CN113142102A - Site selection and planting method and device for establishing deepwater coral submarine culture farm - Google Patents
Site selection and planting method and device for establishing deepwater coral submarine culture farm Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention belongs to the technical field of deepwater coral undersea culture, and discloses a site selection and planting method and a site selection and planting device for establishing a deepwater coral undersea culture farm, wherein the site selection and planting method for establishing the deepwater coral undersea culture farm comprises the following steps: determining a planting area according to the seabed methane leakage area; determining whether the target area develops authigenic carbonate rock; and selecting seeds according to the deepwater coral species developing in the specific target area. On the basis of the growth conditions of the deepwater corals, the invention selects the area with longer seabed leakage density and duration as the culture area through the site selection method and the planting method of the water coral farm, and can capture the methane leaked from the seabed to the deepwater coral ecosystem, thereby providing a more suitable environment for the deepwater coral growth, improving the coverage rate of the deepwater corals, strengthening the carbon sequestration and carbon sink functions of the deepwater corals, promoting the repair and prosperity of the seabed ecosystem, and playing an important role in the aspects of global carbon cycle and climate change regulation.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of deepwater coral undersea culture, and particularly relates to a site selection and planting method and device for establishing a deepwater coral undersea culture farm.
Background
In recent years, "greenhouse effect" and "global warming" have become hot topics of concern worldwide, and long grass peaked since 2020, a north methane outbreak, and a south 20 ℃ high temperature have pushed "global warming" to higher hotspots again. The coral reef is known as 'tropical rainforest in sea' and 'potential blue carbon sink for slowing down climate change', and has important significance in global carbon cycle. Carbon flux in coral reef areas is mainly affected by organic carbon metabolism (photosynthesis, chemosynthesis, respiration) and inorganic carbon mineralization (precipitation, dissolution of calcium carbonate), and appears as a carbon sink effect when the coral reef symbiont is predominantly autotrophic and as a carbon source effect when the symbiont is predominantly heterotrophic and "albinism". Therefore, when the coral reef ecosystem is healthy, the coral reef ecosystem is atmospheric CO2The net exchange of (2) is expected to hold 9 million tons of carbon per year. Therefore, the method has important significance for improving the coverage rate of the coral reef, is a premise for enhancing the carbon sink capacity of the coral reef ecosystem, and has important significance for adjusting global climate change. At present, most coral reef researches aim at shallow water coral reefs, such as coral poisoned by hydrocarbons and generating whitening phenomenon, and the shallow water coral reefs are influenced by environment and discharge a large amount of zooxanthellae, so that whitening is caused and autotrophic energy for maintaining coral basic metabolism cannot be supplied. However, the research on the deepwater coral and the deepwater coral reef is less, but it is widely recognized that two requirements are needed for the formation of the deepwater coral: one is the hard substrate of carbonate rock; and secondly, food particles provided by microorganisms such as bacteria in seawater fluid are used as an energy source. Previous studies have suggested that there is a close relationship between the characteristics of subsea fluid leaks and the formation of deepwater coral reefs, which is generally thought to be related to the fluid leaking from the sea floor and the fluid in itThe enriched organic matter is relevant; because the hydrate system contains a large amount of methane, and is shallow in burial and poor in stability, the hydrate system is considered to have a construction effect on the formation of the deepwater coral reef. The influence of the seabed fluid seepage and hydrate system on the deepwater coral ecosystem is shown in the following steps: on the one hand, the formation of the authigenic carbonate rock provides a hard substrate for deepwater corals, and on the other hand, hydrocarbon gas is injected into the water body to provide an energy source for microbial chemosynthesis.
On the other hand, many scholars consider that methane leakage from polar frozen earth and gas hydrate decomposition in shallow formations in the sea area may be an important factor affecting climate change. In a deep sea environment, the natural gas hydrate stable area is a wedge thickened towards the sea, and the seismic data shows that BSR (seismic mark of the bottom boundary of the natural gas hydrate stable area) becomes shallow along with the shallow depth of the sea bottom and intersects with the sea bottom at a certain depth. The intersection of the BSR and the seabed is the boundary LLGHSZ (Landward Limit of Gas Hydrate Stability zone) distributed to the land side of the natural Gas Hydrate stable area. The LLGHSZ is positioned at the junction of a rock ring, a sea ring and a biosphere, and is influenced by the cycle of ice-period and ice-period cycle climate change, the change of a geothermal field and a series of deposition and structural actions (such as earthquake, volcano and the like) in the sea in the geological history period, a natural gas hydrate stable area (GHSZ) can vertically move, so that the natural gas hydrate at the LLGHSZ is dissociated. Meanwhile, the LLGHSZ position is most sensitive to the change of the seabed conditions and is easily influenced by seabed ocean currents, sedimentation, diapir action and the like to change the stable conditions, so that the natural gas hydrate is formed and decomposed. When the hydrates are decomposed, the methane gas released at the llghz may enter the sea, the cold spring ecosystem, or even the atmosphere, causing certain environmental and climatic effects. Therefore, natural gas hydrate decomposition and seafloor methane leakage at LLGHSZ are of great significance to the sea-side, biotope rock-side and climate change. By establishing the deep-sea coral culture farm, part of methane quantity leaked from the sea bottom can be fixed in an ecosystem, which has important influence on global carbon circulation and climate change.
