CN113121415A

CN113121415A - Processes and intermediates for preparing C5aR antagonists

Info

Publication number: CN113121415A
Application number: CN202110432100.1A
Authority: CN
Inventors: 樊平臣; J·凯利西亚克; A·卡拉辛斯基; R·雷; J·鲍尔斯; S·普纳; 田中裕子; 张朋烈
Original assignee: Chemocentryx Inc
Current assignee: Chemocentryx Inc
Priority date: 2014-09-29
Filing date: 2015-09-28
Publication date: 2021-07-16
Also published as: RU2712233C2; JP6898229B2; RU2017114960A; WO2016053890A1; KR20230149873A; CN106999481A; MX2017003789A; EP3200791A4; IL251061A0; US11845729B2; SG11201702185UA; MX2019011911A; EP3682879A1; BR112017006232B1; DK3200791T3; PL3200791T3; CA2960733C; MA52308A; AU2015324111B2; EP3682879B1

Abstract

The present invention discloses intermediates and processes for preparing selected C5aR antagonist compounds.

Description

Processes and intermediates for preparing C5aR antagonists

The application is a divisional application of Chinese patent application with the filing date of 2015, 09/28, application number of 201580052937.6 and the title of 'method and intermediate for preparing C5aR antagonist'.

Cross Reference to Related Applications

This application claims priority to U.S. provisional application serial No. 62/057,107, filed on 9/29/2014, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.

Statement regarding rights to inventions made under federally sponsored development

Not applicable.

"sequence Listing", forms or computer program List Accessories relating to disc submission

Not applicable.

Background

The complement system plays a central role in the clearance of immune complexes and immune responses to infectious agents, foreign antigens, virus infected cells and tumor cells. Inappropriate or excessive activation of the complement system can lead to deleterious and even potentially life-threatening consequences due to severe inflammation and resulting tissue destruction. These consequences are manifested clinically in a variety of diseases, including septic shock, myocardial debilitation, and intestinal ischemia/reperfusion injury, transplant rejection, organ failure, nephritis, pathological inflammation, and autoimmune disease.

Activation of the complement pathway produces biologically active fragments of complement proteins, e.g., C3a, C4a and C5a anaphylatoxins and C5b-9 Membrane Attack Complex (MAC), all of which mediate inflammatory responses by affecting leukocyte chemotaxis and activating macrophages, neutrophils, platelets, mast cells and endothelial cells and increasing vascular permeability, cytolysis and tissue damage.

Complement C5a is one of the most potent pro-inflammatory mediators of the complement system. (the allergic C5a peptide is 100-fold more potent in eliciting inflammatory responses than C3a on a molar basis.) C5a is the activated form of C5 (190kD, molecular weight). C5a was present at about 80. mu.g/ml in human serum (Kohler, P.F., et al, J.Immunol.99:1211-1216 (1967)). It consists of two polypeptide chains, a and β, with approximate molecular weights of 115kD and 75kD, respectively (Tack, B.F. et al, Biochemistry 18: 1490-. C5 is biosynthesized as a single-chain pre-molecule (promulule) that is enzymatically cleaved into a double-stranded structure during processing and secretion. After cleavage, the two chains are held together by at least one disulfide bond and non-covalent interactions (Ooi, Y.M. et al, J.Immunol.124:2494-2498 (1980)).

C5 is cleaved into C5a and C5b fragments during complement pathway activation. The invertase responsible for C5 activation is a multi-subunit complex of C4b, C2a and C3b for the classical pathway, and (C3b) for the alternative pathway₂The multi-subunit complex of Bb and P (Goldust, M.B. et al, J.Immunol.113:998-1007 (1974); Schreiber, R.D. et al, Proc. Natl.Acad.Sci.75:3948-3952 (1978)). C5 is activated by cleavage at positions 74-75 (Arg-Leu) in the alpha-chain. Upon activation, the 11.2kD, 74 amino acid peptide C5a was released from the amino terminal portion of the α -chain. C5a and C3a are both potent stimulators of neutrophils and monocytes (Schinder, R. et al, Blood 76: 1631-.

In addition to their allergenic properties, C5a induces chemotactic migration of neutrophils (Ward, P.A., et al, J.Immunol.102:93-99(1969)), eosinophils (Kay, A.B., et al, Immunol.24: 969-252976 (1973)), basophils (Lett-Brown, M.A., et al, J.Immunol.117: 246-2521976)), and monocytes (Snyderman, R.et al, Proc.Soc.exp.biol.Med.138: 387-3901971)).

It is believed that the allergic and chemotactic effects of C5a are mediated through their interaction with the C5a receptor. The human C5a receptor (C5aR) is a 52kD membrane-bound G protein-coupled receptor and is expressed on neutrophils, monocytes, basophils, eosinophils, hepatocytes, lung smooth muscle and endothelial cells and glomerular tissue (Van-Epps, D.E. et al, J.Immunol.132: 2862-. The ligand binding site of C5aR is complex and consists of at least two physically separable binding domains. One bound the C5a amino terminus (amino acids 1-20) and disulfide-linked core (amino acids 21-61), while the second bound the C5a carboxy terminus (amino acids 62-74) (Wetsel, R.A., curr. Opin. Immunol.7:48-53 (1995)).

Non-peptide based antagonists of the C5a receptor have only recently been described in the literature (e.g., Sumichika, h., et al, j. biol. chem. (2002),277, 49403-49407). Non-peptide based C5a receptor antagonists have been reported to be effective in treating endotoxic shock in rats (Stracham, A.J., et al, J.of Immunol. (2000),164(12): 6560-. Non-peptide based modulators of the C5a receptor have also been described in the patent literature of neuronal matter companies (e.g., WO2004/043925, WO2004/018460, WO2005/007087, WO03/082826, WO03/08828, WO02/49993, WO03/084524), eastern Pythagorean (WO02/029187) and Kunshela university (WO 2004/100975).

Recently, compounds having activity as C5aR antagonists have been identified and described in us patent 8,445,515B 2. Generally, the compounds are represented by formula a, while selected embodiments are described as having formula B:

wherein said selected compounds are particularly active when resolved into their (2R,3S) isomers and are provided as:

the preparation of compound IA is shown in fig. 4, and involves a lengthy synthesis involving classical resolution of isomers (see, e.g., conversion of 6 to 7).

There is a need in the art for more efficient methods of preparing compounds IA, IB and IC. The present disclosure provides such methods, as well as intermediates in the synthetic pathway.

Disclosure of Invention

In one aspect, provided herein are compounds for the preparation of several C5aR antagonists, having formula (i-3):

wherein R is selected from H, C_1-8Alkyl, aryl and aryl-C_1-4An alkyl group, or a salt thereof, which is substantially free of enantiomeric or diastereomeric impurities ((2R,3R), (2S,3R), and (2S,3S) isomers).

In another aspect, provided herein are compounds for the preparation of several C5aR antagonists, the compounds having formula (ii-4):

or a salt thereof, wherein R¹Is Cl or CF₃And wherein said compound is substantially free of enantiomeric or diastereomeric impurities (corresponding to the (2R,3R), (2S,3R), and (2S,3S) isomers).

In yet another aspect, provided herein is a process for preparing a compound having formula (I):

wherein R is¹Is Cl or CF₃；R²Is F or Cl; and R³Is H or CH₃(ii) a And wherein said compound of formula (I) is substantially free of enantiomeric or diastereomeric impurities, said process comprising:

(a) (ii) contacting the compound of formula (i-3),

wherein R is selected from C_1-8Alkyl, aryl and aryl-C_1-4An alkyl group substantially free of enantiomeric or diastereomeric impurities,or a salt thereof, with a compound having the formula,

wherein LG is a leaving group;

and

(b) converting a compound of formula (I-4) to said compound of formula (I), wherein said compound of formula (I) is substantially free of enantiomeric or diastereomeric impurities.

In yet another aspect, provided herein is another process for preparing a compound having formula (I) or a salt thereof:

(a) (iii) reacting a compound having the formula (ii-4) or a salt thereof under conditions sufficient to form a compound having the formula (ii-5):

said compound being substantially free of enantiomeric or diastereomeric impurities, with cyclopentanone and a reducing agent,

and

(b) contacting said compound of formula (ii-5) with a compound having the formula,

wherein LG is a leaving group.

Other methods are also provided as described below having two, three or four or more synthetic transformations to produce compounds IA, IB and/or IC, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

Drawings

FIG. 1 provides a scheme generally illustrating the steps for preparing compounds IA, IB and IC using a hydrogenation step to set the (2R,3S) stereochemistry followed by reductive amination of cyclopentanone, benzoylation of the piperidine nitrogen, and aniline addition to form the C3 amide.

In the scheme provided in fig. 2, the formation of C3 amides (final step of scheme 1) is carried out by converting the C3 ester to a C3 carboxylic acid, which, after treatment with a suitable aniline, can provide compounds such as IA, IB and IC.

FIG. 3 provides a scheme in which C3 amide was constructed at an earlier stage of synthesis, followed by the steps of setting the (2R,3S) stereochemistry by hydrogenation, followed by reductive amination of cyclopentanone, and finally benzoylation of the piperidine nitrogen to give compounds such as IA, IB and IC.

