y1501Ni flux-cored wire is selected, and the repair welding standard reaches the standard specified in valve pressed steel casting radiographic inspection (GB/T6440-2008); the material of the box girder ear plate is 16Mn and adopts CO2And the gas protection cover adopts ER50-6 welding wire for repair welding, and the standard of repair welding reaches the standard specified in the pressure vessel welding regulations (NB/T47015-.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the advantages that: the method for repairing the lug holes of the bridge cable clamp and the box girder lug plate is reliable to implement, and provides an operation flow for repairing the lug holes of the bridge cable clamp and the box girder lug plate. After the repaired earhole is reinstalled with the shaft sleeve, the earhole can continue to be in service.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a boring operation of a boring machine according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a front view of a clamp dedicated to an ear plate in an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a left side view of an ear panel-only clip in an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a horizontal cross-sectional view of a static test configuration in an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 5 is a vertical cross-sectional view of a static test configuration in an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 6 is a schematic structural view of a cord clip;
FIG. 7 is a side view of the structure shown in FIG. 6;
in the figure, 1 lug hole, 2 boring cutters, 3 boring machine rotating shafts, 4 welding parts, 5 lug plates, 6 fixing clamps, 7 positioning clamps, 8 positioning beams, 9 connecting plates, 10 test lug plates, 11 pin shafts, 12 fork lugs and 13 nuts.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be described in further detail below with reference to the attached drawings, which are illustrative and are not to be construed as limiting the invention. The description of the present embodiment is corresponding to the accompanying drawings, and the description related to the orientation is also based on the description of the accompanying drawings, and should not be construed as limiting the scope of the present invention.
Examples
Description of the invention
For example, in a finished bridge, the suspension cable clips and the steel beam ear plates are respectively made of ZG270-500 and 16Mn according to the finished drawing data. Aiming at the current situation of the bridge pin hole: the wear depth of one side of the inner hole is near 10mm, and the inner hole is half-moon-shaped.
Second, repair scheme
In order to ensure the stress safety of the sling and the pin shaft at the later stage, the worn shaft hole needs to be repaired, and a welding repair scheme is planned to be adopted for repairing through organization discussion, and the basic idea is as follows:
1) ear hole treatment
And (4) carrying out oil removal and cleaning treatment according to the actual ear hole condition.
2) Heating of
(1) Heating the whole pin hole to be welded after degreasing and cleaning the pin hole;
(2) heating the upper end ear hole and the lower end ear hole, detecting the temperature, and finishing heating when the temperature is 200-300 ℃;
(3) immediately after heating, the temperature is kept by the heat preservation material, and the temperature is controlled to be (200 +/-10).
3) Repair welding
And measuring the temperature of the welding part before repair welding, and starting repair welding after the temperature meets the temperature of (200 +/-10) DEG C. The repair welding requirements are as follows:
(1) the welding is carried out on a sunny day or a cloudy day with the temperature of more than-1 ℃, the welding heat preservation time is rapidly reduced due to the over-low temperature during the welding, and meanwhile, the welding hardness is improved, so that the welding standard and the welding requirement cannot be met.
(2) The repair welding material and the repair welding part need to be kept consistent, and the material matched with the original material in the same way is adopted. The upper ear hole is ZG270-500 with tensile strength not lower than 500MPa and yield strength not lower than 270 MPa. The rating of the welding area is not lower than the 3 grades specified in the classification method of steel casting radiography and negative plate (GB/T5677-1985); repair welding with CO2And the gas protection cover and the welding repair standard meet the standard specified in valve pressed steel casting radiographic inspection (GB/T6440-2008). The lower end ear hole is made of 16Mn, and C is adopted to ensure the welding qualityO2The gas protection cover and the repair welding standard reach the standard specified in the pressure vessel welding regulations (NB/T47015-.
(3) The height and the area of repair welding are determined according to the actual wear condition of the ear hole, the number of welding layers is judged after the ear hole is cleaned, and the size is controlled on the basis of the machining amount with 3-5mm allowance in the ear hole in principle.
(4) Repair welding needs to be carried out in sequence along the aperture direction, repair welding is carried out by a welder with abundant qualification and experience, welding is ensured to be uniform and compact, obvious missing welding and gaps cannot exist, insulation is carried out by adopting an insulation material after repair welding, the insulation temperature is (200 +/-10) DEG C, and the insulation time is about one hour.
4) Cooling down
After the heat preservation is finished, opening and dismantling the heat preservation device, cooling to (60 +/-10) DEG C along with air, and processing the aperture;
5) boring hole
In order to ensure the diameter size of the pin hole, a hole boring machine is adopted for boring the hole,
boring operation:
(1) two sets of different special fixtures are adopted to control the bore hole verticality according to the form design of the upper end ear hole and the lower end ear hole, and the concentricity is ensured.
