CN113164568A - 用衍生自肿瘤细胞的微囊泡进行疫苗接种以治疗癌症 - Google Patents
用衍生自肿瘤细胞的微囊泡进行疫苗接种以治疗癌症 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及衍生自天然肿瘤细胞和在如辐射的压力刺激下体外产生的肿瘤细胞的微囊泡，所述微囊泡可以有效地用作癌症的治疗性疫苗。本发明还涉及含有所述微囊泡的治疗性疫苗调配物，其制备方法，以及其作为治疗性疫苗刺激抗肿瘤免疫系统和治疗癌症的医学用途。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及健康领域，特别是涉及有可能用来自肿瘤细胞的微囊泡进行治疗的脑癌和其它肿瘤的领域。
背景技术
胶质瘤是成人中最常见的原发性脑肿瘤，是白血病之后儿童患癌症的第二大原因，每10万居民中有22例发病(1)，仅在美国每年就造成超过15,000例死亡(2)。世界卫生组织(WHO)根据它们与胶质细胞的组织学相似性，将其分类为星形细胞瘤、少突星形细胞瘤和少突胶质细胞瘤。根据其生物学性质和恶性程度，将其分为4级(I到IV级)，其中胶质母细胞瘤(GBM)是最严重的(3)，在脑部和中枢神经系统的所有恶性肿瘤中最常见(4)。在墨西哥国家神经病学和神经外科研究所(National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgeryof Mexico，INNN，缩写按西班牙语)中，GBM占所有脑肿瘤的9％，占原发胶质瘤的45.7％，平均年龄为51岁，男性发病率高于女性(1.8:1)(5,6)。
GBM的当前标准治疗由以下组成：彻底的外科手术切除，然后是放射疗法和化学疗法，化学疗法基于使用替莫唑胺(Temozolamide)；然而，平均生存期为14.6个月，只有5.1％的患者生存期超过5年，这一观点在过去的20年中没有改变(4,7)。当前，新的治疗策略集中在更好地理解脑肿瘤的生物学上，其中在神经肿瘤学中研究模糊的领域是以细胞外囊泡(EV)的形式进行的细胞外囊泡运输(8)。
在过去的十年中，对细胞外囊泡的研究显著增加，并考虑了其在抗肿瘤疫苗接种中的应用(9)。这些囊泡是脂质双层膜粒子，可组成性地或响应压力从大多数细胞(包括肿瘤细胞)释放，并且可以从各种体液中分离出来，这些体液如：血液、尿液、唾液、母乳、羊水、腹水、精液和脑脊液(10)。
EV的释放最初由查加夫(Chargaff)和威斯特(West)在1946年报道，是正常血浆中血小板衍生的促凝粒子(11)，后来在1967年被伍尔夫(Wolf)称为“血小板尘埃(plateletdust)”，伍尔夫注意到凝结物质的形式为小粒子，可以通过高速离心沉淀，且周围是活化的血小板(12)。1978年，当用电子显微镜在患有霍奇金病(Hodgkin's disease)的患者的脾脏和淋巴结培养物中通过电子显微镜鉴定出EV时，首次在癌症患者中记录了EV(13)。
微囊泡(MV)(也称为微米粒子或外泌体)代表EV的特定亚型。它们是尺寸不等的非均匀粒子，尺寸范围从200nm到大于1μm，并通过裂变朝着质膜的外部释放到细胞外空间(14,15)。产生MV的确切机制尚未完全了解，但已知膜脂质不对称性会损失(16)。在微囊泡释放的位置，通常在膜的细胞质一侧发现的磷脂酰丝氨酸氨基磷脂被重新定位到外层，同时膜蛋白的拓扑结构保持完整(17)。
