CN113161850A - Laser pulse compressor and compression method - Google Patents
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
- H01S3/00—Lasers, i.e. devices using stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared, visible or ultraviolet wave range
- H01S3/005—Optical devices external to the laser cavity, specially adapted for lasers, e.g. for homogenisation of the beam or for manipulating laser pulses, e.g. pulse shaping
- H01S3/0071—Beam steering, e.g. whereby a mirror outside the cavity is present to change the beam direction
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- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
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- G02F1/39—Non-linear optics for parametric generation or amplification of light, infrared or ultraviolet waves
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- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
- H01S3/00—Lasers, i.e. devices using stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared, visible or ultraviolet wave range
- H01S3/10—Controlling the intensity, frequency, phase, polarisation or direction of the emitted radiation, e.g. switching, gating, modulating or demodulating
- H01S3/10007—Controlling the intensity, frequency, phase, polarisation or direction of the emitted radiation, e.g. switching, gating, modulating or demodulating in optical amplifiers
- H01S3/10023—Controlling the intensity, frequency, phase, polarisation or direction of the emitted radiation, e.g. switching, gating, modulating or demodulating in optical amplifiers by functional association of additional optical elements, e.g. filters, gratings, reflectors
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Abstract
The invention belongs to the technical field of laser amplification, and discloses a laser pulse compressor and a compression method. The compression method comprises the steps that pulses to be compressed are incident into a first transmission grating and are diffracted, the pulses are incident into a first prism after being diffracted, light rays with different wave bands are dispersed in the prism, the light rays are refracted through an emergent surface of the first prism and enter an air gap between the two prisms, the light rays are received by a second prism which is placed in an anti-parallel mode and sequentially enter a second prism and a second transmission grating, the light rays are collimated after passing through the second prism and the second transmission grating, finally the light rays are returned in a direction opposite to the original direction through a broadband climbing mirror, and the light rays pass through a compressor which consists of the two gratings and the prism again and are led out. The compression method of the invention can effectively compensate the dispersion introduced by the stretcher and the amplifier and realize the purpose of compensating the dispersion up to the fourth order.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of laser amplification, in particular to a chirped pulse time domain compressor and a chirped pulse time domain compression method which can be applied to an amplifier and can effectively compensate high-order dispersion of a chirped pulse amplification system.
Background
Mourou et al proposed Chirped Pulse Amplification (CPA) technology in 1985, and the advent of CPA technology broke the bottleneck of ultrafast laser energy amplification, since then ultrafast and super-strong laser technology entered the rapid development stage. During the last 30 years, the advent and development of CPA technology has made it possible to generate ultrafast and ultrastrong laser pulses, with ever increasing laser power and ever emerging laser systems of the wattle (PW) scale. The ultrafast and ultrastrong laser becomes an important research tool in the frontier discipline, such as the fields of exploring atom, molecular motion law, laboratory celestial body physics, laser accelerators, free electron lasers and the like.
Before the advent of CPA technology, it was difficult to avoid high peak power density lasers from damaging components unless the spot size was enlarged and the media aperture increased. When the ultra-short pulse is amplified, the CPA technology can avoid generating overhigh peak power in the medium without increasing the caliber of the light beam and the medium. The method comprises the steps of introducing certain dispersion to femtosecond or picosecond pulses before amplification, widening the pulse width to picosecond or even nanosecond magnitude on a time domain, reducing peak power, then amplifying, reducing the risk of element damage, compensating dispersion after obtaining higher energy, and compressing the pulse width to femtosecond magnitude. By using the CPA technology, the damage of system elements caused by overhigh peak power in the amplification process can be effectively avoided, and the gain saturation and the adverse nonlinear effect caused by overhigh peak power can also be avoided.
To achieve a compressed pulse close to its initial width, the dispersion of the entire pulse amplification system is required to be zero. At this time, the compressor needs to be able to compensate for the dispersion introduced by the stretcher and the amplifier. The residual dispersion of the system will result in a broadening of the output pulse width and a sharp drop in contrast.
Therefore, in the field of ultrafast optics, dispersion compensation is a crucial link.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention provides a laser pulse compressor and a compression method which can effectively compensate dispersion introduced by a stretcher and an amplifier and can compensate dispersion up to four orders.
A method of laser pulse compression comprising the steps of:
s1: the laser pulse is guided to the first grating G1 and diffracted by the first grating G1.
S2: guiding the diffracted light rays into the first prism P1, so that the light rays are refracted at the first refraction surface P11 of the first prism P1 and enter the first prism P1 to propagate; the light rays with different wavelengths are refracted on the surface of the first refraction plane P11 and enter the first prism P1 to be transmitted; the light ray propagates in the first prism P1 and reaches the second refraction surface P12 of the first prism P1, and is refracted for the second time at the second refraction surface P12 and then guided out of the first prism P1.
S3: guiding the light led out by the first prism P1 into the second prism P2, so that the light is refracted at a third refraction plane P21 of the second prism P2 and enters the second prism P2 to be transmitted; light rays with different wavelengths are refracted at the third refraction plane P21 and enter the second prism P2 to be transmitted; the light ray propagating in the second prism P2 reaches the fourth refraction plane P22 of the second prism P2, is refracted at the fourth refraction plane P22, and is guided out of the second prism P2.
S4: the light guided out by the second prism P2 enters the second grating G2, is diffracted by the second grating G2, and is collimated.
S5: the collimated light derived from the second grating G2 is reflected to return as the original optical path, propagates in the reverse direction of the optical path as in the steps S1, S2, S3, S4 (steps S1-S4), and again passes through the compressor to compensate for dispersion to form ultrashort laser pulses.
