CN113155885A - Heat loss calibration method and calibration device for quartz lamp radiation heating test - Google Patents
Heat loss calibration method and calibration device for quartz lamp radiation heating test Download PDFInfo
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- CN113155885A CN113155885A CN202110342021.1A CN202110342021A CN113155885A CN 113155885 A CN113155885 A CN 113155885A CN 202110342021 A CN202110342021 A CN 202110342021A CN 113155885 A CN113155885 A CN 113155885A
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- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N25/00—Investigating or analyzing materials by the use of thermal means
Abstract
The invention belongs to the technical field of airplane structure heat strength tests, and particularly relates to a heat loss calibration method in a heat test by adopting a heat flow density control method. The invention provides a heat loss calibration temperature control method, a test installation parameter and a data interpolation method for a quartz lamp radiation heating test, thereby establishing the heat loss calibration method for the quartz lamp radiation heating test. The heat loss calibration method provided by the invention is standard and reliable, can effectively obtain the heat loss value of the quartz lamp radiation heating test, and meets the high-temperature heat strength test requirement of more than 1000 ℃.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of airplane structure heat strength tests, and particularly relates to a heat loss calibration method in a heat test by adopting a heat flow density control method.
Background
The aerodynamic heat problem is particularly serious when the hypersonic aircraft flies in the atmosphere. The structural thermal test is based on the principle of energy consistency, obtains structural thermal response by equivalently simulating a flight thermal environment and aerodynamic load on the ground, and is a necessary means for researching the structural thermal problem of the hypersonic aircraft.
The most commonly adopted structural thermal test method at present is to adopt a quartz lamp to radiate and heat to simulate a thermal environment. The radiation heating of the quartz lamp has the characteristics of small thermal inertia, strong short-time overload capacity, strong adaptability to heating area and temperature range, capability of ensuring free deformation of the structure and the like, and can truly reproduce the energy exchange process of pneumatic heating. The radiant heating of the quartz lamp is realized by acquiring heat flux density or temperature data absorbed by the surface of a test piece in real time through a sensor, comparing the data with a given value for operation, and adjusting the voltage at two ends of the quartz lamp to realize automatic heating control.
When simulated aerodynamic heat is radiantly heated using a quartz lamp, in order to improve the heating efficiency, the surface of the test piece is usually subjected to a blackening treatment to increase the ability of the surface to absorb the radiant heat. According to kirchhoff's law, under the condition of heat balance, the absorptivity and radiance of an object are equal, so that the absorptivity is increased, and the capability of external radiation is also increased, thereby increasing the radiation heat loss of a test piece. In addition, convective heat transfer can occur between the surface of the structure and the outside air under ground environmental conditions, thereby causing convective heat transfer losses. When a thermal test is carried out by adopting a heat flow density control method, in order to ensure the accuracy of a heat flow value loaded on a test piece during the test, the two heat loss values need to be compensated in a control equation, and the actual absorption heat flow of the test piece is ensured to be controlled according to a given heat flow curve.
Under the current technical conditions, the radiant heat loss and the convection heat loss in the radiant heating test process of the quartz lamp are difficult to obtain through theoretical calculation; therefore, the two heat losses are generally considered as additional heat loss caused by temperature rise on the surface of the structure under the ground environment, and the heat loss value is obtained through a heat loss calibration test.
The heat loss calibration test precision is similar to that of other ground thermal tests and is influenced by various factors such as a calibration test control method, thermal field simulation quality, an installation process and the like. With the continuous development of high-speed aircrafts, the structural thermal test is promoted to be developed to a higher level and higher precision, and the heat loss calibration test is taken as an indispensable link based on the heat flow density heat control test and inevitably moves to the high-precision, standardized and normalized direction. Therefore, a set of complete and standard heat loss measuring method is established, and the method has important scientific value and application background for improving the structural heat test level.
Disclosure of Invention
The purpose of the invention is as follows: the method for calibrating the heat loss of the quartz lamp radiation heating test is standardized, and the heat loss value of the quartz lamp radiation heating test can be effectively obtained.