Figure 4 provides a scheme for the preparation of IA as described in us patent 8,445,515B2, which utilizes a classical resolution procedure to prepare compound 7 having a (2R,3S) stereochemistry.

Detailed Description

Definition of

Unless otherwise specified, the term "alkyl" by itself or as part of another substituent means having the indicated number of carbon atoms (i.e., C)_1-8Refers to a straight or branched chain hydrocarbon group of 1 to 8 carbons). Examples of alkyl groups include methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, t-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, n-pentyl, n-hexyl, n-heptyl, n-octyl, and the like. The term "alkenyl" refers to an unsaturated alkyl group having one or more double bonds. Likewise, the term "alkynyl" refers to an unsaturated alkyl group having one or more triple bonds. Of the unsaturated alkyl groupExamples include ethenyl, 2-propenyl, crotyl, 2-isopentenyl, 2- (butadienyl), 2, 4-pentadienyl, 3- (1, 4-pentadienyl), ethynyl, 1-and 3-propynyl, 3-butynyl and higher homologs and isomers.

Unless otherwise specified, the term "aryl" refers to a polyunsaturated, usually aromatic, hydrocarbon group that can be a single ring or multiple rings (up to three rings) that are fused together or linked covalently. Non-limiting examples of aryl groups include phenyl, naphthyl, and biphenyl. The substituents of the above-mentioned aryl ring system are selected from the group of acceptable substituents described below.

The term "arylalkyl" or "aryl-C_1-4Alkyl "is intended to include those groups in which an aryl group is attached to an alkyl group (e.g., benzyl, phenethyl, and the like).

In some embodiments, the above terms (e.g., "alkyl" and "aryl") will refer to substituted and unsubstituted forms of the indicated groups. Preferred substituents for each type of group are provided below.

The substituents used on alkyl groups (including those groups commonly referred to as alkylene, alkenyl, alkynyl and cycloalkyl) can be a variety of different groups selected from the group consisting of: -halogen, -OR ', -NR' R ', -SR', -SiR 'R' ", -OC (O) R ', -C (O) R', -CO₂R’、-CONR’R”、-OC(O)NR’R”、-NR”C(O)R’、-NR’-C(O)NR”R”’、-NR”C(O)₂R’、-NH-C(NH₂)＝NH、-NR’C(NH₂)＝NH、-NH-C(NH₂)＝NR’、-S(O)R’、-S(O)₂R’、-S(O)₂NR’R”、-NR’S(O)₂R ", -CN and-NO₂And in an amount from 0 to (2m '+ 1), wherein m' is the total number of carbon atoms in the group. R ', R ' and R ' are each independently hydrogen, unsubstituted C_1-8Alkyl, unsubstituted aryl, 1-3 halogen substituted aryl, unsubstituted C_1-8Alkyl radical, C_1-8Alkoxy or C_1-8Thioalkoxy or unsubstituted aryl-C_1-4An alkyl group. When R 'and R' are attached to the same nitrogen atom, they may combine with the nitrogen atom to form a 3-, 4-, 5-, 6-, or 7-membered ring. For example, -NR' R "is meant to include 1-pyrrolidinylAnd 4-morpholinyl.

Similarly, the substituents used on aryl groups are various and are typically selected from the group consisting of: -halogen, -OR ', -OC (O) R ', -NR ' R ", -SR ', -R ', -CN, -NO₂、-CO₂R’、-CONR’R”、-C(O)R’、-OC(O)NR’R”、-NR”C(O)R’、-NR”C(O)₂R’、,-NR’-C(O)NR”R”’、-NH-C(NH₂)＝NH、-NR’C(NH₂)＝NH、-NH-C(NH₂)＝NR’、-S(O)R’、-S(O)₂R’、-S(O)₂NR’R”、-NR’S(O)₂R”、-N₃Perfluoro (C)₁-C₄) Alkoxy and perfluoro (C)₁-C₄) Alkyl groups in a number from 0 to the total number of open valences on the aromatic ring system, and wherein R ', R "and R'" are independently selected from hydrogen, C_1-8Alkyl radical, C_1-8Haloalkyl, C_3-6Cycloalkyl radical, C_2-8Alkenyl and C_2-8Alkynyl. Other suitable substituents include the above aryl substituents each linked to a ring atom through an alkylene chain of 1 to 4 carbon atoms.

Two of the substituents on adjacent atoms of the aryl or heteroaryl ring may optionally be substituted by a group of formula-T-C (O) - (CH)₂)_q-U-substituent substitution, wherein T and U are independently-NH-, -O-, -CH₂-or a single bond, and q is an integer from 0 to 2. Alternatively, two of the substituents on adjacent atoms of the aryl or heteroaryl ring may be optionally substituted by a group of formula-A- (CH)₂)_r-B-substituent substitution, wherein A and B are independently-CH₂-、-O-、-NH-、-S-、-S(O)-、-S(O)₂-、-S(O)₂NR' -or a single bond, and r is an integer of 1 to 3. One of the single bonds of the new ring thus formed may optionally be replaced by a double bond. Alternatively, two of the substituents on adjacent atoms of the aryl or heteroaryl ring may be optionally substituted by a group of formula- (CH)₂)_s-X-(CH₂)_t-substituent substitution, wherein S and t are independently integers from 0 to 3, and X is-O-, -NR' -, -S (O)₂-or-S (O)₂NR' -. -NR' -and-S (O)₂The substituents R 'in NR' are selected from hydrogen or unsubstituted C_1-6An alkyl group.

As used hereinWith wavy lines intersecting a single, double or triple bond in any of the chemical structures described herein

Indicating that the single, double or triple bond is attached to a point in the rest of the molecule.

Unless otherwise specified, the term "halo" or "halogen" by itself or as part of another substituent means a fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine atom. Furthermore, terms such as "haloalkyl" are meant to include monohaloalkyl and polyhaloalkyl. For example, the term "C_1-4Haloalkyl "is meant to include trifluoromethyl, 2,2, 2-trifluoroethyl, 4-chlorobutyl, 3-bromopropyl, and the like.

"contacting" refers to the process of contacting at least two different substances so that they can react. However, it is to be understood that the resulting reaction product may be produced directly from a reaction between the added reagents or from an intermediate of one or more of the added reagents produced in the reaction mixture.

The term "under conditions sufficient to … …" refers to the selection of reaction conditions (including solvent or solvent mixtures, temperature selection including variation in temperature as the reaction proceeds, reactant concentrations, order of addition of reagents and reactants to the reaction mixture, length of reaction time, etc.) that can result in the desired reaction or conversion of one molecule to another.

"conversion" refers to the transformation of a compound to change the compound to a different compound, for example by modifying one functional group to another, linking two molecules to form a new molecule, or in some cases forming a salt. However, "transformation" may also relate to more than one transformation.

"solvent" refers to a substance, such as a liquid, capable of dissolving a solute. The solvent may be polar or non-polar, protic or aprotic. Polar solvents typically have a dielectric constant greater than about 5 or a dipole moment greater than about 1.0, and non-polar solvents have a dielectric constant less than about 5 or a dipole moment less than about 1.0. Protic solvents are characterized by having a proton available for removal, for example by having a hydroxyl or carboxyl group. Aprotic solvents lack such groups. Representative polar protic solvents include alcohols (methanol, ethanol, propanol, isopropanol, etc.), acids (formic acid, acetic acid, etc.) and water. Representative polar aprotic solvents include dichloromethane, chloroform, tetrahydrofuran, diethyl ether, acetone, ethyl acetate, dimethylformamide, acetonitrile and dimethyl sulfoxide. Representative non-polar solvents include alkanes (pentane, hexane, etc.), cycloalkanes (cyclopentane, cyclohexane, etc.), benzene, toluene, and 1, 4-dioxane.

"reducing agent" refers to an agent capable of reducing an atom from a higher oxidation state to a lower oxidation state. The reducing agent may include, but is not limited to, zinc, iron, raney nickel, platinum, iridium, rhodium, palladium, sodium sulfide, sodium bisulfite, ammonium sulfide, and hydrogen donors such as lithium aluminum hydride, sodium borohydride, and sodium triacetoxyborohydride.

"leaving group" refers to a group that retains a bonded pair of electrons during heterolytic bond cleavage. For example, leaving groups are easily displaced during nucleophilic displacement reactions. Suitable leaving groups include, but are not limited to, chlorine, bromine, iodine, hydroxyl, mesylate (or mesylate), triflate (triflate), benzenesulfonate, 4-methylbenzenesulfonate (tosylate), 4-nitrobenzenesulfonate, 4-chlorobenzenesulfonate, and the carboxylate component of a mixed or symmetrical anhydride. One skilled in the art will recognize other leaving groups that may be used in the present invention.

By "substantially free of enantiomeric or diastereomeric impurities" is meant a compound having at least one chiral center, which is present as a single enantiomer or diastereomer in an amount of at least 80% relative to the other enantiomer or diastereomer of the compound. In some embodiments, the term will refer to a compound that is present as a single enantiomer or diastereomer in an amount of at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 99.5% relative to the other enantiomer or diastereomer of the compound.

By "nitrating agent" is meant a compound capable of adding nitro-NO to the compound₂The reagent of (1). Representative nitrating agents include, but are not limited to, nitric acid.

