CN113210909A - Method for improving surface performance of magnesium alloy CMT additive manufacturing cladding layer - Google Patents
Method for improving surface performance of magnesium alloy CMT additive manufacturing cladding layer Download PDFInfo
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- CN113210909A CN113210909A CN202010054530.XA CN202010054530A CN113210909A CN 113210909 A CN113210909 A CN 113210909A CN 202010054530 A CN202010054530 A CN 202010054530A CN 113210909 A CN113210909 A CN 113210909A
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Images
Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K28/00—Welding or cutting not covered by any of the preceding groups, e.g. electrolytic welding
- B23K28/02—Combined welding or cutting procedures or apparatus
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K20/00—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating
- B23K20/12—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating the heat being generated by friction; Friction welding
- B23K20/122—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating the heat being generated by friction; Friction welding using a non-consumable tool, e.g. friction stir welding
- B23K20/1245—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating the heat being generated by friction; Friction welding using a non-consumable tool, e.g. friction stir welding characterised by the apparatus
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K9/00—Arc welding or cutting
- B23K9/16—Arc welding or cutting making use of shielding gas
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K9/00—Arc welding or cutting
- B23K9/24—Features related to electrodes
- B23K9/28—Supporting devices for electrodes
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
- B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3-D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3-D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
- B33Y10/00—Processes of additive manufacturing
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
- B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3-D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3-D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
- B33Y70/00—Materials specially adapted for additive manufacturing
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N3/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
- G01N3/40—Investigating hardness or rebound hardness
Abstract
The invention discloses a method for improving the surface performance of a magnesium alloy CMT additive manufacturing cladding layer. The high-speed rotation of the stirring head can ensure that the tissues in the stirring area are dynamically recrystallized under large strain and a certain temperature, the grains are further refined, the second phase is violently crushed and dissolved, and the homogenization degree and the surface hardness of the tissues are greatly improved.
Description
Technical Field
The invention adopts the stirring friction treatment method to carry out surface modification on the CMT cladding layer of the magnesium alloy, and the method can eliminate the internal defects of the cladding layer, refine crystal grains and improve the surface hardness of the magnesium alloy cladding layer.
Background
Cold Metal Transfer (CMT) is taken as a novel welding process technology without splashing, external back suction force is adopted to promote short circuit transition of molten drops, and meanwhile, improvement is made on the aspect of waveform control of voltage and current, so that welding heat input is greatly reduced, and higher deposition rate and more excellent welding stability are achieved. Based on the advantages, the CMT has wide application prospect in the aspect of welding of metals sensitive to heat input, such as magnesium alloy and the like.
However, even in this case, the magnesium alloy exhibits characteristics different from those of other materials in arc welding due to its unique properties, and has problems such as easy oxidation, large tendency to pores and thermal cracks in the welded layer, coarse microstructure grains, and large tendency to thermal stress. Magnesium has high affinity with oxygen, and can form magnesium oxide and magnesium hydroxide at normal temperature. In addition, because the degassing is incomplete in the casting process, the gas content of the cast magnesium alloy is too high, and the gas in the casting enters a molten pool through solid solution or diffusion during the deposition forming, so that the gas cannot escape in time during the solidification to form a gas hole. The magnesium alloy has high thermal conductivity, so that the formed welding seam and a near seam area are easily overheated, and the problem of grain growth is serious. Therefore, there is a need for a post-treatment technique to improve the texture and properties of the CMT cladding layer of magnesium alloys.