MV的重要性在于它能够将其内含物局部地或全身地转移到其它细胞。一旦由供体细胞产生，MV可以：1)通过受体与靶细胞表面结合；2)与靶细胞膜融合，并将其内含物排放到细胞质中；或3)通过胞吞作用被细胞吸收，在被胞吞后可以保持在内体中分离，并最终与溶酶体融合。或者，MV可以将其膜与内体的膜融合，然后将其内含物排放到细胞质中(水平转移)，或完整排放到外部(转胞吞作用)(14)。
微囊泡的组成很大程度上取决于它们起源的细胞类型，尽管微囊泡的膜组成与亲代细胞的膜组成不同，存在显著的重塑作用(15)。与癌症有关的MV中存在的分子含有大量的生物活性分子，其包括与免疫调节有关的抗原、跨膜受体和配体、癌蛋白和肿瘤抑制蛋白、脂质、信使RNA、微小RNA以及基因组和线粒体DNA(18)。这些MV可以与多种细胞类型融合并相互作用，从而修饰并建立转移前的生态位、细胞入侵、血管生成(19)和先天免疫调节(20)。
另一方面，已经注意到，神经胶质瘤的辐照改变了MV的丰度和组成，从而促进了迁移表型(19)。最近，鲍尔奇(Baulch)等人,(21)证明辐射触发了促氧化表型，其有利于与调节细胞重编程和MV介导的旁分泌相互作用相关的基因表达的显著改变，从而促进了金属蛋白酶2(MMP-2)介导的存活和侵袭性。
此外，已证明电离辐射可诱导MV的释放，并有助于形成损伤相关的分子模式，称为损伤相关的分子模式(DAMP)(22)。当DAMP受到威胁生存的压力时，它们既可以由坏死细胞被动释放，也可以由活细胞分泌或暴露，这会刺激先天免疫系统的细胞，先天免疫系统通过模式识别受体(PRR)负责检测与病原体相关的分子模式(PAMP)或DAMP(23)。
目前，已经在使用衍生自赘生性细胞的EV的癌症患者中进行了临床研究。在一项针对15例III/IV期转移性黑色素瘤患者的I期研究中，由自体树突状细胞产生的EV的生存能力，所述自体树突状细胞衍生自装载有MAGE3肽的单核细胞，以及其皮下递送的安全性；无明显毒性(>II级)(24)。在另一项I期研究中，在13例晚期非小细胞肺癌患者中使用了皮下和皮内递送的载有肽的单核细胞衍生的树突状细胞EV；疗法耐受性良好(毒性等级I-II)，并且一些患者经历了长期的疾病稳定性和免疫效应因子的活化(25)。戴(Dai)等人进行了一项40例III期和IV期结肠癌患者的I期临床研究，这些患者接受了腹水衍生的自体EV皮下途径单独治疗或与GM-CSF联合治疗，其中显示了其安全性和针对肿瘤的特异性细胞毒性T应答的诱导。
另一方面，格拉纳(Graner)等人(8)在鼠胶质母细胞瘤模型中证明，用外泌体(含MV)进行预防性疫苗接种可通过刺激T细胞的体液和细胞免疫来诱导免疫系统的活化，从而避免肿瘤植入并有利于长期记忆应答；然而，当在治疗性疫苗接种中使用这些外泌体时，尽管诱导了细胞和体液免疫应答，但它们仍不能改变经过脑内植入的小鼠的存活率。