"chlorinating agent" means a reagent capable of adding a chloro group-Cl to a compound. Representative chlorinating agents include, but are not limited to, phosphorus oxychloride, thionyl chloride, oxalyl chloride and sulfuryl chloride.

The term "pharmaceutically acceptable salt" or "salt" is meant to include salts of the compounds prepared with relatively nontoxic acids or bases, depending on the particular substituents on the compounds described herein. When a compound contains a relatively acidic functional group, base addition salts can be obtained by contacting the neutral form of the compound with a sufficient amount of the desired base, either directly or in a suitable inert solvent. Examples of salts derived from pharmaceutically acceptable inorganic bases include aluminum, ammonium, calcium, copper, iron, ferrous, lithium, magnesium, manganese, manganous, potassium, sodium, zinc, and the like. Salts derived from pharmaceutically acceptable organic bases include salts of primary, secondary and tertiary amines, including substituted amines, cyclic amines, naturally occurring amines, and the like, such as arginine, betaine, caffeine, choline, N' -dibenzylethylenediamine, diethylamine, 2-diethylaminoethanol, 2-dimethylaminoethanol, ethanolamine, ethylenediamine, N-ethylmorpholine, N-ethylpiperidine, glucosamine, histidine, hydroxylamine (hydrabamine), isopropylamine, lysine, methylglucamine, morpholine, piperazine, piperidine, polyamine resins, procaine, purines, theobromine, triethylamine, trimethylamine, tripropylamine, tromethamine, and the like. When the compounds of the present invention contain relatively basic functional groups, acid addition salts can be obtained by contacting the neutral form of the compound with a sufficient amount of the desired acid, either directly or in a suitable inert solvent. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts include those derived from inorganic acids such as hydrochloric, hydrobromic, nitric, carbonic, monohydrogencarbonic, phosphoric, monohydrogenphosphoric, dihydrogenphosphoric, sulfuric, monohydrogensulfuric, hydriodic, or phosphorous acids and the like, and salts derived from relatively nontoxic organic acids such as acetic, propionic, isobutyric, malonic, benzoic, succinic, suberic, fumaric, mandelic, phthalic, benzenesulfonic, p-toluenesulfonic, citric, tartaric, methanesulfonic, and the like. Also included are salts of amino acids such as arginine and the like, and salts of organic acids such as glucuronic acid or galacturonic acid and the like (see, for example, Berge, s.m. and the like, "pharmaceutically acceptable salts", Journal of Pharmaceutical Science,1977,66, 1-19). Certain specific compounds of the invention contain both basic and acidic functional groups, enabling the compounds to be converted into base or acid addition salts.

The neutral form of the compound may be regenerated by contacting the salt with a base or acid and isolating the parent compound in the conventional manner. The parent form of the compound differs from the various salt forms in certain physical properties, such as solubility in polar solvents, but for the purposes of the present invention the other salts are equivalent to the parent form of the compound.

In addition to the salt forms, the present invention provides compounds in co-crystalline form. Co-crystals are those complexes of the compounds described herein, wherein the compounds are crystallized in the presence of a second compound, such as an amino acid, ethylene glycol or a lower alcohol.

Certain compounds of the present invention may exist in unsolvated forms as well as solvated forms, including hydrated forms. In general, the solvated forms are equivalent to unsolvated forms and are encompassed within the scope of the present invention. Certain compounds of the present invention may exist in polymorphic or amorphous forms. In general, all physical forms are equivalent to the uses contemplated by the present invention and are intended to be within the scope of the present invention.

Certain compounds of the present invention have asymmetric carbon atoms (optical centers) or double bonds; racemates, diastereomers, geometric isomers, regioisomers and individual isomers (e.g., different enantiomers) are all included within the scope of the present invention unless otherwise indicated. The compounds of the present invention may also contain unnatural proportions of atomic isotopes at one or more of the atoms that constitute such compounds. Unnatural proportions of isotopes can be defined from amounts found in nature to amounts consisting of 100% of the atoms recited. For example, the compound may comprise a radioactive isotope, such as tritium (A), (B), (C³H) Iodine-125 (¹²⁵I) Or carbon-14 (¹⁴C) Or a non-radioactive isotope, e.g. deuterium (A), (B), (C), (²H) Or carbon-13 (¹³C) In that respect Such isotopic variations can provide additional utility to those described elsewhere in this application. For example, isotopic variations of the compounds of the present invention canAdditional utility is found, including but not limited to, as a diagnostic and/or imaging agent, or as a cytotoxic/radiotoxic therapeutic agent. In addition, isotopic variations of the compounds of the present invention can have altered pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles that can contribute to enhanced safety, tolerability, or efficacy during treatment. All isotopic variations of the compounds of the present invention, whether radioactive or not, are intended to be encompassed within the scope of the present invention

By "kilogram scale" is meant a reaction in which at least one of the reagents used is in an amount of at least 1 kilogram.

SUMMARY

As described above, provided herein are intermediates and processes useful for preparing C5aR antagonist compounds for the treatment of diseases or disorders generally characterized as inflammatory diseases or disorders, cardiovascular or cerebrovascular diseases or disorders, and autoimmune diseases or disorders.

Certain intermediates having the (2R,3S) configuration may be prepared according to the methods herein and subsequently converted to C5aR antagonist compounds.

Modes for carrying out the invention

C5aR antagonist intermediates

In one aspect, provided herein are compounds for the preparation of several C5aR antagonists, the compounds having formula (i-3):

wherein R is selected from H, C_1-8Alkyl, aryl and aryl-C_1-4Alkyl, or a salt thereof. In one set of embodiments, the compounds are substantially free of enantiomeric or diastereomeric impurities. In another group of embodiments, compound (i-3) is provided as the L-DTTA salt ((-) -O, O' -di-p-toluoyl-L-tartrate); and in some embodiments, providing said compound (i-3) is a bis L-DTTA salt.

A compound of formula (i-3), which is substantially free of enantiomeric or diastereomeric impurities, refers to a compound (or any salt form thereof) that is substantially free of one or more of the following isomeric forms:

the total amount of any of (i-a), (i-b), or (i-c), as provided herein, is generally less than about 5% by weight relative to the total weight of (i-3), (i-a), (i-b), and (i-c). More typically, the amount of any combination of (i-a), (i-b), and/or (i-c) is less than about 5 wt%, less than about 4 wt%, less than about 3 wt%, and in some embodiments, less than about 2.5, 2.0, 1.5, or 1.0 wt% relative to (i-3).

or a salt thereof, wherein R¹Is Cl or CF₃. In one set of embodiments, the compound is substantially free of enantiomeric or diastereomeric impurities. In another group of embodiments, compound (ii-4) is provided as the L-DTTA salt ((-) -O, O' -di-p-toluoyl-L-tartrate); and in some embodiments, compound (ii-4) is provided as a bis-L-DTTA salt.

A compound of formula (ii-4), which is substantially free of enantiomeric or diastereomeric impurities, refers to a compound (or any salt form thereof) that is substantially free of one or more of the following isomers:

as provided herein, the total amount of any of (ii-a), (ii-b), or (ii-c) is generally less than about 5% by weight relative to the total weight of (ii-4), (ii-a), (ii-b), and (ii-c). More typically, the amount of any combination of (ii-a), (ii-b), and/or (ii-c) is less than about 5 wt%, less than about 4 wt%, less than about 3 wt%, and in some embodiments, less than about 2.5, 2.0, 1.5, or 1.0 wt% relative to (ii-4).

Process for preparing C5aR antagonist

In another aspect, provided herein is a method of making a compound having formula (I):

(a) (ii) subjecting a compound having formula (i-3) or a salt thereof to conditions sufficient to form a compound of formula (i-4)

Wherein R is selected from C_1-8Alkyl, aryl and aryl-C_1-4An alkyl group, substantially free of enantiomeric or diastereomeric impurities, with a compound having the formula,

wherein LG is a leaving group;

and

Turning first to step (a), in one set of embodiments, a compound of formula (i-3) is provided that is substantially free of isomers (i-a), (i-b), and (i-c). In certain preferred embodiments, compound (i-3) is provided and is at least 95% pure, more preferably at least 96%, 97% or at least 98% pure, relative to the other isomers. In an even further preferred embodiment, compound (i-3) is provided and is at least 99% or 99.5% pure relative to the other isomers.

In step (a), compound (i-3) is contacted with a compound having the formula:

wherein LG is a leaving group. One skilled in the art will appreciate that a suitable leaving group is one that facilitates participation of the compound in the formation of the desired amide bond. More specifically, LG is a leaving group that promotes reaction at the carbonyl center bearing LG. In one set of embodiments, LG is halogen. In another set of embodiments, LG is Cl. In another set of embodiments, -LG is selected from the group consisting of-OH, -OAc, -O-S (O)₂- (4-tolyl) and-O-S (O)₂A methyl group. In another set of embodiments, -LG is-OC (O) Ph (R)²)(R³) The symmetric anhydride is formed with the rest of the molecule. In some embodiments, the contacting is performed in an organic solvent or solvent mixture or an aqueous solvent mixture, for example a mixture of water and an ether such as methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE). In other embodiments, the solvent mixture is an aqueous THF, dioxane, or acetonitrile solvent mixture. In still other embodiments, the contacting is carried out in the presence of a base. Suitable bases include triethylamine, N, N-diisopropylethylamine, DBU and N-methylmorpholine, and potassium carbonate (K)₂CO₃) Potassium hydrogen carbonate (KHCO)₃) Sodium carbonate (Na)₂CO₃) Or sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO)₃). In one set of embodiments, the contacting is performed at a temperature of-20 ℃ to about 50 ℃. In another set of embodiments, the contacting is conducted at ambient temperature (about 25 ℃. + -. 5 ℃). After the initial contact, the reaction may be monitored until completion, which may involve a time of about 20 minutes to about 3 days depending on the particular conditions (and solvents) used. In general, the production of compound (i-4) is completed in about 1 to 2 hours. In some embodiments, compound (i-4) is isolated according to standard protocols, such as those provided in the examples below.