Specifically, deepwater corals live in the depth of 50-6000m, more than 3300 types of deepwater corals are known at present, and the corals capable of forming reefs mainly comprise two types, namely porous crown corals (Lophelia pertusa) and multi-hole sieve corals (Maderpora oculata). Unlike shallow sea corals, deepwater corals do not rely on photosynthesis, and they mainly feed on plankton in water and organic matter settled from a shallow water layer, and can grow in a lightless or lightless deepwater environment. Hydrocarbon gases generally affect photosynthesis, on which shallow water corals live, but deep water corals are different, and in areas with high methane flux, deep water corals can also obtain energy through the chemical energy synthesis effect of methane participation. For example, in the gulf of mexico, a large number of coral reefs are found at oil and gas leakage points. The formation of deepwater corals requires two conditions of a hard substrate and abundant organic matter suspended particles as food (energy sources), so that the deepwater corals are widely developed in areas such as mountains, canyons and the like which are rich in nutrition and have complex terrains. Subsea methane leaks are commonly associated with pits, mud volcanoes, carbonate encrustations, and chemically synthesized biocenosis, among others. The chemical synthetic biological community provides necessary growth conditions for the deepwater coral; methane leakage and Anaerobic Oxidation (AOM) action of methane (which reacts with sulfate in the uppermost sediment of the seafloor to produce dissolved bicarbonate) results in an increase in pore water alkalinity, and the formation of authigenic carbonate mineral precipitates, which provide a hard substrate for the formation of deepwater coral reefs. Thus, large-scale seabed methane blowby areas are the preferred areas for growth of deepwater corals, such as the seabed methane flux at the distribution boundary of natural gas hydrates to the land side (LLGHSZ: landsward limit of gas hydrate stability zone) is relatively high. The submarine methane leakage provides necessary conditions for the growth of deepwater corals, and the deepwater corals can bind the leaked methane in organisms, so the carbon sequestration effect and the carbon sink effect of the deepwater corals play an important role in global carbon circulation and climate change.
At present, most coral reefs and environmental significance researches thereof aim at shallow water coral reefs, such as coral poisoned by hydrocarbons and generating whitening phenomenon, and also mean that shallow water coral is influenced by environment and discharges a large amount of zooxanthella, so that whitening is caused and autotrophic energy for maintaining coral basic metabolism cannot be supplied. Under the background of global warming, the large-area whitening of shallow water coral caused by the temperature rise, and the continuous degradation of the ecological system of shallow water coral caused by a series of ecological problems of excessive resource development of human beings to the sea, seawater acidification, sea level rise and the like. Therefore, the planting of the shallow water coral is widely researched, and the success rate of the shallow water coral transplantation is influenced by various aspects such as the substrate condition, the number and species of seedlings, gene diversity and the like on the basis of necessary survival conditions. A series of shallow water coral planting methods are proposed, such as: coral tree, planting base stone, planting carpet, breeding platform, breeding net, etc. the rope and the floating ball constitute. But the research on the deepwater coral and the deepwater coral reef is less. More and more deepwater coral reefs have been discovered in recent years, which shows that the coral reefs play an important role in global climate change and carbon cycle. Therefore, it is necessary to study the characteristics and distribution of deepwater corals and to search for advantageous measures to exert their positive effects, such as promotion of deepwater corals for seabed carbon capture. At present, deepwater corals are influenced by human activities to a lower degree than shallow water corals but still influenced by seabed dragging and the like, and deep research on position selection, coral types, planting methods and the like of deepwater coral planting is lacked.
Therefore, the method protects the deepwater coral ecosystem, improves the coverage area of deepwater corals, can enhance the carbon sequestration effect of deepwater corals and the function of carbon sink, and plays an important role in adjusting global carbon cycle and climate change.
Through the above analysis, the problems and defects of the prior art are as follows:
at present, most of coral reefs and environmental significance researches thereof aim at shallow water coral reefs, such as coral poisoned by hydrocarbons and generating whitening phenomenon. Under the background of global warming, the large-area whitening of shallow water coral caused by the temperature rise, and the continuous degradation of the ecological system of shallow water coral caused by a series of ecological problems of excessive resource development of human beings to the sea, seawater acidification, sea level rise and the like. Therefore, the planting of the shallow water coral is widely researched, and the success rate of the shallow water coral transplantation is influenced by various aspects such as the substrate condition, the number and species of seedlings, gene diversity and the like on the basis of necessary survival conditions. A series of shallow water coral planting methods are proposed, such as: coral tree, planting base stone, planting carpet, breeding platform, breeding net, etc. the rope and the floating ball constitute.
But the research on the deepwater coral and the deepwater coral reef is less at present. More and more deepwater coral reefs have been discovered in recent years, which shows that the coral reefs play an important role in global climate change and carbon cycle. Therefore, it is necessary to study the characteristics and distribution of deepwater corals and to search for advantageous measures to exert their positive effects, such as promotion of deepwater corals for seabed carbon capture. At present, the influence degree of deep-water corals on deep-water corals is lower than that of shallow-water corals, but the deep-water corals are still influenced by seabed dragging and the like, so that the deep-water coral culture farm established on the deep-water seabed is significant, more coral resources can be obtained, and more importantly, the effect on global carbon cycle is significant. However, no method and technology for culturing and planting corals in deep water is proposed at present, and deep research on position selection, coral species, planting methods and the like is lacked.