As a novel Processing method, Friction Stir Processing (FSP) is based on the principle of Friction Stir welding, and utilizes the high-speed rotation and movement of a stirring head to cause severe plastic deformation, mixing, crushing and accompanying dynamic recrystallization of a material in a Processing area, so as to refine grains, crush coarse second phases, eliminate defects such as pores and the like, thereby remarkably improving the microstructure of an alloy and improving the mechanical properties of the alloy. In addition, the friction stir processing has a series of advantages as follows: harmful gas and noise are not generated, and the environment is green and pollution-free; high-speed processing can be realized; the shape, the rotating speed, the advancing speed and the like of the stirring head are flexibly adjustable, so that the surface processing thickness and range can be conveniently selected, and the processing area tissue can be conveniently regulated and controlled; extra heating equipment is not needed, and the energy efficiency is high; the operation is simple, and the repeatability is good; solid state processing has little influence on the base material, and effectively solves the problem that materials such as magnesium alloy and the like are easy to deform in hot processing. Therefore, after the CMT additive manufacturing, the magnesium alloy cladding layer is subjected to friction stir processing, so that the crystal grains which are coarsened by heating can be effectively refined, and the second phase structure can be obviously reduced along with the second phase solid solution, so that the strength and the corrosion resistance of the cladding layer are greatly improved. Therefore, the friction stir processing of the fusion welding bonding surface is a better process for improving the structural performance of the magnesium alloy additive manufacturing component.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to overcome the defects of the prior art, and provides a method for improving the surface performance of a magnesium alloy CMT additive manufacturing cladding layer aiming at the problems of air holes, cracks, coarse structures and the like in the magnesium alloy CMT cladding forming layer.
The technical purpose of the invention is realized by the following technical scheme:
a method for improving the surface performance of a cladding layer manufactured by a magnesium alloy CMT additive manufacturing process includes the steps of carrying out friction stir processing on the cladding layer obtained by CMT additive manufacturing, pressing a stirring pin of friction stir welding into the cladding layer, keeping a shaft shoulder of the friction stir welding and the cladding layer tightly pressed, and carrying out friction stir welding processing on the cladding layer, wherein the stirring speed is 300-800 r/min, and the walking speed is 30-80 mm/min.
Moreover, the stirring head is a conical stirring pin with screw threads, the length of the stirring pin is 3-5 mm, the diameter of a shaft shoulder is 10-15 mm, and the backward inclination angle of the stirring pin is 2-5 degrees.
And the stirring and rubbing treatment is carried out, the stirring speed is 500-800 r/min, and the walking speed is 30-60 mm/min.
The method adopts the swing welding mode of the subject group to carry out magnesium alloy additive manufacturing, and carries out subsequent friction stir processing, specifically: and in each layer of additive manufacturing, a CMT welding gun is swung outwards by taking a central line of the layer of additive manufacturing as a symmetry axis from an initial position, runs to an amplitude vertex at a certain angle deviating from the central line of the additive manufacturing to form an isosceles triangle of a CMT running track, swings outwards in the opposite direction at the same angle, runs to the amplitude vertex, runs to the position of the central line of the additive manufacturing to form an isosceles triangle of the CMT running track, and repeats to reach an end position of the layer of additive manufacturing to finish the layer of additive manufacturing.
Furthermore, the certain angle from the additive manufacturing centre line is 30-60 degrees, preferably 45 degrees.
And the dry elongation of the welding gun is 10-18mm, preferably 12-15 mm, the wire feeding speed is 8-14m/min, preferably 10-13m/min, the welding gun walking speed is 10-90cm/min, preferably 30-70cm/min, the shielding gas of the cold metal transition welding gun adopts one of nitrogen, helium and argon, and the airflow of the shielding gas of the cold metal transition welding gun adopts 12-25L/min, preferably 15-20L/min.
Moreover, triangular swing is adopted when outward swinging is carried out, the frequency is 1-5Hz, and the amplitude is 1-15mm, preferably 6-8 mm; the residence time of the CMT at the peak position of the amplitude is 0.1 to 0.5s, preferably 0.2 to 0.3 s; the residence time of the CMT at the intersection of the running track and the additive manufacturing centerline is 0.1-0.5 s, preferably 0.2-0.3 s.
According to the invention, the magnesium alloy cladding layer is prepared by adopting a CMT process, the cladding layer with good wetting property and a smoother surface is obtained by a swing welding method, and then the cladding layer is subjected to stirring friction treatment. The stirring head is inclined backwards during processing, the pressing amount of the shaft shoulder of the stirring head is manually regulated, the processed fusion coating layer has good quality, and the surface has no defects of grooves, cracks and the like. The high-speed rotation of the stirring head can ensure that the tissues in the stirring area are dynamically recrystallized under large strain and a certain temperature, the grains are further refined, the second phase is violently crushed and dissolved, and the homogenization degree and the surface hardness of the tissues are greatly improved.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a photograph of a magnesium alloy CMT swing welding additive manufacturing object in the invention.