The compound of formula (I-4) can then be converted to the compound of formula (I) either by direct amidation of the ester (present in (I-4)) or by first converting the ester to a carboxylic acid, followed by amide formation using the appropriate aniline. As provided herein, suitable anilines are selected from the group consisting of 4-methyl-3- (trifluoromethyl) aniline and 3-chloro-4-methylaniline.

For direct amidation, the aniline is combined with the compound (i-4), usually in the presence of a metal reagent such as an organoaluminum reagent or aluminum compound (salt), an alkyllithium compound, a Grignard reagent, an organozinc reagent or zinc compound (salt), a sodium hydride, or a sodium, potassium or lithium HMDS salt. In some embodiments, the metal agent is an organoaluminum agent, such as Al (Me)₃Or DABAL-Me₃(trimethylaluminum complex with DABCO). In some selected embodiments, the metal agent is Al (Me)₃。

For those embodiments in which the ester form of compound (i-4) is converted to a carboxylic acid, hydrolysis may be carried out using an aqueous acid solution such as sulfuric acid. In some embodiments, temperatures above ambient temperature, for example up to 100 ℃, may be used. The coupling of the carboxylic acid form of (i-4) with an aniline, for example 4-methyl-3- (trifluoromethyl) aniline or 3-chloro-4-methylaniline, may be carried out by an activated ester process (using methanesulfonyl chloride with a base such as N, N-diisopropylethylamine) or another coupling reagent such as HATU with a base such as N-methylmorpholine.

In another aspect, provided herein is another process for preparing a compound having formula (I):

wherein R is¹Is Cl or CF³；R²Is F or Cl; and R³Is H or CH³(ii) a And wherein said compound of formula (I) is substantially free of enantiomeric or diastereomeric impurities, said process comprising:

said compounds being substantially free of enantiomeric or diastereomeric impurities,

contacting with cyclopentanone and a reducing agent,

and

wherein LG is a leaving group.

In one group of embodiments, R¹Is CF₃；R²Is F; and R³Is CH₃. In another set of embodiments, R¹Is CF₃；R²Is Cl; and R³Is H. In yet another set of embodiments, R¹Is Cl; r²Is F; and R³Is CH₃。

Turning first to step (a), in one set of embodiments, a compound of formula (ii-4) is provided that is substantially free of isomers (ii-a), (ii-b), and (ii-c). In some preferred embodiments, compound (ii-4) is provided and is at least 95% pure, more preferably at least 96%, 97% or at least 98% pure, relative to the other isomers. In an even further preferred embodiment, compound (ii-4) is provided and is at least 99% or 99.5% pure relative to the other isomers.

Compound (ii-4) is typically first contacted with cyclopentanone and an acid to promote the formation of an intermediate imine, which is then reduced to the corresponding amine using a suitable reducing agent. Examples of suitable reducing agents include hydrogen gas (and palladium or other metal catalysts), borohydride reagents, and aluminum hydride reagents. In one set of embodiments, the reducing agent is a borohydride reagent, such as sodium borohydride or lithium borohydride, sodium cyanoborohydride or sodium triacetoxyborohydride. The conditions for imine formation and subsequent reduction may be varied according to conventional methods. For example, imine formation can be accomplished in a single solvent or a mixture of solvents (e.g., dichloromethane and p-dioxane). Similarly, the temperature of the reaction will be selected to reduce the amount of by-products and maintain good yields. Typically, such reactions can be carried out at ambient temperature for 1-2 hours up to 18 hours or more.

The compound of formula (ii-5) can be isolated using standard work-up conditions for the reductive amination step. These conditions may include, for example, neutralization of any acid in the reaction (or contact) mixture and isolation of compound (ii-5) by extraction of the mixture with an organic solvent, followed by removal of the solvent from the organic portion. Typically, no further purification of compound (ii-5) is required before starting step (b).

In step (b), the product of step (a) is contacted with a compound having the formula,

wherein LG is a leaving group. As with the earlier methods, those skilled in the art will appreciate that a suitable leaving group is one that facilitates participation of the compound in the formation of the desired amide bond. More specifically, LG is a leaving group that promotes reaction at the carbonyl center bearing LG. In one set of embodiments, LG is halogen. In another set of embodiments, LG is Cl. In another group of embodiments, -LG is selected from the group consisting of-OH, -OAc, -O-S (O)₂- (4-tolyl) and-O-S (O)₂A methyl group. In another set of embodiments, -LG is-OC (O) Ph (R)²)(R³) The symmetric anhydride is formed with the rest of the molecule. In some embodiments, the contacting is performed in an organic solvent or solvent mixture or an aqueous solvent mixture, for example a mixture of water and an ether such as methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE). In selected embodiments, the solvent is an organic solvent, such as THF or another ether solvent. In other embodiments, the contacting is carried out in the presence of a base. Is suitable forThe base (B) includes triethylamine, diisopropylethylamine, DBU and N-methylmorpholine, and potassium carbonate (K)₂CO₃) Potassium hydrogen carbonate (KHCO)₃) Sodium carbonate (Na)₂CO₃) Or sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO)₃). In one set of embodiments, the contacting is performed at a temperature of-20 ℃ to about 50 ℃. In another set of embodiments, the contacting is conducted at ambient temperature (about 25 ℃. + -. 5 ℃). After the initial contact, the reaction may be monitored until completion, which may involve a time of about 20 minutes to about 3 days depending on the particular conditions (and solvents) used. Typically, the preparation of compound (I) is completed in about 1-2 hours. In some embodiments, the compound of formula (I) is isolated according to standard protocols, such as those provided in the examples below.

In yet another aspect, provided herein is a process for preparing a compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate or rotamer thereof, comprising any two, three or four of steps (a), (b), (c), (d), (d1) and (d2), which steps may be continuous or discontinuous in the synthetic scheme:

(a) esters of 3- (4-nitrophenyl) -3-oxo-propionic acid esters (i-1) (R is alkyl, preferably C)_1-8Alkyl or aryl-C_1-4Alkyl) with (R) - (-) -2-phenylglycine and acrolein diethyl acetal or its equivalent to give compound (i-2);

(b) (ii) hydrogenating or reducing (i-2) to produce an intermediate amine and converting the intermediate to (i-3) with cyclopentanone and a reducing agent;

(c) mixing (i-3) with 2-fluoro-6-methylbenzoyl chloride or 2-chlorobenzoyl chloride for reaction, thereby obtaining (i-4);

(d) (I-4) is reacted in admixture with 3-chloro-4-methylaniline or 3-trifluoromethyl-4-methylaniline under conditions sufficient to provide a compound of formula (I).

Optionally, in some embodiments, the conversion provided in step (d) may be performed in a two-step process comprising:

(d) (1) conversion of ester (i-4) to carboxylic acid (i-5):

(d) (2) reacting (I-5) with 3-chloro-4-methylaniline or 3-trifluoromethyl-4-methylaniline in admixture under conditions sufficient to provide a compound of formula (I).

In some embodiments, the method of preparing a compound of formula (I) comprises steps (a) and (b). In other embodiments, the process for preparing the compound of formula (I) comprises steps (b) and (c). In still other embodiments, the process for preparing a compound of formula (I) comprises steps (c) and (d). In still other embodiments, a process for preparing a compound of formula (I) comprises steps (c) and (d) (1). In other embodiments, the process for preparing a compound of formula (I) comprises steps (c) and (d) (2). In still other embodiments, the process for preparing a compound of formula (I) comprises steps (b) and (d). In still other embodiments, the process for preparing a compound of formula (I) comprises steps (b) and (d 1). In other embodiments, the process for preparing the compound of formula (I) comprises steps (b) and (d2).

In some embodiments, the method of preparing a compound of formula (I) comprises steps (a) and (c). In other embodiments, the process for preparing the compound of formula (I) comprises steps (a) and (d). In still other embodiments, a process for preparing a compound of formula (I) comprises steps (a) and (d 1). In yet other embodiments, a process for preparing a compound of formula (I) comprises steps (a) and (d) (2).

In other embodiments, the process for preparing a compound of formula (I) comprises at least three steps of steps (a), (b), (c), and (d), or optionally (d) (1) and (d) (2). In still other embodiments, a process for preparing a compound of formula (I) comprises steps (a), (b), and (c). In other embodiments, the process for preparing the compound of formula (I) comprises steps (a), (b), and (d). In still other embodiments, the process for preparing a compound of formula (I) comprises steps (a), (b), and (d 1). In other embodiments, the process for preparing the compound of formula (I) comprises steps (a), (b), and (d2). In another set of embodiments, a method of preparing a compound of formula (I) comprises steps (b), (c), and (d). In still other embodiments, the process for preparing a compound of formula (I) comprises steps (b), (c), and (d 1). In other embodiments, the process for preparing the compound of formula (I) comprises steps (b), (c) and (d2).