The difficulty in solving the above problems and defects is: at present, methods and technologies for culturing and planting corals in deep water are not proposed in the research, and deep research on position selection, coral types, planting methods and the like is lacked.
The significance of solving the problems and the defects is as follows:
the invention provides a site selection and planting method for a deep-sea submarine coral culture farm based on necessary conditions (a hard foundation, energy, active water flow and the like) formed by deep-sea coral, and the method has certain innovativeness. Firstly, an area with longer seabed leakage density and duration is preferably selected as a culture area; in addition, the species selection is carried out according to the deepwater coral species developing in a specific target area. The deep-water coral farm can promote the repair and prosperity of the seabed ecosystem, and the carbon sequestration effect of the deep-water coral can reduce the carbon flux discharged to seawater and even atmosphere caused by methane leakage, so that the method has certain environmental and climatic significance.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the problems in the prior art, the invention provides a site selection and planting method and a site selection and planting device for establishing a deep water coral undersea culture farm.
The invention is realized in such a way that a site selection and planting method for establishing a deep water coral submarine culture farm comprises the following steps:
determining a planting area according to a seabed methane leakage area;
step two, determining whether the target area develops authigenic carbonate rock;
and step three, selecting seeds according to the deep water coral species developed in the specific target area.
Further, in the first step, the seabed methane leakage area comprises a natural gas hydrate stable area distribution boundary LLGHSZ towards the land and a deep fracture position for communicating the deep oil-gas reservoir with the seabed;
wherein, the determining of the seabed methane leakage area comprises the following steps:
searching a LLGHSZ position of a natural gas hydrate stable region towards a land distribution boundary, identifying and tracking BSR by performing seismic interpretation on a natural gas hydrate system of a specific work area, and determining the intersection position of the BSR and the seabed, namely the LLGHSZ position; if the BSR characteristics of the natural gas hydrate system do not develop, determining the position of LLGHSZ by a numerical simulation method;
searching the position of a deep fracture for communicating the deep oil-gas reservoir with the seabed, and determining the intersection position of the deep fracture and the seabed through seismic interpretation; and analyzing geological data of the research area by using the multi-beam water body data, and determining whether the submarine leakage characteristic exists at the position by integrating a three-in-one system ROV platform of submarine shooting, in-situ sampling and in-situ testing.
Further, the site selection and planting method for establishing the deep-water coral submarine culture farm further comprises the following steps:
(1) determining a large number of areas with active submarine methane leakage in the deep sea environment according to the LLGHSZ position of the distribution boundary of the natural gas hydrate stable region to the land and the deep fracture position communicating the deep oil-gas reservoir with the seabed; sequencing the site selection results of the deepwater coral farm according to the density and duration of the seabed methane leakage;
(2) selecting an area with active submarine methane leakage characteristics as a favorable target area for planting the deepwater corals, and carrying out deepwater coral planting activities; investigating whether the seabed near the favorable target area develops carbonate rock crusts or not and whether deepwater corals exist or not;
(3) based on the investigation result of the step (2), dividing the beneficial targets planted in the deep water coral into three types, wherein the type 1 is formed by the development of the deep water coral and the carbonate rock, the type 2 is formed by the absence of the deep water coral but the carbonate rock, and the type 3 is formed by the absence of the deep water coral and the absence of the carbonate rock;
(4) according to the classification in the step (3), deep water coral planting is carried out on the favorable target areas of the type 1;
(5) transplanting suitable coral seedlings to a hard carbonate substrate in a submarine favorable target area according to the carbonate encrustation position determined in the step (2);
(6) according to the classification of the step (3), carrying out regional planting on the type 2;
(7) transplanting proper coral seedlings to the existing carbonate rock substrate in the submarine favorable target area according to the carbonate rock incrustation position determined in the step (2);
(8) according to the classification of the step (3), the planting method for the area of the type 3 is as follows: the coral species with good environmental adaptability is selected for cultivation by investigating deepwater coral species developing in other areas under similar environmental conditions, the coral ecosystem health is improved by utilizing the biological gene diversity, and the coral is transplanted after artificial cultivation to a proper size;
(9) arranging a culture net with the aperture of 30mm multiplied by 30mm in a beneficial target area of the deepwater coral on the sea floor, and fixing the culture net on the sea floor near the leakage of the methane on the sea floor to be used as a hard substrate for the growth of the deepwater coral;
(10) and (5) fixing the coral seedlings cultivated in the step (8) on a cultivation net by using fish lines, and planting the deepwater corals.
Further, in the step (1), the statistical results of a large number of research cases in the global sea area show that the LLGHSZ position is the first preferred area for the deepwater coral farm site selection.
Further, in step (2), the corallite Lophelia Pertusa develops in several deep sea environments as the dominant species. Specifically, the species of the nearby deepwater corals need to be investigated before planting in a specific work area, and dominant species with healthy and good growth state are selected as the species of the cultured deepwater corals.
Further, in the step (4), the planting method of the deepwater coral in the favorable target area of the type 1 according to the classification in the step (3) comprises the following steps:
taking the deep-water coral species with healthy and good growth state as planned planting deep-water coral species, and artificially culturing the seedlings of the species to a proper size in a laboratory; if the growth state of the existing deepwater coral is not healthy, other healthy deepwater coral species in the nearby area are screened and transplanted.
Further, in the step (4), the seedling is suitably sized to be 10 to 20cm high.
