CN113142202A - 一种大田作物中夜蛾类害虫的防治方法 - Google Patents

一种大田作物中夜蛾类害虫的防治方法 Download PDF

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CN113142202A
CN113142202A CN202110441834.6A CN202110441834A CN113142202A CN 113142202 A CN113142202 A CN 113142202A CN 202110441834 A CN202110441834 A CN 202110441834A CN 113142202 A CN113142202 A CN 113142202A
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李莉
胡仙
付汝鑫
刘未
韦云
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Abstract

本发明提供了一种大田作物中夜蛾类害虫的防治方法，包括产卵趋避剂的制备、产卵促进剂的制备和鳞翅目夜蛾科昆虫产卵行为监测设备的设置等步骤。本发明根据鳞翅目蛀果类夜蛾科昆虫的产卵习性，借助产卵趋避剂调控雌成虫的产卵行为，减少怀卵雌成虫在靶标寄主上的产卵量，以达到降低田间虫口密度，减少蛀果、病果发生，提高夜蛾类昆虫行为调控技术的目的。本发明提供的大田作物中夜蛾类害虫的防治方法还能够减少化学农药的使用量，有利于提高茄科蔬菜等有机产品的质量和产量，更加有利于提高茄果类蔬菜果实的产量和品质，能够广泛地实施和推广。