In another related aspect, provided herein is a process for preparing a compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, or rotamer thereof, comprising any two, three, or four of steps (a '), (b '), (c '), (d ') and (e '), which steps may be consecutive throughout the synthetic pathway, or non-consecutive:

(a') esters of 3- (4-nitrophenyl) -3-oxo-propanoic acid esters (i-1 or ii-1, wherein R is alkyl) (R is alkyl, preferably C)_1-8Alkyl, aryl or aryl-C_1-4Alkyl) with 3-chloro-4-methylaniline or 3-trifluoromethyl-4-methylaniline under conditions sufficient to provide a compound of formula (ii-2);

(b') (ii-2), (R) - (-) -2-phenylglycine and acrolein diethyl acetal or its equivalent, thereby obtaining a compound (ii-3);

(c') reducing (ii-3) under conditions sufficient to produce an intermediate diamine (ii-4) substantially free of enantiomeric or diastereomeric impurities;

(d') converting (ii-4) to (ii-5) with cyclopentanone and a reducing agent; and

(e') mixing and reacting (ii-5) with 2-fluoro-6-methylbenzoyl chloride or 2-chlorobenzoyl chloride to obtain (I);

in the above-described process using steps (a), (b), (c), (d1), (d2), (a '), (b '), (c '), (d ') or (e '), the skilled person will understand that the indicated compounds may in some cases be used as salts, hydrates or solvates; and conditions may be selected to favor the indicated reaction and to enhance the yield of the step product and/or the purity of the step product.

In some embodiments, the method of preparing a compound of formula (I) comprises steps (a ') and (b'). In other embodiments, the process for preparing the compound of formula (I) comprises steps (b ') and (c'). In still other embodiments, the process for preparing a compound of formula (I) comprises steps (c ') and (d'). In still other embodiments, the process for preparing a compound of formula (I) comprises steps (d ') and (e').

In some embodiments, the method of preparing a compound of formula (I) comprises steps (a ') and (c'). In still other embodiments, the process for preparing a compound of formula (I) comprises steps (a ') and (d'). In still other embodiments, the process for preparing a compound of formula (I) comprises steps (a ') and (e').

In other embodiments, the process for preparing a compound of formula (I) comprises steps (b ') and (d'). In other embodiments, the process for preparing a compound of formula (I) comprises steps (b ') and (e'). In other embodiments, the process for preparing the compound of formula (I) comprises steps (c ') and (e').

In some embodiments, the process for preparing a compound of formula (I) comprises steps (a '), (b ') and (c '). In some embodiments, the process for preparing a compound of formula (I) comprises steps (a '), (b ') and (d '). In some embodiments, the process for preparing a compound of formula (I) comprises steps (a '), (b ') and (e '). In some embodiments, the process for preparing a compound of formula (I) comprises steps (a '), (c '), and (d '). In some embodiments, the process for preparing a compound of formula (I) comprises steps (a '), (c ') and (e '). In other embodiments, the process for preparing a compound of formula (I) comprises steps (a '), (d ') and (e '). In still other embodiments, the process for preparing a compound of formula (I) comprises steps (b '), (c '), and (d '). In still other embodiments, the process for preparing a compound of formula (I) comprises steps (b '), (c ') and (e '). In still other embodiments, the process for preparing a compound of formula (I) comprises steps (c '), (d ') and (e ').

In other embodiments, the process for preparing a compound of formula (I) comprises at least four steps of steps (a '), (b '), (c '), (d ') and (e '). In selected embodiments, the process for preparing a compound of formula (I) comprises steps (a '), (b'), (c ') and (d'). In other embodiments, the process for preparing a compound of formula (I) comprises steps (a '), (b'), (c ') and (e'). In still other embodiments, the process for preparing a compound of formula (I) comprises steps (a '), (b'), (d ') and (e'). In other embodiments, the process for preparing a compound of formula (I) comprises steps (a '), (c'), (d ') and (e'). In another set of embodiments, the process for preparing a compound of formula (I) comprises steps (b '), (c'), (d ') and (e'). In yet other embodiments, the process for preparing a compound of formula (I) comprises steps (a '), (b '), (c '), (d ') and (e ').

The processes provided above and herein provide a cost-effective, safe, effective and/or easily scalable process for large scale or commercial production of each of IA, IB and IC, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates, hydrates or rotamers thereof.

In one embodiment, provided herein is a process for the preparation of a substantially pure compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate or rotamer thereof. In one embodiment, provided herein is a process for the preparation of a substantially chemically pure compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate or rotamer thereof. In one embodiment, provided herein is a process for preparing a compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, or rotamer thereof, suitable for use in humans, such as for treating, preventing, and/or managing a disease or disorder, including but not limited to diseases mediated by a C5a receptor antagonist.

In one embodiment, provided herein is a process for preparing a compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, or rotamer thereof, on a scale of greater than 1 gram, greater than 10 grams, greater than 100 grams, greater than 1,000 grams, greater than 10,000 grams, or greater than 100,000 grams.

In one embodiment, provided herein is a process for the preparation of a compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, or rotamer thereof, in an overall yield of greater than about 10%, greater than about 15%, greater than about 20%, greater than about 25%, greater than about 30%, greater than about 40%, greater than about 50%, greater than about 60%, greater than about 70%, greater than about 80%, greater than about 90%, or greater than about 95%, wherein the yields are calculated on the basis of limiting starting materials.

In one embodiment, provided herein is a process for preparing a substantially pure compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, or rotamer thereof. In one embodiment, the purity of the compounds of formulae IA, IB, and IC, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates, hydrates, or rotamers thereof, is greater than about 95 wt%, greater than about 96 wt%, greater than about 97 wt%, greater than about 98 wt%, greater than about 99 wt%, greater than about 99.5 wt%, greater than about 99.8 wt%, greater than about 99.9 wt%, greater than about 99.95 wt%, greater than about 99.98 wt%, or greater than about 99.99 wt% for the total batch.

In one embodiment, provided herein is a process for preparing a compound of formula IA, IB, and/or IC, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, or rotamer thereof, wherein the total impurities in the compound are less than about 5 wt.%, less than about 4 wt.%, less than about 3 wt.%, less than about 2 wt.%, less than about 1 wt.%, less than about 0.5 wt.%, less than about 0.2 wt.%, less than about 0.1 wt.%, less than about 0.05 wt.%, less than about 0.02 wt.%, less than about 0.01 wt.%, less than about 0.005 wt.%, or less than about 0.001 wt.% of the total batch.

In one embodiment, provided herein is a process for preparing a compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, or rotamer thereof, wherein each impurity is less than about 5 wt.%, less than about 2 wt.%, less than about 1 wt.%, less than about 0.9 wt.%, less than about 0.8 wt.%, less than about 0.7 wt.%, less than about 0.6 wt.%, less than about 0.5 wt.%, less than about 0.4 wt.%, less than about 0.3 wt.%, less than about 0.2 wt.%, less than about 0.1 wt.%, less than about 0.05 wt.%, less than about 0.01 wt.%, less than about 0.005 wt.%, less than about 0.001 wt.%, less than about 0.0005 wt.%, or less than about 0.0001 wt.% of the total batch.

In one embodiment, the methods herein provide a substantially chemically pure compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, or rotamer thereof. In one embodiment, the chemical purity of the compound of formula IA, IB, or IC, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, or rotamer thereof, is greater than about 95 wt%, greater than about 96 wt%, greater than about 97 wt%, greater than about 98 wt%, greater than about 99 wt%, greater than about 99.5 wt%, greater than about 99.8 wt%, greater than about 99.9 wt%, greater than about 99.95 wt%, greater than about 99.98 wt%, or greater than about 99.99 wt% for the total batch.

In one embodiment, the purity profile of the isolated product or reaction mixture of the methods provided herein is analyzed by one or more analytical methods, for example, HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography), GC (gas chromatography), and TLC (thin layer chromatography). In one embodiment, the impurities are detected by analytical methods, e.g., HPLC, GC or TLC. In an embodiment, impurities or contemplated impurities in the isolated product or reaction mixture of the methods provided herein include, but are not limited to, starting materials for the reaction or any starting materials used in the preceding steps.

In some cases, the impurities in the isolated product of the methods provided herein can be volatile organic compounds, such as methanol, dimethylformamide, dichloromethane, toluene, acetone, methyl tert-butyl ether, ethanol, or tetrahydrofuran.

In some cases, the Loss On Drying (LOD) of the compound of formula IA, IB, or IC, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, or rotamer thereof, produced by the methods provided herein is less than about 5 wt%, less than about 2 wt%, less than about 1 wt%, less than about 0.9 wt%, less than about 0.8 wt%, less than about 0.7 wt%, less than about 0.6 wt%, less than about 0.5 wt%, less than about 0.4 wt%, less than about 0.3 wt%, less than about 0.2 wt%, less than about 0.1 wt%, less than about 0.05 wt%, or less than about 0.01 wt% for the total batch.