Further, in step (6), according to the classification in step (3), the method for planting the region for the type 2 comprises the following steps:
the coral ecological system is cultivated by investigating the types of deepwater corals which develop in other areas under similar environmental conditions, selecting the coral types with good environmental adaptability, improving the health of the coral ecological system by utilizing the biological gene diversity, artificially cultivating to a proper size, and transplanting.
Further, the sequence of the step (9) and the step (10) is adjusted, coral seedlings are fixed on a culture net on an offshore platform or a ship, and then the culture plate is lowered to the seabed target planting area by using a lifting chain and fixed on the seabed.
The invention also aims to provide a deepwater coral culture device established by applying the site selection and planting method for establishing the deepwater coral seabed culture farm, and the deepwater coral culture device comprises:
the fixed underframe is used for playing a role in fixing and supporting after being inserted into the submarine sediments;
the maximum telescopic height of the lifting column is set to be 3 meters, and the lifting column is used for adjusting the height according to the terrain;
the culture net is used for designing the aperture size according to the deepwater coral species;
the lifting hook is used for lowering the breeding net;
the lifting steel wire rope is used for lowering the breeding net;
the horizontal arm support is used for adjusting the position in the horizontal direction to enable the lifting steel wire rope to reach the operation position;
the offshore platform is a transportable floating type movable platform, is a truss structure which is higher than the sea surface and is provided with a horizontal table top, and is used after the deepwater coral culture device is scaled, and a deepwater working ship is used for carrying out a small-range test in the early stage;
and (5) fixing the coral seedlings on the culture net by using fish wires.
By combining all the technical schemes, the invention has the advantages and positive effects that: the invention provides a method for establishing a deep coral culture farm on the basis of the growth conditions of deep-water corals, and particularly comprises a site selection method and a planting method of the deep-water coral farm, which can capture methane leaked from the sea bottom to a deep-water coral ecosystem, so that global climate change is slowed down, a more suitable environment is provided for the growth of the deep-water corals, the coverage rate of the deep-water corals is improved, the carbon sequestration effect and the carbon sink function of the deep-water corals are enhanced, and important effects in the aspects of global carbon circulation and climate change regulation are expected to be played.
The invention provides a site selection and planting method of a deepwater coral culture device based on necessary conditions (a hard base, energy, active water flow and the like) formed by deepwater corals, and the site selection and planting method has certain innovation. Firstly, an area with longer seabed leakage density and duration is preferably selected as a culture area; in addition, the species selection is carried out according to the deepwater coral species developing in a specific target area. In a deep water environment, a natural gas hydrate stable area usually has a large amount of methane leakage to a land distribution boundary LLGHSZ, so that methane enters seawater or even atmosphere from sediments and influences the seawater environment or even global climate. However, the anaerobic methane oxidation process usually forms hard authigenic carbonate rocks, and hydrocarbon gas can provide energy for the chemosynthesis of microorganisms and the like, so that the methane can be used as a food source for deepwater corals. Therefore, the LLGHSZ position is the first choice for site selection of the deepwater coral farm. In addition, deep fractures/gas chimneys/diapir configurations, etc. exist to connect deep reservoirs to the seafloor, which location also typically develops seafloor seepage characteristics, and thus can be a second choice for deepwater coral farm site selection. By establishing the deepwater coral farm, the repair and the prosperity of a seabed ecosystem can be promoted, and the carbon fixation effect of the deepwater coral can reduce the carbon flux discharged into seawater and even the atmosphere caused by methane leakage. Specifically, the method for establishing the deepwater coral culture device provided by the invention comprises the following steps:
firstly, a seabed methane leakage area is searched to determine a planting area, which mainly comprises a LLGHSZ of a natural gas hydrate stable area distribution boundary to land and positions of deep fractures communicating a deep oil and gas reservoir with the seabed, methane leakage caused by decomposition of hydrate at the LLGHSZ (see figure 1), and methane leakage formed by the deep oil and gas reservoir moving upwards to the seabed along the deep fractures (see figure 2) can provide nutrients necessary for growth for the deepwater coral. Second, it is determined whether the target area is developing authigenic carbonate rock. Carbonate encrustation, which is often characterized as a subsea methane leak, can develop in large numbers near the subsea leak site. The 'carbonate mudhill' formed by the transformation of a plurality of deepwater coral reefs through sedimentation and the sedimentation of carbonate mudstone can reach dozens of meters, and the age can be up to millions of years. Compared with a single cold sea coral reef, the coral reef is larger in size and longer in survival time. Therefore, carbonate rock can also be used as a fixing substrate for the growth of coral reefs (see fig. 3), and is a preferred position for planting deepwater coral; if no carbonate rock develops in the target area, the deepwater coral can be planted by taking the artificial culture plate as a substrate. Finally, the seeds are selected according to the deepwater coral species developing in the specific target area, and the coral seedling species can be cultured in a laboratory. Excessive algae and coral diseases influence the survival of coral seedlings to a great extent, and it is necessary to select coral types with good adaptability and viability or to plant healthy coral seedlings in a target area.
The concept of the deepwater coral planting farm provided by the invention has not been proposed before, and has certain innovation. Has a positive effect on the global carbon cycle.
Drawings
In order to more clearly illustrate the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention, the drawings needed to be used in the embodiments of the present invention will be briefly described below, and it is obvious that the drawings described below are only some embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious for those skilled in the art that other drawings can be obtained according to the drawings without creative efforts.