癌症的常规治疗包括手术、放射和化学疗法；然而，许多这类肿瘤的预后非常不利，这表明需要开发新的疗法，例如免疫治疗策略。微囊泡几乎由所有细胞(包括肿瘤细胞)产生，并在细胞间信息的传递中起主要作用，具有抑制免疫系统、增加肿瘤进展、促进侵袭性、转移并赋予邻近赘生性细胞多药耐药性的能力。考虑到其中包含的大量生物活性抗原，这增加了它们传递更大的肿瘤抗原库的可能性，这使其成为用作针对癌症的治疗性疫苗的候选物。
发明内容
经过大量的研究和开发工作，本专利申请的发明人意外地发现，由体外经辐照的赘生性细胞产生的微囊泡可以有效地用作癌症的治疗性疫苗。
在第一方面，本发明涉及来自体外经辐照的赘生性细胞的所述微囊泡。
在第二方面，本发明涉及由体外经辐照的肿瘤细胞产生的微囊泡，其单独或与一或多种抗肿瘤治疗组合，用于治疗或预防恶性肿瘤，用于调节抗肿瘤免疫应答，以及用作任何类型肿瘤的预后或诊断标志物。
在第三方面，本发明涉及用于癌症的治疗性疫苗，其包含由体外经辐照的肿瘤细胞产生的微囊泡和药学上可接受的添加剂。
最后，在第四方面，本发明涉及用于制备本发明的微囊泡或本发明的治疗性疫苗的方法，其中所述方法包含辐照赘生性细胞的步骤。
本发明是众多尝试之一，力图创造一种简单且低成本的免疫治疗替代方案，作为辅助治疗或单一治疗，改善目前治疗的预期，使患有各种肿瘤的患者获得更好的预期寿命和生活质量。
附图说明
图1显示了微囊泡尺寸的测定结果。C6(未经辐照)(A)和经辐照的C6(C)微囊泡的尺寸分布的代表性图像，获自NANOSIGHT纳米粒子扫描分析的视频(左图)，以及使用软件NANOSIGHT NTA 3.2Dev Build 3.2.16对C6微囊泡(B)和经辐照的C6(D)(一式三份)进行的尺寸分布分析(右图)。
图2显示了经辐照的和未经辐照的C6胶质瘤细胞以及其微囊泡的显微镜检查结果。在图的左侧(A)，可以看到C6胶质瘤细胞(N)和用50Gy辐射剂量(20X)辐照的C6胶质瘤细胞(I)的明场显微图像。在右侧(B)，可以看到用膜联蛋白V-金标记的未经辐照的C6细胞微囊泡(N)和经辐照的C6细胞微囊泡(I)透射的电子显微镜图像。图像中的条形表示200nm。
图3显示了从C6细胞(C6)、未经辐照的C6细胞微囊泡(N)和经辐照的C6细胞微囊泡(I)获得的蛋白质的15％聚丙烯酰胺凝胶变性电泳的结果。KDa表示分子量标志物。
图4显示了肿瘤生长动力学的结果。将一百万个活的C6细胞皮下植入威斯达大鼠(Wistar rat)。一旦出现肿瘤(直径≥2cm)，在第0天和第7天对大鼠皮下施用C6 MV、经辐照的C6 MV(50Gy)或PBS。然后在第0天、第7天、第14天、第18天和第21天，测定肿瘤体积。结果表示为平均值±SEM。*相对于对照，p＝0.031。
图5显示了肿瘤细胞凋亡和坏死评估的结果。为此，在用未经辐照的C6 MV、经辐照的C6 MV(50Gy)或PBS(对照组)治疗后21天，在具有皮下胶质母细胞瘤的大鼠的肿瘤中，通过流式细胞术评估以下各项：(A)活细胞(对膜联蛋白V呈阴性，对碘化丙啶呈阴性)，(B)早期凋亡的细胞(仅对膜联蛋白V呈阳性)，(C)晚期凋亡(对膜联蛋白V和碘化丙啶呈阳性)，(D)凋亡的总细胞以及(E)坏死(对碘化丙啶呈阳性)。呈现了群体的代表性的点状图(F)。结果表示为平均值±SEM，相对于对照，早期凋亡*p＝0.027，晚期凋亡*p＝0.022，总凋亡*p＝0.038。