In one embodiment, the burned residue of the compound of formula IA, IB, or IC, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, or rotamer thereof, produced by the methods provided herein is less than about 1 wt%, less than about 0.9 wt%, less than about 0.8 wt%, less than about 0.7 wt%, less than about 0.6 wt%, less than about 0.5 wt%, less than about 0.4 wt%, less than about 0.3 wt%, less than about 0.2 wt%, less than about 0.1 wt%, less than about 0.05 wt%, or less than about 0.01 wt% of the total batch.

In one embodiment, the total weight metal-based impurities in the compound of formula IA, IB, or IC, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, or rotamer thereof, produced by the methods provided herein is less than about 500ppm (parts per million) w/w, less than about 200ppm w/w, less than about 100ppm w/w, less than about 50ppm w/w, less than about 20ppm w/w, less than about 10ppm w/w, less than about 5ppm w/w, less than about 2ppm w/w, less than about 1ppm w/w, less than about 0.5ppm w/w, less than about 0.2ppm w/w, or less than about 0.1ppm w/w for the total batch.

In one embodiment, provided herein is a process for preparing a compound of formula IA, IB, or IC, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, or rotamer thereof, substantially free of one or more residual solvents, including but not limited to: methanol, ethanol, dimethylformamide, toluene, dichloromethane, acetone, methyl tert-butyl ether and tetrahydrofuran. In an embodiment, the residual solvent or expected residual solvent is less than about 5,000ppm w/w, less than about 2,000ppm w/w, less than about 1,000ppm w/w, less than about 500ppm w/w, less than about 200ppm w/w, less than about 100ppm w/w, less than about 50ppm w/w, less than about 20ppm w/w, less than about 10ppm w/w, less than about 5ppm w/w, less than about 2ppm w/w, less than about 1ppm w/w, less than about 0.5ppm w/w, less than about 0.2ppm w/w, or less than about 0.1ppm w/w for the total batch. In one embodiment, the expected residual solvent cannot be detected, such as methanol, ethanol, dimethylformamide, toluene, dichloromethane, acetone, methyl tert-butyl ether and tetrahydrofuran.

In one embodiment, provided herein is a process for preparing a compound of formula IA, IB, or IC, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, or rotamer thereof, having a water content of less than about 5 wt.%, less than about 4 wt.%, less than about 3 wt.%, less than about 2 wt.%, less than about 1 wt.%, less than about 0.9 wt.%, less than about 0.8 wt.%, less than about 0.7 wt.%, less than about 0.6 wt.%, less than about 0.5 wt.%, less than about 0.4 wt.%, less than about 0.3 wt.%, less than about 0.2 wt.%, or less than about 0.1 wt.% of the total batch.

In one embodiment, provided herein is a process for preparing a compound of formula IA, IB, or IC, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, or rotamer thereof, having the appearance of a white or off-white solid.

In an embodiment, one or more steps of the methods provided herein are performed under GMP (good manufacturing standard) conditions. In one embodiment, one or more steps of the methods provided herein are performed under non-GMP conditions.

Examples

The abbreviations used in the following examples have the following meanings:

aq: is aqueous; BBr₃: boron tribromide; CH (CH)₂Cl₂Or DCM: dichloromethane; CH (CH)₃CN: acetonitrile; CH (CH)₃OH or MeOH: methanol; DIEA: n, N-diisopropylethylamine; DMF: dimethylformamide; DMSO, DMSO: dimethyl sulfoxide; equiv. or eq.: equivalent weight; et (Et)₃N: triethylamine; et (Et)₂O: triethylamine; EtOH: ethanol; h: hours; HATU, O- (7-azabenzotriazol-1-yl) -N, N' -tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate; HCl: hydrogen chloride; h₂O: water; k₂CO₃: potassium carbonate;

KHSO₄: potassium hydrogen sulfate; MgSO (MgSO)₄: magnesium sulfate; mL: ml; NaCl: sodium chloride; NaH: sodium hydride; NaHCO 2₃: sodium bicarbonate; NaOEt: sodium ethoxide; NaOH: sodium hydroxide; NaOMe: sodium methoxide; na (Na)₂SO₄: sodium sulfate; NH (NH)₄Cl: ammonium chloride; NMP: n-methyl pyrrolidone

pH：-log[H⁺]；POCl₃: phosphorus trichloride; PPTS: pyridinium p-toluenesulfonate; RP-HPLC: reversed phase high pressure liquid chromatography; RT: room temperature; TFA: trifluoroacetic acid; THF: tetrahydrofuran; TLC: thin layer chromatography

Example 1

This example illustrates the preparation of (2R,3S) -2- [4- (cyclopentylamino) phenyl ] -1- (2-fluoro-6-methyl-benzoyl) -N- [ 4-methyl-3- (trifluoromethyl) phenyl ] piperidine-3-carboxamide, a more general procedure provided by figure 1 (scheme 1) using the reagents provided below.

Route 1:

step 1: to a dried 12L three-necked flask equipped with a mechanical stirrer, condenser and thermometer was added acrolein diethyl acetal (1127 g, 8.666 mol, 1.05 eq.) and heated to 40 ℃. A mixture of solid ethyl 3- (4-nitrophenyl) -3-oxo-propionate (1956g, 8.253mol) and (R) - (-) -2-phenylglycinol (> 99.5% e.e., 1187 g, 8.666 mol, 1.05 eq) was added portionwise over 40 minutes to maintain the stirrable mixture at an internal temperature of about 40 ℃. After all solids were added, the mixture was stirred at 40 ℃ for 10 minutes. A solution of 4M HCl in dioxane (206.2 ml, 0.825 mol, 10 mol%) was then added over 2 minutes through a condenser and the internal temperature was raised to 70 ℃. The reaction was stirred for 22 hours at which time LC-MS indicated consumption of starting material and enamine intermediate. The heating was turned off and ethanol (6.6 liters) was added. The solution was then inoculated with 4 g of ethyl (3R,8aR) -5- (4-nitrophenyl) -3-phenyl-3, 7,8,8 a-tetrahydro-2H-oxazolo [3,2-a ] pyridine-3-carboxylate and stirred at room temperature for 18H. The solid was then filtered off and the flask and on-filter equipment were rinsed with 0.1 l of ethanol. The isolated solid was then washed three times with ethanol on the filter (250 ml each) and dried under vacuum to give 1253 g of ethyl (3R,8aR) -5- (4-nitrophenyl) -3-phenyl-3, 7,8,8 a-tetrahydro-2H-oxazolo [3,2-a ] pyridine-6-carboxylate as a bright yellow solid (38% yield, 98.5% w/w HPLC purity, 0.15% w/w EtOH).

Step 2: 260 g of ethyl (3R,8aR) -5- (4-nitrophenyl) -3-phenyl-3, 7,8,8 a-tetrahydro-2H-oxazolo [3,2-a ] pyridine-6-carboxylate (0.659 mol), 0.66 l of ethanol and 56g of palladium catalyst (10% Pd/C, Degussa type E101 NE/W, 50% wet, 21.5% powder by weight, 4.0 mol% Pd) are placed in a 2.2 l Parr bottle and purged with nitrogen. The bottle was mounted on a parr shaker apparatus and hydrogen gas was added at a rate to maintain the external temperature of the bottle below 30 ℃. After 4 hours, the consumption of hydrogen slowed down. The bottle was then shaken under 50psi of hydrogen for 2 hours. 94 ml of glacial acetic acid (1.65 mol, 2.5 eq.) was then added to the bottle and the bottle was purged three times with hydrogen at 50 psi. The bottles were then shaken under 35-55psi of hydrogen for 48 hours, maintaining the temperature below 30 ℃. The vial was removed from the apparatus and 55 mL of 12M aqueous HCl (0.659 mol, 1 eq) was added followed by 87mL of cyclopentanone (0.989 mol, 1.5 eq). The bottle was purged three times with hydrogen at 50psi and then shaken under 50psi of hydrogen for 16-20 hours. The mixture was removed from the apparatus and filtered through a sintered funnel containing celite (80 g), then washed three times with 0.125L of ethanol. 54.1 g of anhydrous sodium acetate (0.659 mol, 1 eq) were added and the mixture was concentrated in vacuo at 40-55 ℃ to remove 0.9 l of volatile components. 2.0L of acetonitrile was added and 2.0L of volatile components were removed in vacuo. The crude material was diluted with 1.0 l acetonitrile and mechanically stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes. The mixture was filtered through celite (40 g) and the filter cake was washed with 0.28 l acetonitrile. The combined filtrates yielded a crude amine acetate solution (solution a, e.e. ═ 78%). The two separately obtained solutions a were combined for further processing.