Fig. 1 is a schematic diagram of the leakage characteristics of seabed methane caused by the decomposition of natural gas hydrates at the llghz according to an embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 2 is a schematic diagram of the characteristics of the deep fluid moving up the fault/deep fracture to the seabed to form a seabed methane leak according to the embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 3(a) is a schematic diagram of a mechanism for forming a deepwater coral on the sea bottom near a leak of methane on the sea bottom according to an embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 3(b) is a photograph taken by an ROV according to an embodiment of the present invention, which shows a schematic diagram of a deepwater coral grown on a carbonate base.
Fig. 4 is a schematic diagram of a deepwater coral planting substrate using a net-shaped culture plate in a submarine methane leakage area without the development of carbonate rocks according to an embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 4(a) is a plan view showing the location of a deep break and a methane leak where a steel growth plate is to be placed on the seabed where methane leaks are active, provided by an embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 4(b) is a diagram of the aperture size of the culture net provided by the embodiment of the invention: 30mm by 30 mm.
Fig. 4(c) -4 (d) are seismic profiles provided by embodiments of the present invention showing the location of the natural gas hydrate stable bottom boundary BSR and the migration of hydrate-based free gas up the fault to the seafloor, forming a significant methane leak signature.
FIG. 5 is a 3D schematic view of a deepwater coral culture apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention;
in the figure: 1. the fixed underframe plays a role in fixing and supporting after being inserted into the submarine sediments; 2. the maximum telescopic height of the lifting column is set to be 3 meters, and the height can be adjusted according to the terrain; 3. the culture net can be designed with aperture size of 30mm × 30mm according to deepwater coral species; 4. the lifting hook is used for lowering the breeding net; 5. the lifting steel wire rope is used for lowering the breeding net; 6. the horizontal arm support adjusts the position in the horizontal direction to enable the lifting steel wire rope to reach the operation position; 7. the offshore platform is a transportable floating type movable platform, is a truss structure which is higher than the sea surface and is provided with a horizontal table top, is more suitable for being used after the deepwater coral culture device is scaled, and can be used for carrying out a small-range test by using a deepwater working ship in the early stage; 8. and (5) fixing the coral seedlings on the culture net by using fish wires.
Fig. 6 is a flow chart of a site selection and planting method for establishing a deep-water coral undersea culture farm according to an embodiment of the present invention.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more apparent, the present invention is further described in detail with reference to the following embodiments. It should be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are merely illustrative of the invention and are not intended to limit the invention.
Aiming at the problems in the prior art, the invention provides a site selection and planting method for establishing a deep water coral undersea culture farm, and the invention is described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings.
The site selection and planting method for establishing the deep water coral submarine culture farm (as shown in FIG. 6) provided by the embodiment of the invention comprises the following steps:
s101, determining a planting area according to the submarine methane leakage area;
s102, determining whether the target area develops authigenic carbonate rock;
s103, selecting seeds according to the deepwater coral species developing in the specific target area.
The technical solution of the present invention will be further described with reference to the following explanation of terms.
Deep-water coral: also known as "cold water coral," which is different from shallow water coral, which commonly symbiotic with zooxanthella. The shallow water coral reef is very dependent on the zooxanthellae, and the zooxanthellae can provide up to 90% of energy requirement for the coral reef through photosynthesis; in dark deep water in the life of the deepwater coral, zooxanthella is not needed, and plankton in the water and organic matters settled in a shallow water layer are taken as food. In areas with high methane flux, the Taigu bacteria and bacteria obtain energy through the action of chemosynthesis, become the basis of a chemosynthesis food chain and provide energy for a deepwater coral ecosystem.
And (3) seepage of seabed methane: oil gas, water or a small amount of sediments from a marine sedimentary formation are driven to move upwards under the overpressure condition, and are injected into seawater in a gushing or leakage mode at the sea bottom, and partial gas can even enter the atmosphere to influence the environment and the climate; in addition, the natural gas hydrate system of the shallow layer of the sea area sediment is unstable, and methane gas and other fluids released by the decomposition of the hydrate can also provide seabed leakage/discharge and enter seawater or even atmosphere. Subsea methane leaks are typically associated with faults, gas chimneys, or hydrate stability zone boundaries, etc. in the formation, and appear as craters, mud volcanoes, carbonate encrustations, and chemically synthesized biocenosis, etc. on the seafloor. The leaked methane and other gases provide energy sources for the chemosynthesis biocenosis and can influence the survival state of the deepwater coral ecosystem.
Authigenic carbonate rock: refers to autogenous carbonate minerals formed by the interaction of fluids with seawater, pore water and sediments during sedimentation, diagenesis and metaplasia. Specifically, it is meant that methane leaking from the seafloor and sulfate in the uppermost sediment of the seafloor undergoes methane anaerobic Action (AOM) to form dissolved bicarbonate, resulting in a continuous increase in pore water alkalinity, ultimately forming authigenic carbonate mineral precipitates. Authigenic carbonate rock can provide a hard substrate for the formation of deepwater coral reefs.
The technical solution of the present invention is further described below with reference to specific examples.