The technical scheme of the invention is as follows: in one aspect, a method for calibrating heat loss in a radiant heating test of a quartz lamp is provided, and the method comprises the following steps:
designing and processing a calibration test piece; the calibration test piece adopts a metal simulation piece which has the same shape and size as the formal test piece, similar surface condition and consistent emissivity; calibrating the surface of a test piece to carry out blackening treatment; the formal test piece is an airplane structural part;
determining a heat loss calibration temperature point according to the heat load requirement of a formal test piece in a quartz lamp radiation heating test;
according to the temperature zone division requirements of the formal test piece in the quartz lamp radiation heating test, correspondingly dividing the calibration test piece into a plurality of temperature zones, and arranging a thermocouple in the central area of the outer surface of each temperature zone to serve as a temperature control thermocouple;
installing a calibration test piece to enable the installation state of the calibration test piece to be consistent with the installation state of a formal test piece in the quartz lamp radiation heating test;
installing a heat flow meter, wherein the installation state of the heat flow meter is consistent with the installation state of the heat flow meter in the quartz lamp radiation heating test of the formal test piece;
and (3) calibration test: carrying out heat insulation treatment on the environment where the quartz lamp, the calibration test piece and the heat flow meter are located and the surrounding environment; a constant temperature calibration method is adopted, a quartz lamp is utilized to slowly heat up the heating surface of the calibration test piece to a calibration temperature point, then heat preservation is carried out, and when the temperature value of the back surface of the calibration test piece reaches a stable state, the heat flow value obtained by the test of a heat flow meter is the heat loss value corresponding to the temperature point; and carrying out the same calibration test for at least 3 times according to a constant temperature calibration method, wherein the average value of the at least 3 tests is the final heat loss value corresponding to the temperature point.
Optionally, the calibration test piece is provided with a reinforcing rib.
Optionally, the calibration test piece is made of 304 stainless steel or 316 stainless steel.
Optionally, two thermocouples are arranged in the central area of the outer surface of each temperature zone of the calibration test piece.
Optionally, the vertical distance between the quartz lamp tube and the heating surface of the calibration test piece is kept between 100mm and 160mm when the calibration test piece is installed.
Optionally, after the calibration test piece is subjected to blackening treatment, the blackness of the surface of the calibration test piece is 0.8-0.85.
Optionally, when the heat flow meter is installed, the measuring surface of the heat flow meter is parallel to the surface of the calibration test piece.
Optionally, after the heat loss calibration temperature point exceeds the bearing temperature limit of the calibration test piece, a cubic spline curve interpolation method is adopted to extrapolate to obtain a heat loss value corresponding to the heat loss calibration temperature point.
On the other hand, the heat loss calibration device for the quartz lamp radiation heating test is provided, and comprises a quartz lamp tube (2) and a calibration test piece (4); a reflecting plate (1) and a calibration test piece (4) are respectively arranged on two sides of the quartz lamp tube (2), and a heat flow meter (3) is arranged on a heating surface of the calibration test piece (4);
the calibration test piece adopts a metal simulation piece which has the same shape and size as the formal test piece, similar surface condition and consistent emissivity;
the mounting state of the calibration test piece is consistent with the mounting state of the formal test piece in the quartz lamp radiation heating test;
the mounting state of the heat flow meter is consistent with the mounting state of a formal test piece on the quartz lamp radiation heating test heat flow meter;
the reflecting plate 1, the quartz lamp tube 2, the heat flow meter 3 and the calibration test piece 4 are in the same heat insulation environment.
The invention has the technical effects that: the invention provides a heat loss calibration temperature control method, test installation parameters and a data interpolation method for a quartz lamp radiation heating test, so that the heat loss calibration method for the quartz lamp radiation heating test is established, the heat loss calibration method provided by the invention is standard and reliable on the basis of a large number of verification tests, the heat loss value of the quartz lamp radiation heating test can be effectively obtained, and the high-temperature heat intensity test requirement above 1000 ℃ is met. The invention has important scientific value and application background for improving the structural thermal test level.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a test piece installation;
reference numerals: 1-reflecting plate, 2-lamp tube, 3-heat flow meter and 4-calibration test piece.
Detailed Description
Example 1
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a test piece installation, and in combination with FIG. 1, the present embodiment provides a calibration apparatus for heat loss in a quartz lamp radiant heating test, where the apparatus includes a quartz lamp tube 2 and a calibration test piece 4; the two sides of the quartz lamp tube 2 are respectively provided with a reflecting plate 1 and a calibration test piece 4, and the heating surface of the calibration test piece 4 is provided with a heat flow meter 3.
The calibration test piece adopts a metal simulation piece which has the same shape and size as the formal test piece, similar surface condition and consistent emissivity;
the mounting state of the calibration test piece is consistent with that of the formal test piece in the quartz lamp radiation heating test;
the mounting state of the heat flow meter is consistent with the mounting state of a formal test piece on the quartz lamp radiation heating test heat flow meter;
and carrying out heat insulation treatment on the environment where the quartz lamp, the calibration test piece and the heat flow meter are positioned and the surrounding environment, so that the reflecting plate 1, the quartz lamp tube 2, the heat flow meter 3 and the calibration test piece 4 are positioned in the same heat insulation environment.