In a 12L three-necked flask equipped with mechanical stirrer, internal thermometer and reflux condenser, (-) -O, O' -di-p-toluoyl-L-tartaric acid (1.019 kg, 2.64 mol, 2 eq.) was dissolved in 5.8L acetonitrile. The mixture was heated to 60 ℃ with stirring and then 1 liter of solution a was added rapidly. The resulting solution was seeded with 4 g of crystalline ethyl (2R,3S) -2- [4- (cyclopentylamino) phenyl ] piperidine-3-carboxylate (-) -O, O' -di-p-toluoyl-L-tartrate (1:2) and stirred at 60 ℃ for 15 min. After 15 minutes at 60 ℃ a seedbed was formed. The remaining solution A was added over 2.5 hours, maintaining an internal temperature of 60 ℃. After the addition was complete, the heat source was turned off and the mixture was stirred for 17 hours to reach a final temperature of 22.5 ℃. The suspension was filtered and the solid was washed with 0.50 l acetonitrile to flush the equipment and transfer all the solid onto the filter. The resulting wet solid was washed on the funnel with 3.0L acetonitrile and dried in a vacuum oven at 45 ℃ for 48 hours to give 1.005 kg of ethyl (2R,3S) -2- [4- (cyclopentylamino) phenyl ] piperidine-3-carboxylate (-) -O, O' -di-p-toluoyl-L-tartrate (1:2) as an off-white solid (70% yield, containing 1% by weight acetonitrile). The enantiomeric ratio of the product was 99.4: 0.6.

And step 3: in a 5L three-necked flask equipped with a mechanical stirrer and an addition funnel, solid anhydrous potassium carbonate (K)₂CO₃226 g, 1.64 moles, 4.1 equivalents) was dissolved in water (0.82 l) and cooled to ambient temperature. MTBE (0.82 l) was added, followed by solid (2R,3S) -2- [4- (cyclopentylamino) phenyl]Piperidine-3-carboxylic acid ethyl ester (-) -O, O' -di-p-toluoyl-L-tartrate (1:2) (436 g, 0.400 mol). The mixture was stirred vigorously at room temperature for 1 hour, then 2-fluoro-6-methylbenzoyl chloride (72.5 g, 0.420 mmol, 1.05 eq) in MTBE (0.14 l) was added dropwise over 1 hour. The product began to precipitate out of the reaction before the addition of the acid chloride was complete. The reaction was stirred vigorously at room temperature for 30 minutes and monitored by LC-MS for disappearance of starting material. The mixture was then transferred to a 5L evaporation flask using 0.3L MTBE to rinse the equipment and remove all solids. The mixture was concentrated in vacuo to remove MTBE, then 0.3l of heptane was added and the mixture was evaporated again, leaving only the product suspended in aqueous solution. The flask was taken out of the rotary evaporator and water (0.82 l) and heptane (0.82 l) were added. The suspension was stirred vigorously using a mechanical stirrer for 16 hours. The contents were then filtered and the solid was washed with water (2 × 0.42 l) and heptane (0.42 l). The solid was dried in a vacuum oven at 45 ℃ to give 172 g of (2R,3S) -2- [4- (cyclopentylamino) phenyl]Ethyl-1- (2-fluoro-6-methyl-benzoyl) piperidine-3-carboxylate as an off-white powder (95% yield).

Step 4. A0.5 liter three-necked round-bottom flask was dried overnight in an oven at 200 ℃ and then cooled under a stream of nitrogen. The flask was equipped with a magnetic stir bar, nitrogen inlet and thermometer. Into the flask was added 30.2 g of (2R,3S) -2- [4- (cyclopentylamino) phenyl group under nitrogen]-ethyl 1- (2-fluoro-6-methyl-benzoyl) piperidine-3-carboxylate (66.7 mmol), 11.5 ml of 4-methyl-5-trifluoromethylaniline (80 mmol, 1.2 eq) and 141 ml of dry toluene. Nitrogen was bubbled through the resulting solution for 10 minutes, then the solution was warmed to 30 ℃. The oil bath was removed and 100 ml of 2M AlMe were added₃Is introduced into the reaction mixture at a rate to maintain the reaction temperature between 35 and 40 c for about 45 minutes.The temperature of the reaction mixture was then raised to 55 ℃ over 1 hour and the reaction mixture was stirred at 55 ℃ for 8 hours, thereby consuming all of the starting ester (monitored by LC-MS). The reaction was then cooled overnight to ambient temperature and the solution was then taken up in a mechanically stirred 1 l flask containing a solution of 67.8 g of potassium sodium tartrate tetrahydrate (240 mmol, 3.6 equiv) in 237 ml of water, pre-cooled to 10 ℃ in an ice bath. The addition took approximately 30 minutes during which time the reaction mixture was self-heated to 57 ℃. The empty reaction flask was then rinsed with 20 ml of dry toluene and the solution was mixed with the quench mixture. The mixture was then cooled to room temperature with stirring, 91 ml of ethyl acetate were added, and the mixture was stirred for a further 15 minutes. The mixture was then filtered through a pad of celite and the filtrate separated into two layers. The organic layer was then separated and washed with a solution of 5.7 g of potassium sodium tartrate tetrahydrate (20 mmol) in 120 ml of water and then two 120 ml portions of water. The wet organic solution was concentrated in vacuo to about 150 g weight and solvent exchanged with ethanol to maintain a total volume of 0.2-0.3 l until passed¹H NMR observed to be relative to ethanol<1 mol% toluene. The solution was then evaporated at elevated temperature to a weight of 223 grams and heated to reflux. Mechanical stirring was started and 41 ml of water were added. The resulting solution was treated with (2R,3S) -2- [4- (cyclopentylamino) phenyl]-1- (2-fluoro-6-methyl-benzoyl) -N- [ 4-methyl-3- (trifluoromethyl) phenyl]The piperidine-3-carboxamide crystals were seeded at 60 ℃ and then slowly cooled to room temperature over a period of 2 hours. The slurry was then stirred for 18 hours and the solid was filtered off. The solid was then washed with two 30 ml portions of 7:3 ethanol/water and dried in a vacuum oven at 50 ℃ for 24 hours to give 31.0 g ((2R,3S) -2- [4- (cyclopentylamino) phenyl ] amine]-1- (2-fluoro-6-methyl-benzoyl) -N- [ 4-methyl-3- (trifluoromethyl) phenyl]Piperidine-3-carboxamide as off-white crystals (80% yield). Analyzing data: HPLC purity: 99.59 percent;>99.8% HPLC d.e and e.e.; ICP-OES Pd:<1 ppm; al: 6 ppm; residual toluene was analyzed by headspace GC-MS: 15 ppm; micro-scale<0.1％；K-F 0.1％。¹H NMR(400MHz,TFA-d)δ7.91(d,J＝8.6Hz,1H),7.84(d,J＝8.6Hz,1H),7.58-6.82(m,8H),6.75(t,J＝8.6Hz,1H),4.10-4.00(m,1H),3.60-3.47(m,1H),3.45-3.41(m,1H),3.33-3.25(m,1H),2.44-2.22(m,7H),2.04-1.92(m,4H),1.82-1.69(m,7H),MS:(ES)m/z 582(M+H⁺)。

Example 2

This example illustrates the preparation of (2R,3S) -2- [4- (cyclopentylamino) phenyl ] -1- (2-fluoro-6-methyl-benzoyl) -N- [ 4-methyl-3- (trifluoromethyl) phenyl ] piperidine-3-carboxamide using the reagents shown in scheme 2 by the general procedure provided in figure 2 (scheme 2).

Route 2:

step 1, solid (2R,3S) -2- [4- (cyclopentylamino) phenyl]-ethyl 1- (2-fluoro-6-methyl-benzoyl) piperidine-3-carboxylate (316 g, 0.698 mol) was added portionwise to a 12l flask containing 2.80 l 0.44M H with mechanical stirring in water heated to 70 ℃₂SO₄. Use 0.36 liter additional 0.44M H from the funnel₂SO₄The solids were washed down. The suspension was brought to 95 ℃ and stirred at this temperature for 21 hours, whereupon complete dissolution occurred, leaving no more than 4% of the starting material. The reaction was cooled to ambient temperature. To the mixture was added 2.80 liters of 1M aqueous NaOH solution over 30 minutes, maintaining the temperature at about 20 deg.C, then 1.58 liters of MTBE was added, followed by 1.40 liters of 1M NaOH. The mixture was stirred vigorously for 1 hour until all solids dissolved (final pH 13.1). The layers were separated and the organic layer was discarded. The aqueous layer was extracted again with 1.58 l MTBE. The aqueous layer was concentrated in vacuo to remove excess MTBE. The solution was transferred back to the mechanically stirred flask and used 1M H₂SO₄The solution was acidified within 25 minutes until the pH reached 4.8 (about 0.71L 1M H₂SO₄) The resulting mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 1 hour. The slurry was filtered and the solid washed with two 2.0 l/part water and then 1.0 l heptane. The solid was dried in a vacuum oven at 45 ℃ to give 279 g of (2R,3S) -2- [4- (cyclopentylamino) phenyl]-1- (2-fluoro-6-methyl-benzoyl) piperidine-3-carboxylic acid as a white solid (94% yield).