The return according to the original optical path comprises two modes, namely: the light travels in the reverse direction and after climbing up or down, travels in a direction parallel and opposite to the incident light.
Preferably, the step S5 includes reflecting the collimated light beam by translating upward or downward by using a raising mirror, returning along the original optical path, and deriving from the first grating G1 to form an ultra-short pulse, which is the second mode described above. Therefore, the incident point and the emergent point of the laser pulse on the first grating are different, and the separation of the incident light and the emergent light of the compressor is facilitated.
Preferably, in step S1, the laser pulse is incident on the first grating G1 at an incident angle θ 1.
Preferably, the compressor variables include: a distance h1 between the first transmission grating G1 and the first refraction plane P11 of the first prism P1, a distance h2 between the second transmission grating G2 and the fourth refraction plane P22 of the second prism P2, a distance L between the first prism P1 and the second prism P2 (i.e., a distance L between the second refraction plane P12 and the third refraction plane P21), a vertex angle α of the first prism P1 and the second prism P2, refractive indexes of materials of the first prism P1 and the second prism P2, a magnitude of an incident angle θ 1, and a distance O1O2 between the first prism P1 and a vertex of the second prism P2.
The dispersion of the compression method is adjusted by adjusting at least one of the variables, so that the aim of compensating dispersion while compressing is fulfilled. Among the above variables, the vertex angle α between the first prism P1 and the second prism P2 and the refractive indices of the materials of the first prism P1 and the second prism P2 are generally referred to as design variables, and are relatively fixed after the compressor is completely molded. When the compressor is adjusted, the dispersion amount of the compression method is adjusted mainly by adjusting other variables except the design variable, so that the purpose of compensating dispersion while compressing is achieved.
The vertex angle α refers to an included angle between the first refraction surface P11 and the second refraction surface P12 and an included angle between the third refraction surface P21 and the fourth refraction surface P22; the distance O1O2 refers to the distance between the first apex O1 and the second apex O2 in actual use.
Preferably, the first grating G1 and the second grating G2 are both transmission gratings, and the first transmission grating G1 and the second transmission grating G2 are arranged in parallel to each other in the groove direction, and the groove density of both gratings is the same.
Preferably, the polarization direction of the laser pulse to be compressed is perpendicular to the scribe line direction of the two transmission gratings.
Preferably, the first prism P1 and the second prism P2 are made of the same material, and have the same vertex angle α.
Preferably, in step S5, the collimated light rays are not reflected but return along the original optical path; but through another system of two gratings and prisms, so that the light propagates in the opposite direction of the optical path described in steps S1-S4, and passes through another symmetrically arranged compressor again to compensate the dispersion to form an ultra-short pulse.
A laser pulse compressor, comprising:
a first transmission grating G1;
the first prism P1, the first prism P1 comprises a first refraction surface P11 and a second refraction surface P12 which are intersected, and the included angle between the first refraction surface P11 and the second refraction surface P12 is alpha;
the second prism P2, the second prism P2 includes a fourth refraction plane P22 and a third refraction plane P21 which are intersected, and the included angle between the fourth refraction plane P22 and the third refraction plane P21 is alpha; and the number of the first and second groups,
a second transmission grating G2.
The first transmission grating G1, the first prism P1, the second prism P2 and the second transmission grating G2 are arranged at intervals; the first prism P1 and the second prism P2 are arranged in a centrosymmetric manner, and the second refraction plane P12 of the first prism P1 and the third refraction plane P21 of the second prism P2 are arranged in parallel; the first transmission grating G1 is disposed in parallel outside the first refraction plane P11 of the first prism P1, and the second transmission grating G2 is disposed in parallel outside the fourth refraction plane P22 of the second prism P2. The laser pulse is led out after sequentially passing through the first transmission grating G1, the first prism P1, the second prism P2 and the second transmission grating G2 to form collimated light.
The compressor also includes a raising mirror RM disposed outside the second grating G2 to return collimated light back through the compressor again.
Preferably, the first transmission grating G1 and the second transmission grating G2 are both transmission gratings, and the first transmission grating G1 and the second transmission grating G2 are arranged in parallel to each other in the groove direction, and the groove densities of both gratings are the same.
Preferably, the compressor variables include: a distance h1 between the first transmission grating G1 and the first refraction plane P11, a distance h2 between the second transmission grating G2 and the fourth refraction plane P22, a distance L between the first prism P1 and the second prism P2, an incident angle θ 1, a vertex angle α between the first prism P1 and the second prism P2, refractive indexes of materials of the first prism P1 and the second prism P2, and a distance O1O2 between vertexes of the first prism P1 and the second prism P2.
Preferably, the first prism P1 and the second prism P2 are made of the same material, and have the same vertex angle α.
A laser pulse compressor comprises a first compression assembly and a second compression assembly, wherein the first compression assembly and the second compression assembly respectively comprise a first grating G1, a first prism P1, a second prism P2 and a second grating G2.
The first prism P1 comprises a first refraction surface P11 and a second refraction surface P12 which are intersected, and the included angle between the first refraction surface P11 and the second refraction surface P12 is alpha; the second prism P2 includes a third refractive plane P21 and a fourth refractive plane P22 intersecting with each other, and the third refractive plane P21 and the fourth refractive plane P22 form an included angle α.
The first grating G1, the first prism P1, the second prism P2 and the second grating G2 are arranged at intervals, and gaps are formed among the first grating G1, the first prism P1, the second prism P2 and the second grating G2; the first prism P1 and the second prism P2 are arranged in a centrosymmetric manner, and the second refraction plane P12 of the first prism P1 and the third refraction plane P21 of the second prism P2 are arranged in parallel; the first grating G1 is disposed in parallel outside the first refraction plane P11 of the first prism P1, and the second transmission grating G2 is disposed in parallel outside the fourth refraction plane P22 of the second prism P2.