图6显示了辅助性T淋巴细胞的比较研究的结果。在用未经辐照的C6 MV、经辐照的C6 MV(50Gy)或PBS(对照组)治疗后21天，在具有皮下胶质母细胞瘤的大鼠的(A)血液、(B)脾脏和(C)肿瘤中进行CD4+细胞的流式细胞术分析。呈现了血液中CD4+T淋巴细胞的代表性直方图(D)。结果表示为平均值±SEM。*p＝0.036，经辐照相对于对照。
图7显示了细胞毒性T淋巴细胞的比较研究。在用未经辐照的C6 MV、经辐照的C6MV(50Gy)或PBS(对照组)治疗后21天，在具有皮下胶质母细胞瘤的大鼠的(A)血液、(B)脾脏和(C)肿瘤中进行CD8+细胞的流式细胞术分析。呈现了血液中CD8+T细胞的代表性直方图(D)。结果表示为平均值±SEM。*p＝0.04，经辐照相对于对照。
图8显示了调节性T淋巴细胞的比较研究。在用未经辐照的C6 MV、经辐照的C6 MV(50Gy)或PBS(对照组)治疗后21天，在具有皮下胶质母细胞瘤的大鼠的(A)血液和(B)肿瘤中进行CD4+/CD25+/FoxP3+细胞的流式细胞术分析。呈现了选择血液中CD4+/CD25+淋巴细胞群体的代表性点状图(D)，从中确定了调节性T淋巴细胞(FoxP3+)的量(E)。结果表示为平均值±SEM。*p＝0.037，经辐照相对于对照。
图9显示了自然杀伤(NK)细胞的比较研究。在用未经辐照的C6 MV、经辐照的C6MV(50Gy)或PBS(对照组)治疗后21天，在具有皮下胶质母细胞瘤的大鼠的(A)血液、(B)脾脏和(C)肿瘤中进行NKR-P1+细胞的流式细胞术分析。呈现了血液NK细胞的代表性直方图(D)。结果表示为平均值±SEM，未观察到显著差异。
图10显示了巨噬细胞的比较研究。在用未经辐照的C6 MV、经辐照的C6 MV(50Gy)或PBS(对照组)治疗后21天，在具有皮下胶质母细胞瘤的大鼠的(A)血液、(B)脾脏和(C)肿瘤中进行CD68+细胞的流式细胞术分析。结果表示为平均值±SEM，未观察到显著差异。
具体实施方式
在第一方面，本发明涉及来自体外经辐照的赘生性细胞的微囊泡，其由脂质双层形成，并且在其表面上可以发现膜蛋白，例如生长因子受体、整联蛋白受体和MHC I类分子。在微囊泡内部，可以发现可溶性蛋白质，例如蛋白酶和细胞因子，以及各种核酸。此外，它们可能含有大量存在于癌细胞衍生的微囊泡中的生物活性分子，包括参与免疫调节的抗原、跨膜受体和配体、癌蛋白和肿瘤阻抑蛋白质、脂质、mRNA、微RNA以及基因组和线粒体DNA。
考虑到从纳米粒子扫描分析(Nanosight)获得的数据，根据本发明的微囊泡的平均尺寸在200与400nm之间，优选地，平均尺寸是约340nm。
为获得本发明的微囊泡而施加的辐射剂量在介于45与55Gy之间的范围内，且优选地，辐射剂量是50Gy。
本发明的微囊泡可以被进一步表征，因为所施加的辐射诱导了热休克蛋白的产生，从而导致所述微囊泡包含HSP70和/或HSP90热休克蛋白，所述热休克蛋白将仅会包含在衍生自经辐射细胞的微囊泡中，而不会包含在未经辐射的微囊泡中。
几篇出版物(27、28、29、30和31)已证实，在辐射肿瘤细胞(尤其是来自胶质母细胞瘤，包括C6细胞)之后，从低达2Gy的剂量起，热休克蛋白HSP70被过度表达，其甚至从细胞质传递到膜上。