FIG. 2 is a photograph showing a real object of a stirring head used in the friction stir processing of the present invention.
FIG. 3 is a photograph of a magnesium alloy CMT additive manufactured part subjected to friction stir processing according to the present invention.
Fig. 4 is an XRD phase analysis of the magnesium alloy CMT additive manufacturing test piece and the magnesium alloy CMT additive manufacturing test piece after friction stir treatment.
FIG. 5 is a microstructure photograph of a magnesium alloy CMT additive manufacturing test piece and a magnesium alloy CMT additive manufacturing test piece after friction stir processing.
FIG. 6 is a Vickers hardness distribution curve diagram of a magnesium alloy CMT additive manufacturing test piece and a magnesium alloy CMT additive manufacturing test piece after friction stir processing.
Fig. 7 is a schematic process diagram (1) of additive manufacturing of a magnesium alloy CMT in the present invention.
Fig. 8 is a schematic process diagram (2) of additive manufacturing of a magnesium alloy CMT in the present invention.
FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram of the process of friction stir welding of the cladding layer after the additive manufacturing of the magnesium alloy CMT.
Detailed Description
The technical solution of the present invention is further illustrated by the following specific examples.
The experimental base material is AZ91 magnesium alloy, the specification of a test piece is 300 multiplied by 150 multiplied by 6mm, and an AZ91 welding wire with the diameter of 1.2mm is selected as the welding wire. A magnesium alloy program and a cold metal transition technology are adopted to carry out a magnesium alloy arc additive manufacturing test, and a CMT welding machine is selected as a CMT Advanced 4000 type welding machine of the Funis company. The friction stir processing apparatus is a gantry type two-dimensional friction stir welding apparatus of model HT-JM16 × 15/2 manufactured by suzhou space engineering equipment ltd.
The method mainly comprises the following steps:
1. before the test, a steel wire brush is used for removing an oxide film on a magnesium alloy substrate until the metallic luster is exposed, oil stains and dirt on the surface of a welding position are cleaned and dried by blowing, and after the oxide film is removed, welding is carried out within 2 hours so as not to generate a new oxide film.
2. Welding parameters are set, and additive manufacturing of the magnesium alloy is carried out by adopting a swing welding mode, and what needs to be explained is that the application is a research of carrying out subsequent treatment after additive manufacturing of the magnesium alloy is realized by adopting outer swing CMT, so the technical scheme of realizing additive manufacturing of the magnesium alloy by adopting outer swing CMT is firstly explained in the application.
As shown in fig. 7, a fixture is used on a worktable to fix a substrate, the deposition direction of additive manufacturing is vertical to the substrate, additive manufacturing of a first layer is performed from left to right by CMT, after the first layer reaches a right-side cut-off position, additive manufacturing of a next layer is performed from right to left, and after the first layer reaches a left-side cut-off position, additive manufacturing of the next layer is performed from left to right, so that the whole additive manufacturing (i.e., the deposition process) is realized. In this embodiment, only a single layer and multiple passes of additive manufacturing are performed to form a layer of magnesium alloy.