(2) The feed amount is adjusted in a stepless speed change manner by adopting a magnetic clothes motor, so that the requirement of the roughness of a design drawing (the roughness is 6.3s except for a machined surface) is met;
(3) polishing the surface of the inner hole by using a polishing machine after boring, wherein the diameter of the pin hole reaches 110(+ 0.3-0.0) mm and meets the requirement of a design drawing;
(4) after boring, performing anticorrosive coating on the inner hole of the lug hole, and coating by adopting an imported special anticorrosive coating zinc-rich aerosol for Robaru silver, wherein the thickness is 10 mu m;
6) acceptance of size
After boring, detecting by using a vernier caliper and an inside micrometer and making a special hole-passing rule to detect each hole, and after the size is qualified, comprehensively performing UT-ultrasonic flaw detection and PT-penetration flaw detection on the pin hole and the lug plate surface.
Flaw detection requirements are as follows:
(1) the upper end ear hole and the ear plate need to meet the 1 st part of ultrasonic detection of steel castings: the ultrasonic flaw detection is carried out on the requirements of general purpose steel castings (GB/T7233.1-2009), and the grade 2 is qualified; and (3) carrying out penetrant inspection according to the requirements of the penetrant inspection of steel castings (GB/T9443-2007), wherein the grade A is qualified.
(2) The lower end ear hole and the ear plate need to meet the requirement of thick steel plate ultrasonic inspection method (GB/T2970-; the penetration inspection is carried out according to the requirements of the nondestructive penetration inspection (GB/T9218-2007), and the A level is qualified.
(3) If the flaw detection is unqualified, the unqualified area is treated, then the preheating, repair welding, heat preservation and boring are carried out again strictly according to the processes, and then the UT-ultrasonic flaw detection and the PT-penetration flaw detection are carried out until the detection is qualified.
And (4) after all the procedures are qualified, mounting the bushing.
Third, test verification
Because this scheme has not carried out repair work of this scale on old bridge yet, in order to ensure to be all the same, need adopt the cable clip and the girder steel otic placode of the same material to develop 2 groups according to above repair scheme: four otic placodes, each two of every kind of material, one-to-one model welding repair test, the welding is accomplished and is carried out the otic placode after through the inspection and to drawing the static strength test, records final strength and destruction form, and final strength should guarantee not less than 95% of hoist cable nominal load, static load test parameter: starting from 0.1Pb, the loading rate is not more than 100 MPa/min, gradually increasing 0.1Pb and holding the load for 2 minutes in each stage, gradually loading to 0.5Pb, continuing to load after holding the load for 10 minutes, gradually increasing 0.05Pb in each stage and holding the load for 2 minutes until the load is not less than 0.95 Pb.
In addition, a normal set of cable clamps and steel beam lugs was prepared and subjected to the same tensile static load test, and the final strength and failure form were measured. The static load test is shown in fig. 4 and 5.
And (4) evaluating the tissue welding repair scheme after the test, and performing real bridge repair after the test is passed.
In addition to the above embodiments, the present invention also includes other embodiments, and any technical solutions formed by equivalent transformation or equivalent replacement should fall within the scope of the claims of the present invention.
Claims (4)
1. A method for repairing the ear holes of a cable clamp and a box girder of a suspension bridge, namely repairing the ear holes of the ear plates of the cable clamp and the box girder, is characterized in that: comprises the following steps
Treatment of earhole
Carrying out oil removal and cleaning treatment according to the actual ear hole condition;
(II) heating
(2.1) heating the whole lug plate of the pin hole to be welded after the pin hole is degreased and cleaned;
(2.2) heating the cable clamp and the lug plate of the box girder and simultaneously detecting the temperature, wherein when the temperature reaches 200-300 ℃, the heating is finished;
(2.3) immediately after heating, winding heat insulation materials along the two ends of the ear plate, and sealing the two ends of the ear hole to realize heat insulation, wherein the temperature of the ear plate is controlled to be 200 +/-10 ℃;
(III) repair welding
The temperature of a part to be welded is measured before repair welding, the part to be welded refers to a worn part in an earhole, repair welding is started when the temperature condition of 200 +/-10 ℃ is met, and the repair welding requirements are as follows:
(3.1) welding is carried out on a sunny day or a cloudy day with the temperature higher than-1 ℃, the welding heat preservation time is rapidly reduced due to too low temperature during welding, and meanwhile, the welding hardness is improved, so that the welding standard and the welding requirement cannot be met;
(3.2) the material of the repair welding material is consistent with that of the repair welding part, the material matched with the original material is adopted, and the evaluation grade of the welding area is not lower than the 3 grades specified in the steel casting radiographic and negative plate grade classification method (GB/T5677-1985);
(3.3) the height and the area of repair welding are determined according to the actual wear condition of the ear hole, the number of welding layers is judged after the cleaning of the ear hole is finished, and the welding size is controlled to be based on the machining amount with 3-5mm allowance in the ear hole in principle;
(3.4) repair welding needs to be carried out in sequence along the aperture direction, welding repair needs to ensure even and compact welding, obvious missing welding and gaps cannot exist, heat insulation materials are adopted for heat insulation after repair welding, the heat insulation temperature is 200 +/-10 ℃, and the heat insulation time is more than one hour;
(IV) Cooling