本发明的微囊泡可以含有HSP70(HSP70+)和/或HSP90(HSP90+)，并且在外膜中还具有磷脂酰丝氨酸，这就是为什么它们对膜联蛋白V呈阳性(膜联蛋白V+)但对NFATC4呈阴性(NFATC4-)的原因。
因此，根据本发明的第一方面的微囊泡可以被替代地表征，因为微囊泡的外膜含有磷脂酰丝氨酸，因为它们对膜联蛋白V呈阳性和/或因为它们不含活化T细胞核因子4(NFATC4)。
在第二方面，本发明涉及根据本发明的第一方面的衍生自体外经辐照的赘生性细胞的微囊泡的用途，所述微囊泡单独或与一或多种抗肿瘤治疗组合用于制备治疗性疫苗以用于治疗或预防恶性肿瘤，或用于调节抗肿瘤免疫应答。
根据本发明的第二方面的微囊泡的特征还可以在于平均尺寸在200与400nm之间，且更优选地，平均尺寸是约340nm。施加于体外经辐照的赘生性细胞的辐射剂量可以在45与55Gy之间，并且更优选地是50Gy。
根据这个第二实施例，微囊泡可以被进一步表征，因为它们不含活化T细胞核因子4(NFATC4)，因为它们包含HSP70和/或HSP90热休克蛋白，因为微囊泡的外膜含有磷脂酰丝氨酸和/或因为它们对膜联蛋白V呈阳性。
在本方面的又一个实施例中，本发明涉及本发明的微囊泡，其单独或与一或多种抗肿瘤治疗组合用于治疗或预防恶性肿瘤，或用于调节抗肿瘤免疫应答。
上面引用的一或多种抗肿瘤治疗可以选自包括化学疗法、放射疗法、免疫疗法或其组合的群组。
在另一个实施例中，本发明还涉及用作任何种类肿瘤的预后或诊断标志物的本发明的微囊泡。
本发明的微囊泡可以从来自先前经辐照的细胞系或自体原代培养物的肿瘤细胞(与欲治疗的癌症类型相同，例如，培养的人胶质母细胞瘤细胞，用于治疗被诊断为患有胶质母细胞瘤的患者)获得，可以通过皮下或皮内途径，优选在靠近肿瘤部位的区域，将所述微囊泡递送给患有实体或液体肿瘤的患者。
它们也可以结节内递送，优选在引流肿瘤的淋巴结节中递送，以增加癌症患者的抗肿瘤免疫应答。
根据本发明的微囊泡可以单独或与放射疗法、化学疗法或与免疫应答的其它调节剂(例如佐剂、负载微囊泡的树突状细胞、抗肿瘤单克隆抗体或免疫毒素、抗肿瘤免疫应答的调节剂)以及与抗肿瘤免疫细胞(如有或没有任何修饰在体外扩增的辅助性、细胞毒性T淋巴细胞、NK细胞，树突状细胞等)组合递送；同样，微囊泡可以与其它生物疗法(例如溶瘤病毒或转基因)组合使用。
在第三方面，本发明涉及一种治疗性癌症疫苗，其包含根据本发明的第一方面由经辐射的肿瘤细胞产生的微囊泡以及药学上可接受的添加剂。
为了本专利申请的目的，术语“添加剂”是指包括在药物调配物中并且充当媒剂、防腐剂或其任何特征的改性剂以增强其功效、安全性、稳定性、外观或可接受性的任何物质。这一术语可互换地包括本发明的治疗性疫苗中可含有的药学上可接受的赋形剂、媒剂或载剂。
因此，本发明的治疗性疫苗可以含有明胶、白蛋白、蔗糖、乳糖、谷氨酸钠和甘氨酸。它们还可以包含稀释剂，例如水或盐水溶液；防腐剂或保鲜剂，例如硫柳汞、苯氧乙醇和甲醛；稳定剂、例如谷氨酸一钠(MSG)、2-苯氧基乙醇、通常来源于牛或猪的部分水解的明胶和胶原蛋白；抗生素和/或佐剂，例如铝盐：氢氧化铝、硫酸铝钾和磷酸铝。
在第四方面，本发明涉及一种制备根据本发明的第一方面的微囊泡的方法，所述方法包含以下步骤：优选以在45与55Gy之间的辐射剂量在体外辐照赘生性细胞，且更优选地，辐射剂量是50Gy。