As shown in fig. 8, the triangular swing of the CMT torch is schematically illustrated, and the trajectory shown in fig. 8 can be obtained by looking down (i.e., looking down) from the CMT torch position during the additive manufacturing process shown in fig. 7. Specifically, in fig. 8, the triangular graph is a motion trajectory of the CMT welding gun in the additive manufacturing of one layer, and the horizontal direction is a central line of each layer of additive manufacturing, in each layer of additive manufacturing, the CMT welding gun performs outward swinging by taking the central line of the layer of additive manufacturing as a symmetry axis from a starting position, travels to an amplitude vertex at a certain angle deviated from the central line of additive manufacturing, travels to a central line position of additive manufacturing to form an isosceles triangle of a CMT travel trajectory, performs outward swinging in the opposite direction at the same angle, travels to the amplitude vertex, travels to the central line position of additive manufacturing to form an isosceles triangle of the CMT travel trajectory, and repeats to reach an end position of the layer of additive manufacturing to finish the additive manufacturing of the cost layer. In FIG. 8, the deviation angle is 45 degrees, the swing welding frequency is 5HZ, the swing welding amplitude is 8mm, the residence time of the left and right middle three points is 0.2s, the wire feeding speed is 12m/min, the overall traveling speed of the welding gun is 0.6m/min, and the flow of the shielding gas is 15L/min. Fig. 1 is a photograph of CMT fusion coating formation (i.e., CMT additive manufacturing) of a magnesium alloy material in accordance with the present invention. During welding, reciprocating welding is adopted, and a welding gun deviates 6mm on the basis of the previous boundary. As can be seen in FIG. 1, the contact angle and surface morphology of the magnesium alloy cladding layer have been improved using the CMT swing welding process.
3. Stirring friction treatment of magnesium alloy CMT cladding layer by using stirring friction welding equipment
As shown in figure 2, the stirring head is a conical threaded stirring pin with the length of 5mm, the diameter of a shaft shoulder of 15mm and the backward inclination angle of the stirring pin of 2.5 degrees. As shown in figure 9, after a cladding layer is obtained by magnesium alloy CMT additive manufacturing, a stirring pin of friction stir welding is pressed into the cladding layer, a shaft shoulder of the friction stir welding is kept to be pressed tightly with the cladding layer, and the cladding layer is subjected to friction stir welding treatment, wherein the stirring speed is 500r/min, the walking speed is 60mm/min, and an s-shaped walking track is adopted. The surface appearance after treatment is shown in figure 3, and has no defects such as grooves, cracks and the like.
4. Cutting the magnesium alloy CMT additive manufacturing sample subjected to friction stir processing and the CMT additive manufacturing sample without surface modification through wire cutting, and comparing the samples, wherein the steps comprise: (1) XRD phase analysis of the magnesium alloy CMT additive manufacturing test piece and the magnesium alloy CMT additive manufacturing test piece after friction stir treatment, as shown in figure 4, (a) the magnesium alloy CMT additive manufacturing test piece, (b) the magnesium alloy CMT + FSP additive manufacturing test piece, the magnesium alloy CMT test piece after friction stir treatment has obviously improved alpha-Mg diffraction peak, which indicates that the friction stir treatment causes a large amount of Al element to be dissolved into alpha-Mg, so that a second phase beta-Mg which exists between grain boundaries in a net shape is formed17Al12The number is reduced, and the distribution is more dispersed; (2) the microstructure of the magnesium alloy CMT additive manufacturing test piece is compared with that of the magnesium alloy CMT additive manufacturing test piece after friction stir treatment, and as shown in figure 5, (a) the magnesium alloy CMT additive manufacturing test piece, and (b) the magnesium alloy CMT + FSP additive manufacturing test piece have smaller and more uniform crystal grains due to the friction stir treatment.
5. Vickers hardness test
Taking the cross section observed by the macroscopic tissue morphology for Vickers hardness test, wherein the experimental parameters are as follows: 100gf load, load time 15 s. Hardness curves were made from the data obtained, as shown in fig. 6. The vickers hardness of the samples after the friction stir treatment was higher than that of the CMT cladding layer samples.
The modification of the cladding layer in the CMT additive manufacturing of the magnesium alloy can be realized by adjusting the process parameters according to the content of the invention, and the test shows that the performance is basically consistent with the invention. The invention has been described in an illustrative manner, and it is to be understood that any simple variations, modifications or other equivalent changes which can be made by one skilled in the art without departing from the spirit of the invention fall within the scope of the invention.