1. Summary of the invention
The invention provides a site selection and planting method of a deepwater coral culture device based on necessary conditions (a hard base, energy, active water flow and the like) formed by deepwater corals, and the site selection and planting method has certain innovation. Firstly, an area with longer seabed leakage density and duration is preferably selected as a culture area; in addition, the species selection is carried out according to the deepwater coral species developing in a specific target area. In a deep water environment, a natural gas hydrate stable area usually has a large amount of methane leakage to a land distribution boundary LLGHSZ, so that methane enters seawater or even atmosphere from sediments and influences the seawater environment or even global climate. However, the anaerobic methane oxidation process usually forms hard authigenic carbonate rocks, and hydrocarbon gas can provide energy for the chemosynthesis of microorganisms and the like, so that the methane can be used as a food source for deepwater corals. Therefore, the LLGHSZ position is the first choice for site selection of the deepwater coral farm. In addition, deep fractures/gas chimneys/diapir configurations, etc. exist to connect deep reservoirs to the seafloor, which location also typically develops seafloor seepage characteristics, and thus can be a second choice for deepwater coral farm site selection. By establishing the deepwater coral farm, the repair and the prosperity of a seabed ecosystem can be promoted, and the carbon fixation effect of the deepwater coral can reduce the carbon flux discharged into seawater and even the atmosphere caused by methane leakage. Specifically, the method for establishing the deepwater coral culture device provided by the invention comprises the following steps:
firstly, a seabed methane leakage area is searched to determine a planting area, which mainly comprises a LLGHSZ of a natural gas hydrate stable area distribution boundary to land and positions of deep fractures communicating a deep oil and gas reservoir with the seabed, methane leakage caused by decomposition of hydrate at the LLGHSZ (see figure 1), and methane leakage formed by the deep oil and gas reservoir moving upwards to the seabed along the deep fractures (see figure 2) can provide nutrients necessary for growth for the deepwater coral. Second, it is determined whether the target area is developing authigenic carbonate rock. Carbonate encrustation, which is often characterized as a subsea methane leak, can develop in large numbers near the subsea leak site. The 'carbonate mudhill' formed by the transformation of a plurality of deepwater coral reefs through sedimentation and the sedimentation of carbonate mudstone can reach dozens of meters, and the age can be up to millions of years. Compared with a single cold sea coral reef, the coral reef is larger in size and longer in survival time. Therefore, carbonate rock can also be used as a fixing substrate for the growth of coral reefs (see fig. 3), and is a preferred position for planting deepwater coral; if no carbonate rock develops in the target area, the deepwater coral can be planted by taking the artificial culture plate as a substrate. Finally, the seeds are selected according to the deepwater coral species developing in the specific target area, and the coral seedling species can be cultured in a laboratory. Excessive algae and coral diseases influence the survival of coral seedlings to a great extent, and it is necessary to select coral types with good adaptability and viability or to plant healthy coral seedlings in a target area. In a word, the invention provides a deepwater coral planting method of a preferable deepwater coral planting area, which can provide a more suitable environment for the growth of deepwater corals, improve the coverage rate of deepwater corals, and strengthen the carbon fixation function and the carbon sink function of deepwater corals, so as to play an important role in the aspects of global carbon circulation and climate change regulation.
2. Summary of the invention
The invention provides a method for establishing a deepwater coral culture device, which combines the specific geological conditions of a deepwater area, preferably selects an area with longer seabed leakage density and duration as a culture area, selects seeds according to deepwater coral species developed in a specific target area, improves the coverage rate of deepwater corals, thereby improving the carbon sequestration and carbon sink functions of deepwater corals in a deepwater environment, and plays an important role in global carbon circulation and climate change regulation. The specific structure of the deepwater coral culture device is shown as a 3D schematic diagram (shown in figure 5) of the deepwater coral culture device, and the structures are explained as follows:
1. the fixed underframe plays a role in fixing and supporting after being inserted into the submarine sediments;
2. the maximum telescopic height of the lifting column is set to be 3 meters, and the height can be adjusted according to the terrain;
3. the culture net can be designed with aperture size of 30mm × 30mm according to deepwater coral species;
4. the lifting hook is used for lowering the breeding net;
5. the lifting steel wire rope is used for lowering the breeding net;
6. the horizontal arm support adjusts the position in the horizontal direction to enable the lifting steel wire rope to reach the operation position;
7. the offshore platform is a transportable floating type movable platform, is a truss structure which is higher than the sea surface and is provided with a horizontal table top, is more suitable for being used after the deepwater coral culture device is scaled, and can be used for carrying out a small-range test by using a deepwater working ship in the early stage;
8. and (5) fixing the coral seedlings on the culture net by using fish wires.
The method comprises the following specific operation steps:
step 1: finding the LLGHSZ position of the boundary distributed from the natural gas hydrate stable region to the land, mainly performing earthquake interpretation on the natural gas hydrate system of a specific work area, identifying and tracking BSR, and determining the intersection position of the BSR and the seabed, namely the LLGHSZ position (see figure 1); if the BSR characteristics of the natural gas hydrate system do not develop, the position of the LLGHSZ can be determined by a numerical simulation method. The position is influenced by the seabed temperature and pressure environment, usually hydrate decomposition occurs, and the seabed methane leakage phenomenon is caused;
step 2: searching the position of a deep fracture for communicating the deep oil-gas reservoir with the seabed, and determining the intersection position of the deep fracture and the seabed through seismic interpretation; analyzing geological data of a research area by using multi-beam water body data, and determining whether submarine leakage characteristics exist at the position by integrating a three-in-one system ROV platform with submarine camera shooting, in-situ sampling and in-situ testing (see figure 2);
and step 3: according to the results of the steps 1 and 2, determining areas with active leakage of large amount of deep sea environment seabed methane; according to the density and duration of submarine methane leakage, site selection results of the deepwater coral farms can be ranked, and statistics of a large number of research cases in the global sea area show that the LLGHSZ position should be used as a first preferred region for site selection of the deepwater coral farms.