本发明的方法还包括制备根据本发明的第二方面的治疗性疫苗。
本发明的微囊泡可获自赘生性细胞，所述赘生性细胞来源于培养的细胞系、原代培养物、血清、尿液或可从中分离出它们的任何其它体液。微囊泡可以通过赘生性细胞以天然方式，或者通过根据本发明的第四方面的方法的应激源，或者与化学试剂或其它物理因素一起，产生并释放到细胞外空间中，且随后通过以14,000×g离心分离。
另外，本发明的微囊泡可以通过使用识别磷脂酰丝氨酸的物质(例如结合到磁珠上的膜联蛋白V)来分离，且随后根据现有技术中已知的标准方法，借助于磁场或通过流式细胞术或任何其它微囊泡分离系统进行捕获。。
以下实例说明了申请人已知的实施本发明的最佳方法。此外，它举例说明了本发明的工业应用，并且其目的是为了说明本发明而不是限制权利要求的范围。
实例
本专利申请的发明人决定在大鼠胶质母细胞瘤的皮下模型中，实验性地测试来自体外未经辐射的大鼠胶质母细胞瘤细胞和经50Gy辐照的胶质母细胞瘤细胞的微囊泡对诱导抗肿瘤免疫应答的作用。
细胞培养
大鼠C6胶质瘤细胞是获自美国培养物和组织保藏中心(American Culture andTissue Collection，美国马里兰州罗克维尔(Rockville,MD,USA))。在37℃下在控制成5％CO2的潮湿气氛中，在补充有10％胎牛血清(吉布科BRL公司(GIBCO BRL))、4mM谷氨酰胺、100单位/毫升青霉素和100mg/ml链霉素的杜尔贝科改良伊格尔培养基(Dulbecco'smodified Eagle medium，DMEM)(吉布科BRL公司)中，无菌培养细胞。在使用之前，将经补充的培养基用0.22μm GSWP膜(密理博(Millipore))过滤，以消除可能的污染性MV。
通用细胞培养程序可用于将要从中获得微囊泡的任何肿瘤细胞系，或者其可根据供应商的规格或所用原代培养物的类型进行修改。
分离微囊泡
MV是从C6细胞和使用产生6兆伏特X射线束的Novalis线性加速器(瓦里安(Varian)和脑实验室(Brainlab))以50格雷(Gy)的剂量辐照的C6细胞的培养物获得的，可以使用允许我们获得50Gy的辐射剂量的其它设备。辐射72小时后，收集培养基并在4℃下以500×g的速度离心10分钟两次，以除去活细胞和细胞碎片。
随后，将上清液在4℃下以14,000×g离心20分钟以沉淀微囊泡，所述微囊泡被立即洗涤，重悬于PBS中，并在-70℃冷冻直至使用，以同样的方式对这些MV进行保藏，将这些MV在含1％低聚甲醛的PBS中固定20分钟，且随后用PBS洗涤，并在4℃下以14,000×g离心20分钟以使其沉降。
微囊泡定量
为了对微囊泡进行定量，将微囊泡用对磷脂酰丝氨酸具有高亲和力的膜联蛋白V-FITC(膜联蛋白-V-FLUOS染色试剂盒，罗氏(Roche))染色，通过流式细胞仪(FACSCalibur，碧迪生物科学(BD Bioscience))进行分析，考虑获得率(获取的体积/时间)，每个样品获取30秒，在此期间获取的事件数，以及膜联蛋白V-FITC阳性事件的百分比。为了进行数据分析，使用了Cell QuestPro(碧迪生物科学)和Flow Jo第10版程序。
微囊泡的表征.