After laser pulses are incident to a first grating G1 of a first compression assembly, the laser pulses are led out after sequentially passing through a first prism P1, a second prism P2 and a second grating G2 to form collimated light; the collimated light rays guided out by the first compression assembly are incident on the second grating G2 of the second compression assembly, and the incident angle of the collimated light rays incident on the second grating G2 of the second compression assembly is the same as the exit angle of the second grating G2 of the first compression assembly; the light rays are led out after sequentially passing through a second prism, a first prism and a first grating of the second compression assembly.
The invention relates to a compression method and a compressor, wherein a pulse to be compressed is incident into a first transmission grating and is diffracted, the pulse to be compressed is incident into a first prism after being diffracted, light rays with different wave bands are dispersed in the prism, are refracted by an emergent surface of the first prism and then enter an air gap between the two prisms, are received by a second prism which is arranged in an antiparallel manner and enter a second prism and a second transmission grating, are collimated after passing through the second prism and the second transmission grating, and finally are returned in a direction opposite to the original path through a broadband low-climbing mirror, and are led out through the compressor consisting of the two gratings and the prism again, so that the dispersion up to four orders introduced by a stretcher and an amplifier can be effectively compensated.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a schematic device structure diagram of a laser pulse compressor according to an embodiment of the present invention, which is a schematic structure diagram from a top view; where θ 2 — θ 6 are not shown, θ 2 is a diffraction angle corresponding to θ 1, and both are located on both sides of the first transmission grating G1, respectively; θ 3 and θ 4 are the angle of incidence and the angle of refraction, respectively, at the interface of the first refraction plane P11; θ 5 and θ 6 are the incident angle and the refraction angle at the interface of the second refraction plane P12, respectively;
FIG. 2 is a schematic perspective view of the second prism P2 of the embodiment of FIG. 1; as can be seen, the second prism P2 has a triangular prism shape, the third refraction plane P21 and the fourth refraction plane P22 intersect to form an edge E2, and the vertex O2 is located on the edge E2 and can be regarded as a projection point of the edge E2 in a plan view;
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram illustrating the embodiment of FIG. 1 when the distance between two vertices O1O2 is adjusted; the second prism P2 is translated in the manner shown in fig. 3, so that the distance between the two vertices O1O2 changes, the vertex of the second prism moves from the O2 position to the O2 'position, and the distance between the two vertices changes from O1O2 to O1O 2';
FIG. 4a is a schematic diagram of an arrangement structure of a prism and a grating in an embodiment of the present invention, where the two prisms and the grating are respectively mounted on an adjustable mounting rack, so that rotation and pitch can be adjusted to adjust the postures of the prism and the grating; moreover, the mounting frames of the second prism P2 and the second grating G2 can be fixed on the same two-dimensional translation stage, so that the second prism P2 and the second grating G2 can be displaced integrally relative to the first prism P1, thereby adjusting L and O1O 2; fig. 4b and 4c are schematic views of the installation of the second prism P2 and the second grating G2, respectively, and the first prism P1 and the first grating G1 both need to be installed on the installation frame, but both need not be installed on the translation stage;
FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of the operation of the low-mount mirror RM in an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 6 is a schematic device diagram of a laser pulse compressor according to another embodiment of the present invention, which is formed by two symmetrically arranged sets of compressing components; the light path is equivalent to that of the embodiment of fig. 1, except that the light ray passes through the same compressor twice in the embodiment of fig. 1, and the embodiment passes through two compression components in sequence;
FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram of a chirped pulse amplification system according to another embodiment of the present invention, formed by adding an oscillator, a bulk stretcher, and an amplifier to the system of the laser pulse compression assembly according to the embodiment of FIG. 1;
FIG. 8 is a ray trace of a compressor in the chirped pulse amplification system of the embodiment of FIG. 7; the horizontal and vertical coordinates in the figure are the positions (in mm) in the X-axis and Y-axis directions, respectively;
FIG. 9 is a graph of the spectral delay of the compressor compensating for dispersion in the embodiment of FIG. 7, with better matching of the delay produced by the stretcher and amplifier for different wavelengths (SF57+ Material) and the delay produced by the compressor (Grism) over a wide bandwidth, where the delays produced by the stretcher and amplifier have been sign-reversed in the graph; wherein the abscissa is the wavelength (nm) and the ordinate is the time delay (fs, ps);
FIG. 10 is a pulse width diagram and a spectral phase diagram of the embodiment of FIG. 7 after dispersion compensation of the compressor, which can compress the pulse width of ps order to 35.75fs, close to the Fourier transform limit pulse width of 20 fs; the spectral phase is flat near the central wavelength of 800nm, so that a good dispersion compensation effect is realized; the upper graph is a pulse width plot with time (fs) on the abscissa and normalized intensity (a.u) on the ordinate, and the lower graph is a spectral phase plot with wavelength (nm) on the abscissa and spectral intensity (a.u.) and spectral phase distribution (rad) on the ordinate.
Detailed Description
In order that those skilled in the art will better understand the invention and thus more clearly define the scope of the invention as claimed, it is described in detail below with respect to certain specific embodiments thereof. It should be noted that the following is only a few embodiments of the present invention, and the specific direct description of the related structures is only for the convenience of understanding the present invention, and the specific features do not of course directly limit the scope of the present invention. Such alterations and modifications as are made obvious by those skilled in the art and guided by the teachings herein are intended to be within the scope of the invention as claimed.