After the heat preservation is finished, opening and removing the heat preservation material, and cooling the heat preservation material to below 60 +/-10 ℃ along with air to process the aperture;
(V) boring
In order to ensure that the pin hole is bored by the diameter size of the pin hole,
boring operation:
(5.1) according to the design of the ear hole form, adopting a corresponding special fixture to control the verticality of the boring hole in a centering manner, ensuring the concentricity, the circumferential boring hole and the ear hole to be concentric, specifically, the special fixture for the ear plate comprises a fixing fixture, a positioning fixture and a positioning beam, wherein the fixing fixture comprises a front clamping plate and a rear clamping plate which are parallel to each other and arranged at intervals, the ear plate is arranged between the front clamping plate and the rear clamping plate and is locked by a plurality of fasteners, the front clamping plate and the rear clamping plate are respectively provided with positioning holes, the positioning holes correspond to the ear holes of the ear plate, and at least the positioning holes are ensured to be completely exposed out of the ear holes; the positioning clamps are welded on two sides of the fixing clamp, the positioning beam is welded with the fixing clamp and extends forwards and backwards, and the positioning beam is used for mounting a boring machine, so that the rotating shaft and the earhole of the boring machine can be conveniently and quickly positioned concentrically;
(5.2) adopting a motor to adjust the feed amount in a stepless speed change way, and meeting the roughness requirement of the design drawing: removing the machined surface, wherein the roughness is 6.3 s;
(5.3) polishing the surface of the inner hole after boring, wherein the error of the diameter of the pin hole reaches (+ 0.3-0.0) mm and meets the requirement of a design drawing;
(5.4) carrying out anticorrosive coating on the inner hole of the lug hole after boring, wherein the coating thickness is more than 10 mu m;
(VI) acceptance of size
After boring, detecting the sizes of the holes, and after the sizes are accepted, carrying out UT-ultrasonic flaw detection and PT-penetration flaw detection on the earholes and the earplate surface;
the flaw detection requirements are met:
the flaw detection of the cable clamp shaft hole and the lug plate needs to meet the 1 st part of the ultrasonic detection of the steel casting: the ultrasonic flaw detection is carried out on the requirements of general purpose steel castings (GB/T7233.1-2009), and the grade 2 is qualified; carrying out penetrant inspection according to the requirements of the penetrant inspection of steel castings (GB/T9443-;
the flaw detection of the box girder ear hole and the ear plate needs to meet the requirement of a thick steel plate ultrasonic inspection method (GB/T2970-; carrying out penetration inspection according to the requirements of nondestructive penetration inspection (GB/T9218 and 2007), and ensuring that the A level is qualified;
if the flaw detection is unqualified, the process of preheating, repair welding, heat preservation and boring is carried out again on unqualified areas according to the process, and then UT-ultrasonic flaw detection and PT-penetration flaw detection are carried out until the detection is qualified.
2. The repair method according to claim 1, characterized in that: the ear plate of the cable clamp is ZG270-500, the tensile strength is more than or equal to 500MPa, the yield strength is more than or equal to 270MPa, and CO is adopted for repair welding2A gas protection cover, wherein a Y1501Ni flux-cored wire is selected, and the repair welding standard reaches the standard specified in valve pressed steel casting radiographic inspection (GB/T6440-; the material of the box girder ear plate is 16Mn and adopts CO2And the gas protection cover adopts ER50-6 welding wire for repair welding, and the standard of repair welding reaches the standard specified in the pressure vessel welding regulations (NB/T47015-.
3. The repair method according to claim 1, characterized in that: the heat insulation material is dried asbestos cloth.
4. The repair method according to claim 1, characterized in that: further comprising the step of
(VII) test verification
And (3) carrying out two groups of tests aiming at the cable clamp and the box girder ear plate which are made of the same material according to the repairing method in the step (1-6): preparing two cable clamp test ear plates for simulating repair and two box girder test ear plates for simulating repair, dividing the two cable clamp test ear plates into two groups, respectively carrying out ear plate opposite-pulling static load tests, and measuring the final strength and the damage form of the ear plates;
static load test parameters: starting from 0.1Pb, the loading rate is not more than 100 MPa/min, gradually increasing 0.1Pb and holding the load for 2 minutes in each stage, gradually loading to 0.5Pb, continuously loading after holding the load for 10 minutes, gradually increasing 0.05Pb in each stage and holding the load for 2 minutes until the load is not less than 0.95 Pb;
static load test structure: two ends of the cable clamp test lug plate and the box girder test lug plate are respectively provided with a lug hole, the inner wall of one lug hole is subjected to repair welding by the repairing method in the step (1-6), the two lug plates are respectively connected with two ends of the pair of connecting plates through repairing lug hole pin shafts, the lug plates are positioned between the pair of connecting plates, the two lug plates are respectively connected with fork lugs through normal lug hole pin shafts, and the fork lugs at the two ends are respectively connected to the test box;
in addition, two cable clamp test ear plates and two box girder test ear plates with normal ear holes are prepared, the normal ear holes are divided into two groups, ear plate opposite-pulling static load tests are respectively carried out to measure the final strength and the damage form of the normal ear plates, the reliability of the repairing method is evaluated by comparing and simulating the test results of the repaired ear plates and the normal ear plates, and then the solid bridge repairing is carried out.
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