使用透射电子显微镜、纳米粒子筛选分析和聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳进行表征，如下测定蛋白质含量。
透射电子显微镜
微囊泡在收集后用膜联蛋白V-金结合物(15nm，博欧特(Biorbyt))染色30分钟，在4℃下以14,000×g离心20分钟，然后将沉淀重悬于PBS中。随后，将10μl的悬浮液置于碳涂覆的镍网格上并形成20分钟。将网格在滤纸上干燥，用2％乙酸铀酰染色5分钟。将网格从乙酸铀酰中移出，并用蒸馏水洗涤一分钟。用JEOL 1010透射显微镜观察微囊泡。
纳米粒子筛选分析
使用配备有蓝色激光(488nm)和sCMOS相机的NanoSight(英国埃姆斯伯里的纳米视界有限公司(NanoSight Ltd Amesbury,UK))，通过纳米粒子筛选分析，检查微囊泡的尺寸。一式三份地测量制备物(温度22.0℃；粘度0.95cP)持续10秒。用于数据捕获和分析的软件是NTA 3.2Dev Build 3.2.16。获得了以下结果：
蛋白质含量分析
使用ProteoJETTM细胞质和核蛋白提取试剂盒(费门塔斯(Fermentas))从C6细胞、C6微囊泡和经辐照的C6微囊泡中提取蛋白质，且随后通过劳里法(Lowry method)进行定量。将蛋白质(30mg)在变性条件下在15％聚丙烯酰胺凝胶上进行电泳。Precision PlusProtein标准品(伯乐(Bio-Rad))用作分子量标志物。电泳完成后，将凝胶用考马斯蓝(Coomassie blue)染色。
为了验证有效性，进行了以下实验设计：
将三十只接种了C6细胞且肿瘤直径不小于2cm的大鼠分为三组(n＝10)：第一组施用PBS(对照组)，第二组用C6细胞微囊泡治疗，而第三组用经辐照的C6细胞微囊泡(1×10个微囊泡)治疗。治疗剂和PBS用弗氏完全佐剂(Freund's complete adjuvant)以1:1的比率乳化，并在大鼠肿瘤对侧的大腿中皮下递送。第一次递送后7天进行第二次递送(追加剂量)。在第7天、第14天、第18天和第21天，通过用校准过的游标卡尺测量肿瘤的三个直径，记录和评估初始肿瘤体积。治疗后21天，通过放血处死动物(预先用氯胺酮(Ketamine)/甲苯噻嗪(Xylazine)麻醉)，并收集肿瘤、血液和脾脏进行分析。
测定肿瘤体积
使用托迈科(Tomayko)和雷诺兹(Reynolds),1989(26)描述的以下公式计算每只大鼠和每个时间的肿瘤体积(cm3)：
肿瘤体积＝π/6长×宽×高。
评估巨噬细胞、NK细胞和T淋巴细胞群体
使用抗CD4-PE大鼠、抗CD8-PE大鼠、抗NKR-P1-FITC大鼠、抗CD25-FITC大鼠、抗Foxp3-APC大鼠和抗CD68大鼠单克隆抗体，连同与APC偶联的第二抗体，通过流式细胞仪，测定血液、脾脏和肿瘤样品中辅助性T(CD4+)、细胞毒性T(CD8+)和调节性T(CD4+/CD25+/FoxP3+)淋巴细胞以及自然杀伤细胞(NKR-P1+)和巨噬细胞(CD68+)的百分比。
简单来说，将30μL血液或脾脏或肿瘤匀浆与5μL相应的单克隆抗体(1:100稀释度)一起孵育30分钟。随后，添加200μL红细胞裂解液(碧迪生物科学)，将样品孵育10分钟并用PBS洗涤。对于调节性T淋巴细胞，还添加了200μL通透液(碧迪生物科学)，孵育10分钟，洗涤并与抗FoxP3-APC一起孵育30分钟。所有细胞在用PBS洗涤之后均用含1％低聚甲醛的PBS固定。使用CellQuest Pro(碧迪生物科学)和Flow Jo第10版程序，用FACSCalibur试剂盒(碧迪生物科学)分析细胞。
确定凋亡和坏死
取一部分肿瘤匀浆以评估凋亡和坏死。细胞用PBS洗涤，并在室温下于黑暗中用膜联蛋白V和碘化丙啶(Annexin-VFLUOS染色试剂盒，罗氏)于100μL结合缓冲液中染色15分钟。随后，再添加200μL结合缓冲液，并通过流式细胞仪(FACSCalibur，碧迪生物科学)使用Cell QuestPro(碧迪生物科学)和Flow Jo第10版进行分析。