A method of laser pulse compression comprising the steps of:
s1: directing the laser pulses to be compressed at an incident angle θ 1 into a first grating G1, the first grating G1 preferably being a transmissive grating, i.e., a first transmission grating G1; the laser pulses are typically stretched and amplified laser pulses; the laser pulse is diffracted under the action of the first grating G1, the diffraction angle of the light emitted by the first grating G1 after the diffraction is theta 2, and the light with different wavelengths after the diffraction corresponds to different theta 2.
S2: the diffracted light is guided to the first refraction plane P11 of the first prism P1, the incident angle of the light is θ 3, and the light is refracted at the first refraction plane P11 and enters the first prism P1 at the refraction angle of θ 4 to propagate. θ 2 and θ 3 may be the same or different, depending on the relative displacement relationship of the first grating G1 and the first refraction plane P11, when the two are parallel, θ 2 ═ θ 3; the relationship between θ 3 and θ 4 depends on the refractive index of the first prism P1.
The light rays with different wavelengths are refracted on the surface of the first refraction surface P11 and enter the first prism P1 to be transmitted, the first prism P1 is further provided with a second refraction surface P12 which is adjacent to the first refraction surface P11 and forms an included angle alpha, after the light rays are transmitted in the first prism P1, the light rays reach the second refraction surface P12 of the first prism P1 and are refracted for the second time at the second refraction surface P12, and then the light rays are led out from the first prism P1. The incident angle at which the light enters the second refraction plane P12 is θ 5, and the exit angle derived after refraction is θ 6.
S3: guiding the light guided out by the first prism P1 into the second prism P2, and making the light enter a third refraction surface P21 of the second prism P2; the third refractive plane P21 of the second prism P2 is disposed parallel to the second refractive plane P12 of the first prism P1. Obviously, the incident angle of the light ray to the third refraction plane P21 is the same as the refraction angle of the light ray to the second refraction plane P12, and is θ 6.
The light rays with different wavelengths are refracted at the third refraction surface P21 and enter the second prism P2 to be transmitted, the second prism P2 is further provided with a fourth refraction surface P22 which is arranged adjacent to the third refraction surface P21 and forms an included angle alpha, the light rays reach a fourth refraction surface P22 after being transmitted in the second prism P2, and the light rays are refracted at the fourth refraction surface P22 and then are led out from the second prism P2.
Preferably, the included angle α between the first refractive surface P11 and the second refractive surface P12 of the first prism P1 (i.e., the vertex angle of the first prism P1) is equal to the included angle α between the fourth refractive surface P22 and the third refractive surface P21 of the second prism P2 (i.e., the vertex angle of the second prism P2), and both are acute angles.
S4: the light guided out by the second prism P2 is incident on the second grating G2, diffracted by the second grating G2, collimated, and formed into a plurality of mutually parallel light rays, which are arranged in sequence according to different wavelengths. The second grating G2 is preferably also a transmissive grating, i.e. a second transmissive grating G2;
s5: the collimated light derived from the second grating G2 is reflected to return along the original optical path, propagates in reverse of the optical path described in S1, S2, S3, S4, and again passes through the compressor to compensate for dispersion to form ultrashort laser pulses.
The light path returning according to the original light path comprises two modes, wherein one mode is that light rays are reversely transmitted, and the other mode is that the light rays are transmitted in the direction parallel to and opposite to the incident light rays after climbing high or climbing low. In the first mode, the light is reflected by the plane mirror and then travels in the reverse direction, which can achieve the compression and dispersion compensation adjustment of the present invention, but the incident point and the exit point of the laser pulse on the first grating G1 coincide, so that an additional device is needed to distinguish the two, for example, the incident light and the exit light are separated by the polarization characteristic of the light. In the second mode, since the light is translated upward or downward by a proper distance, the light propagates in a certain plane when passing through the compressor for the first time, and after climbing down the mirror RM, the light is translated upward or downward by a certain distance, so that the light propagates in another plane parallel to the above-mentioned plane when passing through the compressor for the second time, and therefore the incident point and the exit point of the laser pulse on the first grating G1 are not coincident, so as to realize the separation of the incident light and the exit light. For the light to propagate in the compressor in two mutually parallel planes as described above, this can be achieved by adjusting the raising mirror.
The vertex angle alpha refers to an included angle between the first refraction surface P11 and the second refraction surface P12 and an included angle between the third refraction surface P21 and the fourth refraction surface P22; the distance O1O2 is a distance between the first vertex O1 and the second vertex O2 in actual use, and the distance O1O2 can be adjusted by adjusting the relative position between the two prisms.
The prisms (including the first prism P1 and the second prism P2) of the compressor have a triangular prism shape, and the triangular prism shape is shown in fig. 1 in a plan view. For example, as shown in fig. 2, the third refractive surface P21 and the fourth refractive surface P22 of the second prism P2 intersect to form an edge E2, the vertex O2 is located on the edge E2, and the vertex O2 may also be considered as a projection of the edge E2 in a top view.
In some embodiments, the step S5 is performed by setting a raising mirror to reflect the collimated light and return the collimated light along the original optical path and lead the collimated light out of the first grating G1, which is the second way described above.
The reflecting component is a climbing mirror RM and consists of two plane reflecting mirrors which are vertical to each other so as to reflect the light rays incident to the climbing mirror in parallel, and the reflected light rays have certain height difference in the vertical direction. For example, as shown in fig. 10, the climbing mirror RM is composed of two strip-shaped plane mirrors perpendicular to each other, light enters one plane mirror of the climbing mirror RM, is reflected to the second plane mirror thereof, is finally reflected twice by the climbing mirror RM, and then propagates in the direction opposite to the incident direction, and the emergent light is parallel to the incident light but has a different height. Obviously, after being reflected by the climbing mirror RM, the light rays are shifted upwards or downwards by a certain distance in the up-down direction and the directions are opposite, and we will describe this as the light rays returning along the original light path. Of course, if only a plane mirror is used to replace the climbing mirror RM, the light guided out by the second grating G2 is made to travel in the reverse direction of the original light path, and is finally guided out from the first grating G1; at this time, the incident point and the exit point of the laser pulse on the first grating G1 coincide.