And 4, step 4: selecting an area with active submarine methane leakage characteristics as a favorable target area for planting the deepwater corals, and carrying out deepwater coral planting activities;
and 5: investigating whether the seabed near the favorable target area develops carbonate rock crusts or not and whether deepwater corals exist or not; for example, in several deep sea environments, rocky coral lophila Pertusa is developed as the dominant species;
step 6: based on the investigation result of the step 5, beneficial targets planted in deep water coral are divided into three types: the method comprises the following steps of (1) developing deepwater coral and carbonate rock encrustation (type 1), not developing deepwater coral but carbonate rock encrustation (type 2), not developing deepwater coral and carbonate rock encrustation (type 3);
and 7: according to the classification of the step 6, the deepwater coral planting method for the favorable target area of the type 1 comprises the following steps: taking a deep-water coral species with healthy and good growth state as a planned planting deep-water coral species, and artificially culturing seedlings of the species to a proper size (such as 10-20cm in height) in a laboratory; if the growth state of the existing deepwater coral is not healthy, screening other healthy deepwater coral species in the nearby area for transplanting;
and 8: transplanting the proper coral seedlings to a hard carbonate substrate in a submarine favorable target area according to the carbonate encrustation position determined in the step 5;
and step 9: according to the classification of step 6, the planting method for the area of type 2 is as follows: by researching deep-water coral species developed in other areas under similar environmental conditions, selecting several coral species with good environmental adaptability for cultivation, improving the health of coral ecosystem by using biological gene diversity, artificially cultivating to a suitable size (such as 10-20cm high), and transplanting;
step 10: transplanting proper coral seedlings to the existing carbonate rock substrate in the submarine favorable target area according to the carbonate rock encrusting position determined in the step 5;
step 11: according to the classification of step 6, the planting method for the area of type 3 is as follows: by researching deep-water coral species developed in other areas under similar environmental conditions, selecting several coral species with good environmental adaptability for cultivation, improving the health of coral ecosystem by using biological gene diversity, artificially cultivating to a suitable size (such as 10-20cm high), and transplanting;
step 12: arranging a culture net with the aperture of 30mm multiplied by 30mm in a beneficial target area of the deepwater coral on the sea floor, and fixing the culture net on the sea floor near the leakage of the methane on the sea floor to be used as a hard substrate for the growth of the deepwater coral;
step 13: fixing the coral seedlings cultivated in the step 11 on a cultivation net by using fish lines, and planting the deepwater corals;
step 14: the sequence of the step 12 and the step 13 can also be adjusted, coral seedlings are firstly fixed on the culture net on an offshore platform or a ship, and then the culture plate is lowered to the seabed target planting area by using a lifting chain and is fixed on the seabed (see figure 5).
At present, the shallow water coral ecosystem is repaired by adopting a culture frame, early-stage laboratory cultivation and the like aiming at the repair of the shallow water coral. The invention is inspired by the method, and provides a method for a deepwater coral culture farm by combining the formation conditions of deepwater corals.
In the description of the present invention, "a plurality" means two or more unless otherwise specified; the terms "upper", "lower", "left", "right", "inner", "outer", "front", "rear", "head", "tail", and the like, indicate orientations or positional relationships based on the orientations or positional relationships shown in the drawings, are only for convenience in describing and simplifying the description, and do not indicate or imply that the device or element referred to must have a particular orientation, be constructed in a particular orientation, and be operated, and thus, should not be construed as limiting the invention. Furthermore, the terms "first," "second," "third," and the like are used for descriptive purposes only and are not to be construed as indicating or implying relative importance.
The above description is only for the purpose of illustrating the present invention and the appended claims are not to be construed as limiting the scope of the invention, which is intended to cover all modifications, equivalents and improvements that are within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
Claims (10)
1. A site selection and planting method for establishing a deepwater coral seabed culture farm is characterized by comprising the following steps:
determining a planting area according to a seabed methane leakage area;
step two, determining whether the target area develops authigenic carbonate rock;
and step three, selecting seeds according to the deep water coral species developed in the specific target area.
2. The site selection and planting method for establishing the deepwater coral undersea culture farm as claimed in claim 1, wherein in the first step, the seabed methane leakage area comprises a natural gas hydrate stable area towards a land distribution boundary LLGHSZ and a deep fracture position for communicating a deep oil reservoir with the seabed;
wherein, the determining of the seabed methane leakage area comprises the following steps:
searching a LLGHSZ position of a natural gas hydrate stable region towards a land distribution boundary, identifying and tracking BSR by performing seismic interpretation on a natural gas hydrate system of a specific work area, and determining the intersection position of the BSR and the seabed, namely the LLGHSZ position; if the BSR characteristics of the natural gas hydrate system do not develop, determining the position of LLGHSZ by a numerical simulation method;
searching the position of a deep fracture for communicating the deep oil-gas reservoir with the seabed, and determining the intersection position of the deep fracture and the seabed through seismic interpretation; and analyzing geological data of the research area by using the multi-beam water body data, and determining whether the submarine leakage characteristic exists at the position by integrating a three-in-one system ROV platform of submarine shooting, in-situ sampling and in-situ testing.