统计分析
对数据进行了夏皮洛-威尔克正态性检验(Shapiro-Wilk normality test)。随后，每种治疗视情况使用t-学生(t-student)或U-曼(U-Mann)检验与对照进行比较。p≤0.05的值被认为是显著的。为了进行此分析，使用了SPSS Statistic 23.0程序(用于Windows的IBM SPSS Statistics,第23.0版.纽约州阿蒙克(Armonk,NY):IBM公司(IBMCorp.))。
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Claims (14)
1.一种衍生自体外经辐照的赘生性细胞的微囊泡，其特征在于具有在200与400nm之间的平均尺寸。
2.根据权利要求1所述的微囊泡，其中所述平均尺寸是约340nm。
3.根据权利要求1和2所述的微囊泡，其中为获得所述微囊泡而施加的辐射剂量在45与55Gy之间。
4.根据权利要求1至3中任一权利要求所述的微囊泡，其中为获得所述微囊泡而施加的辐射剂量是50Gy。
5.根据权利要求1至4中任一权利要求所述的微囊泡，其特征还在于其不含活化T细胞核因子4NFATC4。
6.根据权利要求1至5中任一权利要求所述的微囊泡，其特征还在于其包含HSP70和/或HSP90热休克蛋白。
7.根据权利要求1至6中任一权利要求所述的微囊泡，其特征还在于所述微囊泡的外膜含有磷脂酰丝氨酸。
8.根据权利要求1至7中任一权利要求所述的微囊泡，其特征还在于其对膜联蛋白V呈阳性。
9.根据前述权利要求中任一权利要求所述的微囊泡，其单独或与一或多种抗肿瘤治疗组合用于治疗或预防恶性肿瘤，或用于调节抗肿瘤免疫应答。
10.根据权利要求9所述使用的微囊泡，其中所述一或多种抗肿瘤治疗选自由以下组成的群组：化学疗法、放射疗法、免疫疗法或其组合。
11.根据权利要求1至8中任一权利要求所述的微囊泡，其用作肿瘤的预后或诊断标志物。
12.一种用于癌症的治疗性疫苗，其特征在于其包含根据权利要求1至8中任一权利要求所述的微囊泡以及药学上可接受的添加剂。
13.一种制备根据权利要求1所述的微囊泡或制备根据权利要求13所述的治疗性疫苗的方法，其中所述方法包含以在45与55Gy之间的辐射剂量辐照赘生性细胞的步骤。
14.根据前一权利要求所述的方法，其中所述辐射剂量是50Gy。
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- 2018-07-31 MX MX2021001288A patent/MX2021001288A/es unknown
- 2018-07-31 CA CA3145514A patent/CA3145514A1/en active Pending
- 2018-07-31 WO PCT/IB2018/055740 patent/WO2020026001A1/es unknown
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Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| WO2020026001A1 (es) | 2020-02-06 |
| CA3145514A1 (en) | 2020-02-06 |
| EP3884958A4 (en) | 2023-01-25 |
| US20220008524A1 (en) | 2022-01-13 |
| EP3884958A1 (en) | 2021-09-29 |
| MX2021001288A (es) | 2021-07-15 |
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