In some embodiments, the first transmission grating G1 and the second transmission grating G2 are parallel to each other, and have the same groove line density. Preferably, the polarization direction of the laser pulse to be compressed is also perpendicular to the grating groove direction.
In other embodiments, the first prism P1 and the second prism P2 are made of the same material (material), so that the two prisms have the same refractive index and the same vertex angle α. In order to reduce reflection loss of the prism refraction surface and improve efficiency, a broadband high-transmittance film layer is plated on each of the first refraction surface P11, the second refraction surface P12, the third refraction surface P21, and the fourth refraction surface P22, which are light transmission surfaces, to improve efficiency.
In any of the above embodiments, the variables of the compression method include: a distance h1 between the first transmission grating G1 and the first refraction plane P11, a distance h2 between the second transmission grating G2 and the fourth refraction plane P22, a distance L between the first prism P1 and the second prism P2 (i.e., a distance L between the second refraction plane P12 and the third refraction plane P21), and a distance O1O2 between apexes of the first prism P1 and the second prism P2 are adjustable.
The specific parameters of the variables can be adjusted by adjusting the relative positions between the two prisms and the two gratings; for example, adjusting the position of the first transmission grating G1 may adjust the h1 size. It should be noted that the distance O1O2 between two prism vertices refers to a linear distance between the vertex angle of the first prism P1 (the vertex angle corresponding to the edge between the two light-passing surfaces that function in this method) and the vertex angle of the second prism P2, and can be adjusted by translating in the direction of the prism slope surface without changing L.
The angle alpha of the vertex angle of the first prism P1 and the second prism P2 is set according to requirements; the refractive indexes of the materials of the first prism P1 and the second prism P2 are determined according to the selected materials; the incidence angle theta 1 of the laser pulse is set according to requirements; the parameters (such as material, reticle density, or replacement with reflective gratings) of the first transmission grating G1 and the second transmission grating G2 may be set as required.
In each of the above embodiments, the direction of the light is changed by climbing the low mirror RM, so that the light passes through the compressor composed of the two gratings and the two prisms twice, the light passes through the compressor for the first time to form a collimated state, and after changing the light path by climbing the low mirror RM, the light passes through the compressor again in the direction opposite to the first pass after returning along the original light path, but the positions in the vertical direction are different.
In other embodiments, another set of second compression elements, also composed of two gratings and two prisms, is symmetrically disposed outside the second grating G2, and is symmetrically disposed with respect to the compression elements composed of the first grating G1, the first prism P1, the second prism P2, and the second grating G2. The symmetrical surfaces of the two are parallel to the arrangement surface of the climbing mirror RM, so that the equivalent optical path effect is generated.
For example, as shown in fig. 6, another compressor having the same internal structure is disposed at the lower right of the above-described compressor composed of the first grating G1, the first prism P1, the second prism P2, and the second grating G2, and both are disposed symmetrically in the manner shown in the drawing. In this embodiment, the effect of making the light pass through the compressor for the second time is achieved by another component, thereby compensating the dispersion to form an ultrashort pulse.
A laser pulse compressor can be used in a chirped pulse amplification system to compress stretched amplified laser pulses.
The compression assembly mainly comprises a first grating G1, a first prism P1, a second prism P2 and a second grating G2, and laser pulses are led out after sequentially passing through the first grating G1, the first prism P1, the second prism P2 and the second grating G2 so as to achieve the purpose of compressing the laser pulses in a time domain.
The first grating G1 and the second grating G2 are preferably both transmissive gratings, i.e., a first transmission grating G1 and a second transmission grating G2.
The first prism P1 is provided with a first refraction surface P11 and a second refraction surface P12, the first refraction surface P11 is intersected with the second refraction surface P12, and the included angle between the first refraction surface P11 and the second refraction surface P12 is alpha; the second prism P2 is provided with a third refraction plane P21 and a fourth refraction plane P22, the third refraction plane P21 and the fourth refraction plane P22 are also intersected, and the included angle between the third refraction plane P21 and the fourth refraction plane P22 is also alpha. That is, the first prism P1 has the apex angle α that is the same angle as the second prism P2.
The first refraction plane P11 intersects the second refraction plane P12 to form a first vertex O1, and the third refraction plane P21 intersects the fourth refraction plane P22 to form a second vertex O2.
The first prism P1 and the second prism P2 are arranged in a centrosymmetric manner, and the second refraction plane P12 of the first prism P1 and the third refraction plane P21 of the second prism P2 are arranged in parallel; since the vertex angle α is the same, the first refraction plane P11 and the fourth refraction plane P22 are also parallel to each other.
The first transmission grating G1 is preferably disposed in parallel outside the first refraction plane P11 of the first prism P1, and the second transmission grating G2 is preferably disposed in parallel outside the fourth refraction plane P22 of the second prism P2, so that the outgoing and incoming light beams have a corresponding angular relationship when the laser pulse passes through the first transmission grating G1, the first prism P1, the second prism P2, and the second transmission grating G2 in sequence. More specifically, the light passes through the first transmission grating G1, the first refraction plane P11, the interior of the first prism P1, the second refraction plane P12, the third refraction plane P21, the interior of the second prism P2, the fourth refraction plane P22 and the second transmission grating G2 in sequence, and finally is guided out of the second transmission grating G2 to form collimated light. Since the first transmission grating G1 is parallel to the first refraction plane P11, the exit angle of the light ray from the first transmission grating G1 is equal to the incident angle of the light ray to the first refraction plane P11, and so on.