Description

一种大田作物中夜蛾类害虫的防治方法
技术领域
本发明涉及虫害防控技术领域，尤其涉及一种夜蛾类害虫的防治方法。
背景技术
目前大田作物中的蛀果类害虫以鳞翅目夜蛾科为主，如烟青虫(Heliothisassulta)、斜纹夜蛾(Prodenia litura)、棉铃虫(Helicoverpa armigera)以及小地老虎(Agrotis ypsilon)等。鳞翅目夜蛾科的幼虫多危害花、果，造成落花、落果及果实腐烂，在危害叶片时形成空洞，甚至吃光叶肉，仅留叶脉。当其在危害辣椒等茄科作物的果实时，整个幼虫钻入果内，啃食果皮、胎座，并在果内缀丝，排留大量粪便，降低果实的可食用性，甚至影响辣椒果实的品质与产量。因此有效防控夜蛾类蛀果害虫是目前大田作物管理环节的重点之一。
人们利用人工合成的昆虫性信息素或其类似物，即“昆虫性引诱剂”(简称“性诱剂”)，以干扰或调控昆虫成虫的生殖行为，从而达到防控的目的。昆虫性信息素，又称为昆虫性外激素，是由同种昆虫某一性别个体特殊分泌器官分泌于体外，能被同种异性个体感受并引起相应行为反应或生理效应(如求偶、交配等)的微量化学信息物质(杜家伟，1988)。昆虫性信息素能够保证昆虫在种内雌雄个体之间的相互联系及种群繁衍成功效率(Martin，1978)。大多数性信息素是由雌性成虫释放以引诱雄性成虫，有些种类也会由雄性释放并吸引雌性成虫，相应的研发技术也就此生物机理应运而生。目前，全世界已鉴定和合成的昆虫性信息素或类似物多达2000多种(孟宪佐，1997)，我国研制成功的农、林、果、蔬菜等重要害虫的性信息素也有几十种，为研究和应用性信息素防治害虫创造了条件。
在实际使用时昆虫性信息素往往受到地理环境、昆虫地理种群间差异和使用方法等因素的影响，不能得到很好的实施和推广。尤其在该类害虫大规模爆发时，仍然要借助于化学防治。另外，昆虫性信息素在使用技术和评价结果方面，也存在标准不一的问题。并且，现有的市售诱芯主要是针对夜蛾科昆虫的性信息素组分构成，来设置田间性诱剂的诱捕装置，以干扰成蛾交配行为，达到降低田间虫口数量的目的；诱捕效果具有种类单一性，不能同时兼顾多种夜蛾类小型蛾类的预测预报和生物防控。
在现有技术中，主要用夜蛾类性诱剂对其成虫进行诱捕监测与防控，但是不能避免或干扰已交配雌成虫的产卵行为，也不能确保怀卵雌成虫在靶标作物上产卵。因此，如何有效地利用昆虫性信息素诱杀或干扰昆虫行为，同时运用植物信息素辅助诱引增效或趋避等方法，对夜蛾类害虫进行田间高效防治是目前需要亟待解决的问题。
发明内容
为解决上述问题，本发明提供了一种大田作物中夜蛾类害虫的防治方法。本发明所述方法以鳞翅目夜蛾科昆虫(烟青虫、斜纹夜蛾)的产卵趋避剂与促进剂联合利用为主，干扰夜蛾科雌性昆虫的产卵行为，调节其在大田间不在靶标植物上产卵或少产卵，或吸引其怀卵雌成虫在田埂杂草带上产卵并集中防控，以减少子代幼虫的发生数量，降低田间虫口基数，降低蛀果率，避免该类害虫子代对植株的取食为害，达到了有效地防控目的。同时，本发明还能够减少化学农药的使用量，有利于提高茄科蔬菜等有机产品的质量和产量。所述大田作物中夜蛾类害虫的防治方法通过在作物中设置含产卵趋避或产卵促进剂的剂橡胶管载体进行虫害防治。
进一步地，所述害虫种群为烟青虫和/或斜纹夜蛾。
进一步地，所述产卵趋避剂为烟青虫产卵趋避剂和/或斜纹夜蛾产卵趋避剂。
进一步地，所述烟青虫产卵趋避剂包括以下组分：柠檬烯、顺-3-己烯-1-醇、苯甲醛和水杨酸甲酯。
进一步地，所述烟青虫产卵趋避剂中柠檬烯、顺-3-己烯-1-醇、苯甲醛和水杨酸甲酯的重量比为1.0:9.3:2.7:5.0。
进一步地，所述斜纹夜蛾产卵趋避剂包括以下组分：柠檬烯、顺-3-己烯-1-醇和水杨酸甲酯。
进一步地，所述斜纹夜蛾产卵趋避剂中柠檬烯、顺-3-己烯-1-醇和水杨酸甲酯的重量比为1.0:9.3:5.0。
进一步地，所述产卵促进剂包括以下组分：β-芷罗酮、顺-3-已烯乙酸酯和芳樟醇。
进一步地，所述产卵促进剂中β-芷罗酮、顺-3-已烯乙酸酯和芳樟醇的重量比为1.0:2.0:4.0。
本发明所述大田作物中夜蛾类害虫的防治方法在防控大田作物虫害方面的应用，具体方法如下：
将干净的橡胶管中间空腔内滴入2-3ml产卵趋避剂或产卵促进剂，完全浸润至无液滴状后，即可设置在靶标植物或田埂杂草带上，达到使夜蛾科雌性昆虫不在靶标植物上产卵或少产卵和减少子代幼虫的发生数量，降低蛀果率，减少化学农药的使用量，提高茄科蔬菜等有机产品的质量和产量的目的。
与现有技术相比，本发明的有益技术效果：
本发明克服了现有技术中性诱剂诱捕方法的局限，根据鳞翅目蛀果类夜蛾科昆虫的产卵习性，借助产卵趋避剂调控雌成虫的产卵行为，减少怀卵雌成虫在靶标寄主上的产卵量，降低田间虫口密度，减少蛀果、病果发生，提高了夜蛾类昆虫行为调控技术的应用效果，达到了有效地防控目的。本发明还能够减少化学农药的使用量，有利于提高茄科蔬菜等有机产品的质量和产量，更加有利于提高茄果类蔬菜果实的产量和品质。本发明克服了昆虫性信息素受到地理环境、昆虫地理种群间差异和使用方法等因素的影响，能够广泛地实施和推广。
附图说明
下面结合附图说明对本发明做进一步说明。
图1为鳞翅目夜蛾科昆虫产卵行为监测设备结构示意图；
图2为烟青虫对不同种类产卵驱避性化合物的筛选及测定；
图3为烟青虫对不同配比产卵驱避性化合物的对比及测定；
图4为斜纹夜蛾对不同种类产卵驱避性化合物的筛选及测定；
图5为斜纹夜蛾对不同配比产卵驱避性化合物的对比及测定。
具体实施方式
以下结合实施例对本发明提供的大田作物中夜蛾类害虫的防治方法进行进一步说明。
一种鳞翅目夜蛾科昆虫产卵行为监测设备，所述监测设备为圆柱形透明玻璃容器，容器底部密封，顶部设置3层无菌纱布，容器顶部通过尼龙线与诱心橡胶载体连接，采用上述设备对夜蛾科昆虫的行为进行监测与观察，以进行产卵驱避性化合物的筛选及测定。
处理1：不同浓度的柠檬烯、顺-3-己烯-1-醇、苯甲醛和水杨酸甲酯按重量比为1.0:9.3:2.7:5.0的比例混合。
处理2：不同浓度的柠檬烯、顺-3-己烯-1-醇和水杨酸甲酯按重量比为1.0:9.3:5.0的比例混合。
对照(CK)：等剂量的正己烷。
实施例1
烟青虫产卵驱避剂和促进剂的筛选及测定：
在10种植物化学信息物质中，苯甲醛和水杨酸甲酯对烟青虫雌成虫有明显产卵趋避活性，烟青虫雌虫的平均产卵量均低于10.00粒；而β-芷罗酮(229.90±47.76粒)、顺-3-已烯乙酸酯(153.30±44.81粒)、反式-β-石竹烯(149.60±55.94粒)对其雌成虫产卵均有促进作用。本发明通过三个不同浓度(10-6g/mg、10-4g/mg和10-2g/mg)的苯甲醛和水杨酸甲酯，来验证其趋避活性，并进行烟青虫产卵趋避行为测试，结果如图2所示。
由图2可见，烟青虫雌成虫在两个处理上的落卵量均较少，远远低于对照纱布上的落卵量。两个处理配方中，产卵量均低于27粒，而对照的平均产卵量则高达136.53粒。
处理1在不同浓度条件下，对雌成虫均有一定的产卵趋避性，平均产卵数量为10.20粒；且产卵量随着组配试剂浓度的增加而减少，当浓度为10-6g/mg、10-4g/mg和10-2g/mg时，产卵量分别为16.90±7.83粒、9.50±5.43粒和4.20±3.46粒。
处理2虽对雌成虫有一定产卵趋避性，但产卵量明显高于处理1，平均产卵数量为20.08粒；产卵量在组配试剂低浓度时落卵量较高，即当浓度为10-6g/mg时，落卵量为25.80±8.93粒；产卵量在组配试剂中等浓度和高浓度时落卵量相近，约为17.23粒，当浓度为10- 4g/mg和10-2g/mg时，产卵量分别为19.25±10.46粒和15.20±7.50粒。
实施例2
斜纹夜蛾产卵驱避剂和促进剂筛选及测定：
由图4和图5可知，同烟青虫相比，斜纹夜蛾产卵雌成虫对处理2的排斥较明显，而处理1和对照上的落卵量无显著差异。就10种供试化合物而言，顺-3-己烯-1-醇、柠檬烯和顺-3-已烯乙酸酯三种化合物对斜纹夜蛾雌成虫落卵量有趋避效应，落卵量均低于3.00块，而对照组落卵量为14.90±2.81块。芳樟醇和β-芷罗酮对产卵有促进作用，落卵量均高于20.00块。处理1中因为有苯甲醛组分，对雌成虫的落卵量反而有促进作用。在处理1和对照纱布上的落卵量约为15.00块，而在处理2上，仅有2.00块左右，当处理2浓度高时，落卵量最低，约为1.00块。