The formal test piece of the embodiment is an aircraft structural member to be subjected to a quartz lamp radiant heating test, but the invention is not limited to the aircraft structural member.
Example 2
In combination with the heat loss calibration device for the quartz lamp radiant heating test provided in embodiment 1, this embodiment provides a heat loss calibration method for the quartz lamp radiant heating test with a standard specification, where the method includes the following steps:
1) and designing and processing a calibration test piece, wherein the calibration test piece adopts a metal simulation piece which has the same shape and size as a formal test piece, similar surface condition and consistent emissivity. In order to ensure that the calibration test piece does not generate warping deformation after being heated, the calibration test piece needs to be designed and processed according to specific test requirements, and reinforcement design is carried out on the calibration test piece when necessary. The thickness of the calibration test piece is usually set to 2mm to 3 mm. The calibration test piece is made of high-temperature-resistant metal materials, stainless steel is usually selected, 304 stainless steel (06Cr19Ni 10) or 316 stainless steel (06Cr17Ni 12M02) is recommended, and the two stainless steels have corrosion resistance and good high-temperature strength. Before the test, the surface of the test piece was uniformly blackened.
2) And determining a heat loss calibration temperature point according to the requirement of the thermal load in the test.
3) And installing thermocouples on the test piece, and arranging two thermocouples in the central area of the outer surface of each temperature zone as temperature control thermocouples according to the heat load and the temperature zone division requirements in the formal test. Based on the calibration test temperature point, the appropriate thermocouple is selected and it is ensured that the thermocouple must be certified/calibrated and within the validity period. The thermocouple mounting positions are marked on the test pieces, and the measuring point numbers are noted.
4) Installing a test piece, wherein as shown in fig. 1, the installation of the calibration test piece is completely the same as the installation state of the test piece during the formal test, namely the installation position, the test installation plugging state and the heater state of the calibration test piece during the calibration test are completely consistent with the installation position, the test installation plugging state and the heater state of the test piece during the quartz lamp radiant heating test of the formal test piece; wherein the heater state comprises a vertical distance between the quartz lamp tube and the heating surface of the test piece. In order to ensure the uniformity of heating, the vertical distance between the quartz lamp tube and the heating surface of the test piece is kept between 100mm and 160 mm.
5) And (4) installing the heat flow meter, wherein the installation of the heat flow meter in the calibration test is completely consistent with that of the heat flow meter in the formal test. During installation, the distance between the measuring surface of the heat flow meter and the surface of the test piece is ensured to meet the design requirement, and the measuring surface of the heat flow meter is ensured to be parallel to the surface of the test piece.
6) And (3) carrying out three calibration tests according to a constant temperature method, wherein the heat loss calibration test adopts the constant temperature calibration method, the heating surface of the calibration test piece is slowly heated to a calibration temperature point and then is insulated, and when the temperature value of the back surface of the test piece reaches a stable state, the heat flow value obtained by the heat flow meter test is the heat loss value corresponding to the temperature point. And carrying out the same calibration test for 3 times according to a constant temperature calibration method, wherein the average value of the three tests is the heat loss value.
In this embodiment, the heating surfaces of different temperature zones are heated slowly to the same calibration temperature point and then are insulated.
7) And when the temperature resistance limit of the metal calibration piece cannot meet the calibration requirement of the test temperature load, acquiring data by adopting a cubic spline curve interpolation method.
The principle of the invention is as follows:
and replacing the formal test piece with the calibration test piece to calibrate the heat loss value of the formal test piece in the quartz lamp radiation heating test. Wherein, the quartz lamp radiation heating test process of formal test piece is:
mounting a formal test piece, and mounting a heat flow meter on a heating surface of the formal test piece; the measuring surface of the heat flow meter is parallel to the surface of the test piece;
installing a quartz lamp tube and a reflecting plate, wherein the quartz lamp tube is positioned between the reflecting plate and a formal test piece, and the vertical distance between the quartz lamp tube and the heating surface of the formal test piece is kept between 100mm and 160 mm;
dividing a formal test piece into a plurality of temperature zones, and arranging two thermocouples in the central area of the outer surface of each temperature zone to serve as temperature control thermocouples; one of the two thermocouples is used for measuring the surface temperature, and the other one is used for feeding back temperature data to the control system so that the control system can dynamically control the heating voltage of the quartz lamp tube;
the method comprises the following steps of (1) plugging formal test pieces, a heat flow meter, a quartz lamp tube, a reflecting plate and other test devices in the same heat insulation environment to reduce air convection; and (4) performing a quartz lamp radiation heating test on the positive test piece by adopting a quartz lamp.