The compressor also includes a raising mirror RM disposed outside the second grating G2 to return collimated light back through the compressor again.
The climbing mirror RM is composed of two mutually perpendicular plane mirrors, and the reflecting assembly is used to make the light beam enter the second transmission grating G2 in the opposite direction of the light beam led out by the second transmission grating G2 and pass through the compressing assembly again. Therefore, the climbing mirror RM is configured to make the light ray led out by the second prism P2 enter one of the mirrors of the climbing mirror at 45 °, so as to return the light ray after climbing back.
In some embodiments, the first transmission grating G1 and the second transmission grating G2 have the same line density and are arranged in parallel to each other.
In other embodiments, the first prism P1 and the second prism P2 are made of the same material, and the vertex angle α is also the same.
In the preferred embodiment, the first prism P1 and the second prism P2 of the compressor are right-angle prisms, the first refraction plane P11 and the fourth refraction plane P22 are right-angle sides, and the second refraction plane P12 and the third refraction plane P21 are hypotenuses. However, the first prism P1 and the second prism P2 may be different in size, and in general, the second prism P2 is larger than the first prism P1, for example, 1.5-2 times as large as the first prism P1.
When the compressor is used, firstly, according to the parameters of laser pulses to be compressed, according to the compression principle, the incident angle theta 1 of light rays incident to the first grating is calculated (gratings with different groove densities have an incident angle with highest efficiency, called littrow angle, generally incident according to the angle with the highest efficiency, and certainly incident at other angles according to requirements), the scale density of the selected grating, the material and the vertex angle alpha of the prism are determined, and h1, L and h2 are calculated and determined; then, the devices are placed according to the parameters to form a compressor, at least one of h1, L, h2 and O1O2 is adjusted, and the chromatic dispersion of the compressor is adjusted, so that the aim of compensating up to fourth-order chromatic dispersion is fulfilled.
In the compressor in any of the above embodiments, the variables of the compressor include: a distance h1 between the first transmission grating G1 and the first refraction plane P11, a distance h2 between the second transmission grating G2 and the fourth refraction plane P22, a distance L between the first prism P1 and the second prism P2 (i.e., a distance L between the second refraction plane P12 and the third refraction plane P21), an angle α between vertex angles of the first prism P1 and the second prism P2, refractive indexes of materials of the first prism P1 and the second prism P2, an incident angle θ 1 of the laser pulse, parameters (such as material, scribe density, or replacement with a reflection grating) of the first transmission grating G1 and the second transmission grating G2, and a distance O1O2 between vertex points of the first prism P1 and the second prism P2. The vertex angle alpha of the two prisms, the material refractive index of the prisms and the parameters of the two gratings are generally called as design variables, and the design variables are determined after the device model selection is determined; h1, h2, L, θ 1, and O1O2 are then called conditioning variables, which can be adjusted as needed while the compressor is in use.
In other embodiments, the compression assembly further includes two additional gratings and prisms, the relative positional relationship between the two gratings and the prisms is the same as the relative positional relationship between the first transmission grating G1, the first prism P1, the second prism P2 and the second transmission grating G2, but the two additional gratings and prisms are symmetrically arranged with respect to the compression assembly with the position of the reflector as a symmetry axis, and the reflection assembly is absent.
That is, the reflection assembly may be arranged to redirect the light through the compression assembly composed of the first transmission grating G1, the first prism P1, the second prism P2 and the second transmission grating G2, so as to achieve the complete compression process. It is also possible to provide another compressing assembly having the same internal structure as the compressing assembly but symmetrically disposed outside the compressing assembly, thereby achieving the complete compressing process.
The laser pulse compressor comprises a first compression assembly and a second compression assembly, wherein the first compression assembly and the second compression assembly respectively comprise a first transmission grating G1, a first prism P1, a second prism P2 and a second transmission grating G2.
The first prism P1 comprises a first refraction surface P11 and a second refraction surface P12 which are intersected, and the included angle between the first refraction surface P11 and the second refraction surface P12 is alpha; the second prism P2 includes a third refractive plane P21 and a fourth refractive plane P22 intersecting with each other, and the third refractive plane P21 and the fourth refractive plane P22 form an included angle α. The first transmission grating G1, the first prism P1, the second prism P2 and the second grating G2 are arranged at intervals, and gaps are formed between the first transmission grating G1, the first prism P1, the second prism P2 and the second grating G2; the first prism P1 and the second prism P2 are arranged in a centrosymmetric manner, and the second refraction plane P12 of the first prism P1 and the third refraction plane P21 of the second prism P2 are arranged in parallel; the first transmission grating G1 is disposed in parallel outside the first refraction plane P11 of the first prism P1, and the second transmission grating G2 is disposed in parallel outside the fourth refraction plane P22 of the second prism P2.
The internal structure of the first compression component and the second compression component is identical, and the first compression component and the second compression component are arranged in a mode equivalent to the optical path of the compressor with the climbing mirror RM.
After laser pulses are incident to a first transmission grating G1 of the first compression assembly, the laser pulses are led out after sequentially passing through a first prism P1, a second prism P2 and a second grating G2 to form collimated light; the collimated light rays guided out by the first compression assembly are incident on the second grating G2 of the second compression assembly, and the incident angle of the collimated light rays incident on the second grating G2 of the second compression assembly is the same as the exit angle of the second grating G2 of the first compression assembly; the light rays are led out after sequentially passing through a second prism, a first prism and a first transmission grating of the second compression assembly. The schematic diagram of the device structure of the compression assembly with the two additional gratings and two prisms is shown in fig. 6.