Claims (10)

1.一种大田作物中夜蛾类害虫的防治方法，其特征在于，通过在作物中设置含产卵趋避或产卵促进剂的剂橡胶管载体进行虫害防治。
2.根据权利要求1所述的大田作物中夜蛾类害虫的防治方法，其特征在于，所述夜蛾类害虫为烟青虫或斜纹夜蛾。
3.根据权利要求1所述的大田作物中夜蛾类害虫的防治方法，其特征在于，所述产卵趋避剂为烟青虫产卵趋避剂或斜纹夜蛾产卵趋避剂。
4.根据权利要求3所述的大田作物中夜蛾类害虫的防治方法，其特征在于，所述烟青虫产卵趋避剂包括以下组分：柠檬烯、顺-3-己烯-1-醇、苯甲醛和水杨酸甲酯。
5.根据权利要求4所述的大田作物中夜蛾类害虫的防治方法，其特征在于，所述烟青虫产卵趋避剂中柠檬烯、顺-3-己烯-1-醇、苯甲醛和水杨酸甲酯的重量比为1.0:9.3:2.7:5.0。
6.根据权利要求3所述的大田作物中夜蛾类害虫的防治方法，其特征在于，所述斜纹夜蛾产卵趋避剂包括以下组分：柠檬烯、顺-3-己烯-1-醇和水杨酸甲酯。
7.根据权利要求6所述的大田作物中夜蛾类害虫的防治方法，其特征在于，所述斜纹夜蛾产卵趋避剂中柠檬烯、顺-3-己烯-1-醇和水杨酸甲酯的重量比为1.0:9.3:5.0。
8.根据权利要求1所述的大田作物中夜蛾类害虫的防治方法，其特征在于，所述产卵促进剂包括以下组分：β-芷罗酮、顺-3-已烯乙酸酯和芳樟醇。
9.根据权利要求8所述的大田作物中夜蛾类害虫的防治方法，其特征在于，所述产卵促进剂中β-芷罗酮、顺-3-已烯乙酸酯和芳樟醇的重量比为1.0:2.0:4.0。
10.根据权利要求1所述大田作物中夜蛾类害虫的防治方法，其特征在于，所述大田作物为茄科蔬菜、十字花科蔬菜和葫芦科蔬菜中的一种或几种。
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