The derivation process of the partial steps of the invention is as follows:
1. calibration test control method for determining heat loss
At present, the heat loss calibration method mainly comprises three methods, namely a constant temperature calibration method, a constant heat flow calibration method and a transient calibration method.
A constant temperature calibration method: heating the heating surface of the test piece to a given temperature point according to a given temperature rise rate, and then preserving heat, wherein when the temperature value of the back surface of the test piece is stable, the heat flow value obtained by testing by a heat flow meter is the heat loss corresponding to the temperature;
constant heat flow calibration method: applying a constant heat flow value q to the test piece, measuring the temperature rise process of the surface of the test piece, calculating the heat flow density absorbed by the surface of the test piece according to the specific heat capacity of the test piece, comparing the heat flow density with the applied constant heat flow density value, and determining the difference value as the heat loss of the test piece;
transient calibration method: and calculating the temperature distribution of the upper surface of the test piece according to the given heat flow curve and taking the curve as the net absorption heat flow of the test piece. And heating the test piece according to the temperature distribution curve of the upper surface of the test piece obtained by calculation, obtaining a heat flow value reaching the surface of the test piece through testing, and obtaining a difference value between the heat flow value and the given absorption heat flow as a heat loss value at the moment.
The applicability of the heat loss calibration of the three test control methods is researched through tests and analysis, and the fact that the constant heat flow calibration method and the transient calibration method are adopted for heat loss calibration can be found out, the method combining calculation and tests is needed, the specific heat capacity, the density and the heat conduction coefficient of a test piece are introduced into the calculation, the parameters usually change along with the temperature, in the calculation process, the substitution of the parameters can bring more error factors for heat loss calibration, the constant temperature method is completely adopted for heat loss calibration, the calculation is not involved, the operation is simple, and the requirement of the heat flow density control heat test can be met.
2. Determining heat loss calibration test installation parameters
The heat loss is related to a test state, a heater, a heat flow meter installation position and the like, and the influence of heating uniformity, a heating direction, a test piece size, a test system sealing state and test piece surface blackness on heat loss calibration is respectively researched through a large number of verification tests. The following standardized installation parameters were finally determined:
the calibration test piece adopts a metal simulation piece which has the same shape and size as the formal test piece, similar surface condition and consistent emissivity. In order to ensure that the test piece is not warped and deformed after being heated, the calibration test piece needs to be designed and processed according to specific test requirements, and reinforcement design is carried out on the calibration test piece when necessary. The thickness of the calibration test piece is usually set to 2mm to 3 mm.
In order to ensure the uniformity of heating, the vertical distance between the quartz lamp tube and the heating surface of the test piece is kept between 100mm and 160 mm. When a heat loss calibration test is carried out, the periphery of the test device is ensured to be in a heat insulation state. The blackness of the sprayed surface of the test piece is ensured to reach 0.85.
3. Processing method for determining heat loss calibration data
Due to the limitation of calibration test piece materials, the maximum calibration test temperature can reach 1000 ℃, and when the temperature is higher than 1000 ℃, the calibration test piece can generate serious oxidation phenomenon. However, with the development of hypersonic aircraft, the temperature of structural thermal testing continues to increase, even as high as 1800 ℃. In the temperature range of more than 1000 ℃, the heat loss calibration can not be carried out by adopting the existing calibration test, and the method of data interpolation or fitting to obtain the heat loss calibration data of more than 1000 ℃ is the most feasible method at present. And comparing the fitting data of the cubic spline interpolation method, the B spline interpolation method, the Akima interpolation method, the cubic polynomial fitting method and the quartic polynomial fitting method with the heat loss calibration data of the standard flat plate, and determining that the cubic spline interpolation method is most suitable for heat loss calibration data extrapolation.
Claims (9)
1. A heat loss calibration method for a quartz lamp radiation heating test is characterized by comprising the following steps:
designing and processing a calibration test piece; the calibration test piece adopts a metal simulation piece which has the same shape and size as the formal test piece, similar surface condition and consistent emissivity; calibrating the surface of a test piece to carry out blackening treatment;
determining a heat loss calibration temperature point according to the heat load requirement of a formal test piece in a quartz lamp radiation heating test;
according to the temperature zone division requirements of the formal test piece in the quartz lamp radiation heating test, correspondingly dividing the calibration test piece into a plurality of temperature zones, and arranging a thermocouple in the central area of the outer surface of each temperature zone to serve as a temperature control thermocouple;
installing a calibration test piece to enable the installation state of the calibration test piece to be consistent with the installation state of a formal test piece in the quartz lamp radiation heating test;
installing a heat flow meter, wherein the installation state of the heat flow meter is consistent with the installation state of the heat flow meter in the quartz lamp radiation heating test of the formal test piece;
and (3) calibration test: carrying out heat insulation treatment on the environment where the quartz lamp, the calibration test piece and the heat flow meter are located and the surrounding environment; a constant temperature calibration method is adopted, a quartz lamp is utilized to slowly heat up the heating surface of the calibration test piece to a calibration temperature point, then heat preservation is carried out, and when the temperature value of the back surface of the calibration test piece reaches a stable state, the heat flow value obtained by the test of a heat flow meter is the heat loss value corresponding to the temperature point; and carrying out the same calibration test for at least 3 times according to a constant temperature calibration method, wherein the average value of the at least 3 tests is the final heat loss value corresponding to the temperature point.