A chirped pulse amplification system having a compressor capable of compensating for material dispersion, the pulse amplification system comprising: for generating femtosecond order (10)-15Second) laser pulse, a bulk stretcher for temporally stretching the laser pulses, a regenerative amplifier for energy-amplifying the stretched laser pulses, and a secondary amplifier for temporally compressing the amplified laser pulses to compress the laser pulses back to a femtosecond levelThe compressor of (1).
Laser pulses output by the titanium gem oscillator and in femtosecond magnitude of nanojoule magnitude enter the block material stretcher for pulse width stretching, are guided into the regenerative amplifier for energy amplification, and finally, the laser pulses containing chirp are guided into the compressor for pulse width compression so as to realize the chirp pulse amplification process of the laser.
Wherein,
after mode locking, the femtosecond titanium gem oscillator stably outputs femtosecond laser pulses with repetition frequency of nearly hundred MHz, single pulse energy nano joule magnitude, pulse width of dozens of femtoseconds or even a few femtoseconds and spectrum full width at half maximum of about 100 nm.
The material of the bulk material stretcher can be a high-refractive-index dispersive material, and can also be other stretching devices known in the prior art.
The regenerative amplifier may be a titanium sapphire regenerative amplifier on the order of kHz millijoules, among others laser pulse amplifiers known in the art.
The compressor comprises the laser pulse compressor of any one of the above embodiments.
The femtosecond laser pulse output by the oscillator enters the stretcher to be stretched, then the energy is amplified in the amplifier, and finally the pulse to be compressed after being amplified is led into the compressor to be compressed. Laser pulses to be compressed enter a first transmission grating of a compressor and are diffracted, a first prism incident surface and the surface of the first transmission grating are arranged in parallel, light rays with different wave bands are dispersed again in the prisms, are refracted through a first prism emergent surface and enter an air gap between the two prisms, are received by a second prism arranged in an anti-parallel mode and enter a second group of prisms and gratings, and after passing through the second group of gratings and prisms, the light rays are collimated. The broadband crawl mirror is placed to return the light in the opposite direction but lower (or higher) horizontal direction from the original path and to lead out again after passing through the compressor.
Examples
A chirped pulse amplification system is composed of an oscillator, a bulk material stretcher, an amplifier and a compressor.
The oscillator is a Kerr lens mode-locked femtosecond titanium gem oscillator, the spectral bandwidth is about 100nm, the pulse width is less than 20fs, the repetition frequency is near hundred MHz, and the single pulse energy is in nanojoule magnitude.
The block material stretcher adopts dispersive materials such as optical glass and the like, and realizes the stretching of laser pulses on a time domain by designing the light transmission length. In this example, it is made of SF57 material, with a pass length of 25mm, and is folded back and forth 20 times for a total pass length of 500 mm. By calculation, the SF57 material with 500mm generates the second-order dispersion amount of 1.12 multiplied by 10 at the central wavelength of 800nm5fs2Third-order dispersion of 7.07X 104fs3And the ratio of the third-order dispersion to the second-order dispersion is 0.63. By rough calculation, the pulse of 20fs can be broadened to about 15.5 ps.
The amplifier is a titanium gem ring cavity regenerative amplifier, a certain amount of material dispersion can be introduced during energy amplification, the dispersion compensation needs to be taken into account, and devices introducing dispersion in the amplifier comprise a titanium gem crystal, a Pockels cell, a Glan prism and the like. And expanding the amplified laser pulse and guiding the expanded laser pulse into the compressor for pulse width compression.
Wherein the compressor comprises a first transmission grating G1, a first prism P1, a second prism P2, a second grating G2, and a climbing mirror RM.
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of the compressor described above, with design variables being grating density, prism material, prism apex angle α; the adjusting variables are the distances h1 and h2 from the grating to the prism, the insertion amount of the prism 1 (the distance from the vertex to the incident point of the prism), the distance O1O2 between the vertexes of the two prisms, the vertical distance L between the prism pair and the initial incident angle theta 1 of the light.
Fig. 4a is a view of the compressor assembly (up-down mirror RM not shown) above, with the grating and prism both mounted on the alignment frame, and preferably a second set of grating and prism mounted on a two-dimensional translation stage to adjust the prism pair spacing and the prism apex angle spacing.
FIG. 8 is a trace plot of the compressor described above for light from 740nm to 860 nm.
Gratings with the groove density of 1250 lines/mm are used as the first transmission grating G1 and the second grating G2, the prism material is fused quartz, the vertex angle alpha of the prism is 57.35 degrees, the distance O1O2 between vertexes is 31.76mm, and the grating pair spacing L is 5.25 mm.
According to the simulation results, when h1 and h2 are small, the grating-to-prism distances h1 and h2 have a small influence on the amount of chromatic dispersion of the compressor. In the present embodiment, h1 and h2 are set to 5mm, and the prism 1 is inserted by 10 mm.
In order to improve the grating diffraction efficiency, the initial incident angle is preferably littrow angle (34 °) corresponding to the center wavelength of 800nm, that is, θ 1 is 34 °.
Preferably, the antireflection film is plated according to the angle, the plating bandwidth is 740-860nm (central wavelength 800nm), in practice, due to the gain narrowing effect of the amplifier, the bandwidth is narrower, and the bandwidth can be reduced appropriately according to the practical situation to reduce the plating requirement.
The results of obtaining the compressor to compensate for the 500mm SF57 material and amplifier material dispersion with the above structural parameters are shown in fig. 9 (for the sake of clarity, the sign of the material dispersion of the stretcher and amplifier is inverted).
As shown in FIG. 10, the compressor of the present invention can compress the pulse width to 35.75fs, and the spectral phase is flat in the spectral range of 760nm to 840 nm.