Claims (7)
1. A method for improving the surface performance of a cladding layer manufactured by a magnesium alloy CMT additive manufacturing process is characterized in that the cladding layer manufactured by CMT additive manufacturing is subjected to friction stir processing, a stirring pin of friction stir welding is pressed into the cladding layer, a shaft shoulder of the friction stir welding is kept to be pressed tightly with the cladding layer, and the cladding layer is subjected to friction stir welding processing, wherein the stirring speed is 300-800 r/min, and the walking speed is 30-80 mm/min; in the CMT additive manufacturing, a cold metal transition welding gun is used for providing a heat source for the additive manufacturing process, the welding gun is perpendicular to the surface of a workpiece, in each layer of additive manufacturing, the CMT welding gun carries out the additive manufacturing by taking a central line of the layer as a symmetry axis from a starting position, runs to an amplitude vertex at a certain angle deviated from the additive manufacturing central line, then runs to the position of the additive manufacturing central line to form an isosceles triangle of a CMT running track, then carries out the additive manufacturing in the opposite direction at the same angle, runs to the position of the additive manufacturing central line after running to the amplitude vertex to form an isosceles triangle of the CMT running track, and repeats the steps to reach the end position of the layer of additive manufacturing to finish the layer of additive manufacturing.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the pin is a tapered threaded pin having a length of 3-5 mm, a shoulder diameter of 10-15 mm, and a back-rake angle of 2-5 °.
3. The method for improving the surface performance of the cladding layer in the CMT additive manufacturing of the magnesium alloy according to claim 1, wherein the friction stir processing is performed at a stirring speed of 500-800 r/min and a traveling speed of 30-60 mm/min.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein the outward swinging is performed by a triangular swing with a frequency of 1-5Hz and an amplitude of 1-15mm, the dwell time of the CMT at the peak of the amplitude is 0.1-0.5 s, the dwell time of the CMT at the intersection of the trajectory and the center line of the additive manufacturing is 0.1-0.5 s, and the angle from the center line of the additive manufacturing is 30-60 degrees.
5. The method for improving the surface performance of the cladding layer manufactured by the magnesium alloy CMT additive manufacturing method according to claim 1, wherein the outward swinging is performed by adopting triangular swinging, the frequency is 1-5Hz, and the amplitude is 6-8 mm; the residence time of the CMT at the position of the amplitude peak is 0.2-0.3 s; the retention time of the CMT at the intersection point of the running track and the additive manufacturing central line is 0.2-0.3 s; the certain angle from the additive manufacturing centerline is 45 degrees.
6. The method for improving the surface performance of the cladding layer in the additive manufacturing of the magnesium alloy CMT according to claim 1, wherein in the additive manufacturing of the CMT outer pendulum, the dry elongation of a welding gun is 10-18mm, the wire feeding speed is 8-14m/min, the walking speed of the welding gun is 10-90cm/min, one of nitrogen, helium and argon is adopted as the shielding gas of the cold metal transition welding gun, and the flow of the shielding gas of the cold metal transition welding gun is 12-25L/min.
7. The method for improving the surface performance of the cladding layer in the additive manufacturing of the magnesium alloy CMT according to claim 1, wherein in the additive manufacturing of the CMT outer pendulum, the dry elongation of a welding gun is 12-15 mm, the wire feeding speed is 10-13m/min, the walking speed of the welding gun is 30-70cm/min, one of nitrogen, helium and argon is adopted as the shielding gas of the cold metal transition welding gun, and the flow of the shielding gas of the cold metal transition welding gun is selected from 15-20L/min.
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Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN113828908A (en) * | 2021-11-17 | 2021-12-24 | 黄山学院 | Non-linear interpolation variable-track friction stir welding process |
| CN114147340A (en) * | 2021-11-12 | 2022-03-08 | 广东省科学院中乌焊接研究所 | Aluminum alloy additive manufacturing method assisted by friction stir processing |
| CN114951924A (en) * | 2022-05-28 | 2022-08-30 | 上海航天精密机械研究所 | Electric arc additive manufacturing method for magnesium alloy cabin with inner flange structure |
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| CN114951924A (en) * | 2022-05-28 | 2022-08-30 | 上海航天精密机械研究所 | Electric arc additive manufacturing method for magnesium alloy cabin with inner flange structure |
| CN114951924B (en) * | 2022-05-28 | 2023-08-11 | 上海航天精密机械研究所 | Arc additive manufacturing method for magnesium alloy cabin with inner flange structure |
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