2. The method for calibrating heat loss in the radiant heating test of the quartz lamp as claimed in claim 1, wherein the calibration test piece is provided with reinforcing ribs.
3. The method for calibrating heat loss in the radiant heating test of the quartz lamp as claimed in claim 1, wherein the calibration test piece is made of 304 stainless steel or 316 stainless steel.
4. The method for calibrating heat loss in a radiant heating test of a quartz lamp as defined in claim 1, wherein two thermocouples are arranged in a central region of an outer surface of each temperature zone of the calibration test piece.
5. The method for calibrating heat loss in a radiant heating test of a quartz lamp as claimed in claim 1, wherein the vertical distance between the quartz lamp tube and the heating surface of the calibration test piece is maintained between 100mm and 160mm when the calibration test piece is installed.
6. The method for calibrating heat loss in the radiant heating test of the quartz lamp as claimed in claim 1, wherein the blackness of the surface of the calibration test piece is 0.8-0.85 after the calibration test piece is subjected to blackening treatment.
7. The method for calibrating heat loss in the radiant heating test of the quartz lamp as claimed in claim 1, wherein when the heat flow meter is installed, a measuring surface of the heat flow meter is parallel to the surface of the calibration test piece.
8. The method for calibrating heat loss in the radiant heating test of the quartz lamp as claimed in claim 1, wherein when the temperature point of the heat loss calibration exceeds the temperature limit of the calibration test piece, the heat loss value corresponding to the temperature point of the heat loss calibration is extrapolated by a cubic spline interpolation method.
9. A heat loss calibration device for a quartz lamp radiation heating test is characterized by comprising a quartz lamp tube (2) and a calibration test piece (4); a reflecting plate (1) and a calibration test piece (4) are respectively arranged on two sides of the quartz lamp tube (2), and a heat flow meter (3) is arranged on a heating surface of the calibration test piece (4);
the calibration test piece adopts a metal simulation piece which has the same shape and size as the formal test piece, similar surface condition and consistent emissivity;
the mounting state of the calibration test piece is consistent with that of the formal test piece in the quartz lamp radiation heating test;
the mounting state of the heat flow meter is consistent with the mounting state of a formal test piece on the quartz lamp radiation heating test heat flow meter;
the reflecting plate (1), the quartz lamp tube (2), the heat flow meter (3) and the calibration test piece (4) are in the same heat insulation environment.
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| CN114647959A (en) * | 2022-05-24 | 2022-06-21 | 中国飞机强度研究所 | Method for constructing test piece heat flow density distribution calculation model in airplane test and application |
| CN114674589A (en) * | 2022-05-27 | 2022-06-28 | 中国飞机强度研究所 | System and method for applying instantaneous thermal impact load in aerospace plane thermal test |
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| CN114722543A (en) * | 2022-06-09 | 2022-07-08 | 中国飞机强度研究所 | Design method for heat reflecting screen in structural heat strength test of hypersonic aircraft |
| CN114791325A (en) * | 2022-06-23 | 2022-07-26 | 中国飞机强度研究所 | Heat flow calibration method for testing ground thermal strength cabin of aerospace plane |
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| CN114705471B (en) * | 2022-06-07 | 2022-08-26 | 中国飞机强度研究所 | Multi-gradient radiation heat flow field simulation method in aerospace plane test |
| CN114722543A (en) * | 2022-06-09 | 2022-07-08 | 中国飞机强度研究所 | Design method for heat reflecting screen in structural heat strength test of hypersonic aircraft |
| CN114722543B (en) * | 2022-06-09 | 2022-08-12 | 中国飞机强度研究所 | Design method for heat reflecting screen in structural heat strength test of hypersonic aircraft |
| CN114791325A (en) * | 2022-06-23 | 2022-07-26 | 中国飞机强度研究所 | Heat flow calibration method for testing ground thermal strength cabin of aerospace plane |
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