Therefore, the compressor of the invention can effectively compensate the dispersion introduced by the stretcher and the amplifier in the stretching or amplifying process, and the dispersion amount is adjusted by adjusting the relative positions of the two gratings and the prism, thereby realizing the purpose of compensating the dispersion up to fourth order.
Claims (10)
1. A method of compressing laser pulses, comprising the steps of:
s1: leading laser pulses into a first grating, and diffracting the laser pulses through the action of the first grating;
s2: guiding the diffracted light into a first prism, and refracting the light at a first refraction surface of the first prism and entering the first prism for propagation; the light rays reach the second refraction surface of the first prism after being transmitted in the first prism, and are guided out from the first prism after being refracted for the second time at the second refraction surface;
s3: guiding the light guided out by the first prism into the second prism, and refracting the light at a third refraction surface of the second prism and entering the second prism for propagation; the light rays reach a fourth refraction surface of the second prism after being transmitted in the second prism, and are refracted at the fourth refraction surface and then guided out of the second prism;
s4: the light guided out by the second prism enters the second grating, and is diffracted by the second grating, so that the light is collimated;
s5: the collimated light directed by the second grating is reflected back along the original optical path and propagates in reverse of the optical path described in S1-S4.
2. The laser pulse compression method of claim 1, wherein step S5 is implemented by setting a climbing mirror to reflect the collimated light beam in a translational manner upwards or downwards, returning along the original optical path and deriving from the first grating to form the ultrashort pulse.
3. The laser pulse compression method according to claim 1 or 2, wherein in step S1, the laser pulse is incident on the first grating at an incident angle θ 1;
the variables of the compression method include: a distance h1 between the first grating and the first refraction surface, a distance h2 between the second grating and the fourth refraction surface, a distance L between the first prism and the second prism, an incidence angle theta 1, a vertex angle alpha of the first prism and the second prism, refractive indexes of materials of the first prism and the second prism, and a distance O1O2 between vertexes of the first prism and the second prism;
the purpose of dispersion compensation is achieved by adjusting at least one of the variables to adjust the dispersion compensation of the compression method.
4. The laser pulse compression method according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the first grating and the second grating are both transmission gratings, and the groove directions of the first transmission grating and the second transmission grating are arranged in parallel, and the groove densities of the first transmission grating and the second transmission grating are the same; the polarization direction of the laser pulse to be compressed is vertical to the scribing directions of the two transmission gratings;
the first prism and the second prism are made of the same material, and the vertex angle alpha is the same.
5. The method of claim 1 or 2, wherein in step S5, the collimated light is not reflected and returned along the original optical path, but passes through another system of two gratings and prisms, so that the light propagates in the opposite direction to the optical path in the steps S1-S4.
6. A laser pulse compressor, comprising:
the first grating is arranged on the first side of the optical fiber,
the prism comprises a first prism and a second prism, wherein the first prism comprises a first refraction surface and a second refraction surface which are intersected, and the included angle between the first refraction surface and the second refraction surface is alpha;
the second prism comprises a third refraction surface and a fourth refraction surface which are intersected, and the included angle between the third refraction surface and the fourth refraction surface is alpha;
the first grating, the first prism, the second prism and the second grating are arranged at intervals, and gaps are formed among the first grating, the first prism, the second prism and the second grating; the first prism and the second prism are arranged in a centrosymmetric mode, and the second refraction surface and the third refraction surface are arranged in parallel; the first grating is arranged outside the first refraction surface in parallel, and the second grating is arranged outside the fourth refraction surface in parallel; and the number of the first and second groups,
and the climbing mirror is arranged outside the second grating and used for returning the collimated light rays to the original light path and then passing through the compressor again.
7. The laser pulse compressor of claim 6, wherein the first grating and the second grating are transmissive gratings, and wherein the first transmission grating and the second transmission grating have the same groove density and are arranged parallel to each other in the groove direction.
8. The laser pulse compressor according to claim 6 or 7, characterized in that the compressor variables comprise: the distance between the first grating and the first refraction surface is h1, the distance between the second grating and the fourth refraction surface is h2, the distance between the first prism and the second prism is L, the incident angle is theta 1, the vertex angle alpha of the first prism and the second prism, the refractive index of the materials of the first prism and the second prism, and the distance between the vertexes of the first prism and the second prism is O1O 2.
9. The laser pulse compressor according to claim 6 or 7, wherein the first prism and the second prism are made of the same material, and have the same vertex angle α.
10. A laser pulse compressor comprises a first compression assembly and a second compression assembly, wherein the first compression assembly and the second compression assembly respectively comprise a first transmission grating, a first prism, a second prism and a second transmission grating;
the first prism comprises a first refraction surface and a second refraction surface which are intersected, and the included angle between the first refraction surface and the second refraction surface is alpha; the second prism comprises a third refraction surface and a fourth refraction surface which are intersected, and the included angle between the third refraction surface and the fourth refraction surface is alpha;
the first transmission grating, the first prism, the second prism and the second transmission grating are arranged at intervals, and gaps are formed among the first transmission grating, the first prism, the second prism and the second transmission grating; the first prism and the second prism are arranged in a centrosymmetric mode, and the second refraction surface and the third refraction surface are arranged in parallel; the first transmission grating is arranged outside the first refraction surface in parallel, and the second transmission grating is arranged outside the four refraction surfaces in parallel;
after laser pulses are incident to a first transmission grating of a first compression assembly, the laser pulses are led out through a first prism, a second prism and a second transmission grating in sequence to form collimated light; the collimated light rays led out by the first compression assembly are incident to the second transmission grating of the second compression assembly, and the incident angle of the collimated light rays incident to the second transmission grating of the second compression assembly is the same as the emergent angle of the second transmission grating of the first compression assembly; the light rays are led out after sequentially passing through a second prism, a first prism and a first transmission grating of the second compression assembly.
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