3. The site selection and planting method for establishing the deepwater coral seabed culture farm as claimed in claim 1, wherein the site selection and planting method for establishing the deepwater coral seabed culture farm further comprises:
(1) determining a large number of areas with active submarine methane leakage in the deep sea environment according to the LLGHSZ position of the distribution boundary of the natural gas hydrate stable region to the land and the deep fracture position communicating the deep oil-gas reservoir with the seabed; sequencing the site selection results of the deepwater coral farm according to the density and duration of the seabed methane leakage;
(2) selecting an area with active submarine methane leakage characteristics as a favorable target area for planting the deepwater corals, and carrying out deepwater coral planting activities; investigating whether the seabed near the favorable target area develops carbonate rock crusts or not and whether deepwater corals exist or not;
(3) based on the investigation result of the step (2), dividing the beneficial targets planted in the deep water coral into three types, wherein the type 1 is formed by the development of the deep water coral and the carbonate rock, the type 2 is formed by the absence of the deep water coral but the carbonate rock, and the type 3 is formed by the absence of the deep water coral and the absence of the carbonate rock;
(4) according to the classification in the step (3), deep water coral planting is carried out on the favorable target areas of the type 1;
(5) transplanting suitable coral seedlings to a hard carbonate substrate in a submarine favorable target area according to the carbonate encrustation position determined in the step (2);
(6) according to the classification of the step (3), carrying out regional planting on the type 2;
(7) transplanting proper coral seedlings to the existing carbonate rock substrate in the submarine favorable target area according to the carbonate rock incrustation position determined in the step (2);
(8) according to the classification of the step (3), the planting method for the area of the type 3 is as follows: the coral species with good environmental adaptability is selected for cultivation by investigating deepwater coral species developing in other areas under similar environmental conditions, the coral ecosystem health is improved by utilizing the biological gene diversity, and the coral is transplanted after artificial cultivation to a proper size;
(9) arranging a culture net with the aperture of 30mm multiplied by 30mm in a beneficial target area of the deepwater coral on the sea floor, and fixing the culture net on the sea floor near the leakage of the methane on the sea floor to be used as a hard substrate for the growth of the deepwater coral;
(10) and (5) fixing the coral seedlings cultivated in the step (8) on a cultivation net by using fish lines, and planting the deepwater corals.
4. The site selection and planting method for establishing the deepwater coral seabed culture farm as claimed in claim 3, wherein in the step (1), the LLGHSZ position is the first preferred area of the deepwater coral farm site selection as shown by the statistical results of a large number of research cases in the global sea area.
5. A site selection and planting method for establishing a deepwater coral undersea culture farm as claimed in claim 3, wherein in the step (2), the coral stone Lophelia Pertusa which develops in several deep sea environments is used as a dominant species.
6. A site selection and planting method for establishing a deepwater coral undersea culture farm as claimed in claim 3, wherein in the step (4), the planting method for deepwater corals of the type 1 favorable target area according to the classification in the step (3) comprises the following steps:
taking the deep-water coral species with healthy and good growth state as planned planting deep-water coral species, and artificially culturing the seedlings of the species to a proper size in a laboratory; if the growth state of the existing deepwater coral is not healthy, other healthy deepwater coral species in the nearby area are screened and transplanted.
7. The site selection and planting method for establishing the deepwater coral undersea culture farm as claimed in claim 3, wherein in the step (4), the seedling is suitably sized to be 10-20cm high.
8. A site selection and planting method for establishing a deep water coral undersea culture farm according to claim 3, wherein in the step (6), the method for planting the area for type 2 according to the classification of the step (3) comprises:
the coral ecological system is cultivated by investigating the types of deepwater corals which develop in other areas under similar environmental conditions, selecting the coral types with good environmental adaptability, improving the health of the coral ecological system by utilizing the biological gene diversity, artificially cultivating to a proper size, and transplanting.
9. The site selection and planting method for establishing the deepwater coral seabed cultivation farm as claimed in claim 3, wherein the sequence of the step (9) and the step (10) is adjusted, coral seedlings are fixed on a net on an offshore platform or ship, and then a cultivation plate is lowered to a seabed target planting area by using a lifting chain and fixed on the seabed.
10. A deepwater coral culture device built by applying the site selection and planting method for building a deepwater coral seabed culture farm as set forth in any one of claims 1 to 9, wherein the deepwater coral culture device comprises:
the fixed underframe is used for playing a role in fixing and supporting after being inserted into the submarine sediments;
the maximum telescopic height of the lifting column is set to be 3 meters, and the lifting column is used for adjusting the height according to the terrain;
the culture net is used for designing the aperture size according to the deepwater coral species;
the lifting hook is used for lowering the breeding net;
the lifting steel wire rope is used for lowering the breeding net;
the horizontal arm support is used for adjusting the position in the horizontal direction to enable the lifting steel wire rope to reach the operation position;
the offshore platform is a transportable floating type movable platform, is a truss structure which is higher than the sea surface and is provided with a horizontal table top, and is used after the deepwater coral culture farm is scaled, and a deepwater working ship is used for carrying out a small-range test in the early stage;
and (5) fixing the coral seedlings on the culture net by using fish wires.
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