Step 2, stripPiece 1: to a solution of (2R,3S) -2- [4- (cyclopentylamino) phenyl ] in 1.66L of dichloromethane]A 12l flask of (e) -1- (2-fluoro-6-methyl-benzoyl) piperidine-3-carboxylic acid was charged with 4-methyl-3- (trifluoromethyl) aniline (112 ml, 137 g, 0.782 mol, 1.2 eq) followed by N, N-diisopropylethylamine (204 ml, 152g, 1.17 mol, 1.8 eq). The solution was cooled to 0 ℃ and methanesulfonyl chloride (65.6 ml, 97.1 g, 0.848 mol, 1.3 eq) was added dropwise. After stirring at ambient temperature for 18 hours, N-diisopropylethylamine (114 ml, 84.2 g, 0.652 mol, 1.0 eq) was added. The reaction mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 15 minutes, and 2.22L of isopropyl acetate and 0.55L of DCM were added to the flask. The solution was washed with 2.22 liters of water and then 1.11 liters of water. The organic layer was washed twice with 2.22l of 0.1M aqueous sodium hydroxide solution per portion. 139 g of anhydrous sodium sulfate was added to the organic layer and stirred for 15 minutes. 544 g of silica gel (230-. The suspension was filtered using a high sintered funnel and the silica gel bed was washed on the funnel with 2.50 l isopropyl acetate/DCM (1: 1). The combined solution was concentrated in vacuo at 40 ℃ to a weight of about 760 grams. The flask was equipped with a mechanical stirrer, at which point spontaneous crystallization began. After stirring for 15 minutes, 1.14 l of heptane were added to the suspension over a period of 20 minutes. Stirring at ambient temperature for 16 h gave colourless crystals which were filtered off and washed successively with two portions of heptane (0.76 l and 0.38 l) on the funnel. The solid was dried in a vacuum oven at 45 ℃ for 16 hours to give 289 g of ((2R,3S) -2- [4- (cyclopentylamino) phenyl)]-1- (2-fluoro-6-methyl-benzoyl) -N- [ 4-methyl-3- (trifluoromethyl) phenyl]Piperidine-3-carboxamide as colorless crystals (76% yield, e.e.98.6%, 1.4% by weight isopropyl acetate: (¹H NMR); 98.1% HPLC purity, 220 nm).¹H NMR(400MHz,TFA-d)δ7.91(d,J＝8.6Hz,1H),7.84(d,J＝8.6Hz,1H),7.58-6.82(m,8H),6.75(t,J＝8.6Hz,1H),4.10-4.00(m,1H),3.60-3.47(m,1H),3.45-3.41(m,1H),3.33-3.25(m,1H),2.44-2.22(m,7H),2.04-1.92(m,4H),1.82-1.69(m,7H),MS:(ES)m/z 582(M+H⁺)。

Step 2, condition 2: to a solution of (2R,3S) -2- [4- (cyclopentylamino) phenyl ] in 40 ml of isopropyl acetate]-1- (2-fluoro-6-methyl-benzeneFormyl) piperidine-3-carboxylic acid (8.01 g, 18.8 mmol) in a 250 ml flask was added 4-methyl-3- (trifluoromethyl) aniline (2.97 ml, 3.62 g, 20.7 mmol, 1.1 eq), followed by N-methylmorpholine (3.10 ml, 2.85 g, 28.2 mmol, 1.5 eq) and HATU (9.29 g, 24.4 mol, 1.3 eq). After stirring at ambient temperature for 44 hours, the reaction mixture was diluted with 100 ml isopropyl acetate and 60 ml water and stirred for 15 minutes. Undissolved solid was filtered off and the aqueous layer was discarded. The organic phase was washed twice with 60 ml of water and then concentrated in vacuo to a weight of 58 g. The solvent was then exchanged with ethanol by co-distillation and the solution was concentrated in vacuo to a weight of 74 grams (0.6 wt% remaining isopropyl acetate). The mixture was heated to reflux and 14 ml of water were added. The resulting solution was treated with (2R,3S) -2- [4- (cyclopentylamino) phenyl at 60 deg.C]-1- (2-fluoro-6-methyl-benzoyl) -N- [ 4-methyl-3- (trifluoromethyl) phenyl]The piperidine-3-carboxamide crystals were seeded and then slowly cooled to room temperature over 2 hours. The slurry was then stirred for 18 hours and the solid was filtered off. The solid was then washed with two 8 ml portions of 7:3 ethanol/water and dried in a vacuum oven at 50 ℃ for 24 hours to give 7.91 g of (2R,3S) -2- [4- (cyclopentylamino) phenyl ] amine]-1- (2-fluoro-6-methyl-benzoyl) -N- [ 4-methyl-3- (trifluoromethyl) phenyl]Piperidine-3-carboxamide as colorless crystals (72% yield). Analyzing data: HPLC purity: 99.26 percent;>99.8% HPLC d.e. and e.e.¹H NMR(400MHz,TFA-d)δ7.91(d,J＝8.6Hz,1H),7.84(d,J＝8.6 Hz,1 H),7.58-6.82(m,8 H),6.75(t,J＝8.6 Hz,1 H),4.10-4.00(m,1H),3.60-3.47(m,1H),3.45-3.41(m,1H),3.33-3.25(m,1H),2.44-2.22(m,7H),2.04-1.92(m,4H),1.82-1.69(m,7H),MS:(ES)m/z 582(M+H⁺)。

Example 3

This example illustrates the preparation of (2R,3S) -2- [4- (cyclopentylamino) phenyl ] -1- (2-fluoro-6-methyl-benzoyl) -N- [ 4-methyl-3- (trifluoromethyl) phenyl ] piperidine-3-carboxamide using the reagents shown in scheme 3 by the general procedure provided in figure 3 (scheme 3).

Route 3:

step 1: to a 500 ml three-necked round-bottom flask equipped with a thermometer was added ethyl 3- (4-nitrophenyl) -3-oxo-propionate (50 g, 211 mmol), o-xylene (100 ml), followed by 4-methyl-3- (trifluoromethyl) aniline (33.25 ml, 232 mmol), and the resulting reaction mixture was stirred at 130 ℃ for 6 hours (a distillation condenser was used to remove ethanol produced during the reaction as it formed). The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and aged overnight. The crystals obtained were collected by filtration, washed with diethyl ether (500 ml) and dried under high vacuum to give N- [ 4-methyl-3- (trifluoromethyl) phenyl]-3- (4-nitrophenyl) -3-oxo-propionamide (74.4 g), 96% yield as a bright yellow crystalline solid.¹H NMR showed a mixture of 2:1 keto-enol tautomers.¹H NMR(400MHz,DMSO-d₆)δ10.61(bs,1H),10.48(s,1H),8.37-8.31(m,2H),8.21(d,J＝9Hz,1H),8.0-7.95(m,2H),7.65(dd,J＝21.2,8.2Hz,1H),7.37(dd,J＝13.3,8.2Hz,1H),6.06(s,1H),4.25(s,2H),2.37,2.36(2s,3H)；MS:(ES)m/z 367(M+H⁺)。

Step 2: (R) - (-) -2-phenylglycinol (3.02 g, 22 mmol), N- [ 4-methyl-3- (trifluoromethyl) phenyl ] is stirred at 90 deg.C]A mixture of-3- (4-nitrophenyl) -3-oxo-propionamide (7.32 g, 20 mmol), acrolein diethyl acetal (4 ml, 28.6 mmol), and formic acid (0.8 ml, 20 mmol) in p-dioxane (10 ml) for 4 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, diluted with dichloromethane (20 ml), adsorbed on silica gel and purified by column chromatography (product eluted with 30% ethyl acetate in hexane) to give (3R) -N- [ 4-methyl-3- (trifluoromethyl) phenyl]-5- (4-Nitrophenyl) -3-phenyl-3, 7,8,8 a-tetrahydro-2H-oxazolo [3,2-a ]]Pyridine-6-carboxamide (8.4 g), 80% yield as a yellow foam, with a diastereomer of-3: 2.¹H NMR(400MHz,CDCl₃)δ7.96-786(bs,1H),7.20-7.15(m,3H),7.15-7.0(m,6H),6.9(dd,J＝7.81,1.57Hz,1H),6.7(d,J＝8.6Hz,1H),6.44(d,J＝29.7Hz,1H),5.26(dd,J＝8.6,3.5Hz,0.6H),5.06(dd,J＝9.77,2.73Hz,0.4H),4.48(d,J＝6.25Hz,0.5H),4.36-4.28(m,1H),4.22-4.17(m,0.5H),4.02(dd,J＝8.99,1.56Hz,0.5H),3.8(dd,J＝8.6,5.08Hz,0.5H),3.2-2.8(m,1H),2.7-2.4(m,2H),2.14(s,3H),1.95-1.85(m,1H)；MS:(ES)m/z 524(M+H⁺)。.

and step 3: reacting (3R) -N- [ 4-methyl-3- (trifluoromethyl) phenyl]-5- (4-Nitrophenyl) -3-phenyl-3, 7,8,8 a-tetrahydro-2H-oxazolo [3,2-a ]]Pyridine-6-carboxamide (2.1 g, 4 mmol), DMF (12 ml), palladium catalyst (10% Pd/C, degussa type E101 NE/W, 50% wet, 800 mg, 45 wt% powder, 0.36 mmol) and acetic acid (0.6 ml, 10 mmol) were placed in a parr bottle and stirred under hydrogen (60psi) at ambient temperature for 20 h. The reaction mixture was passed through a frit to remove the palladium catalyst, washed with methanol (2 × 20 ml) and evaporated to dryness in vacuo on a rotary evaporator to give the crude product. To the crude product was added ethyl acetate (30 ml), dichloromethane (60 ml), (-) -O, O' -di-p-toluoyl-L-tartaric acid (L-DTTA,1.55 g, 4 mmol) and the resulting mixture was aged at room temperature overnight. The crystals obtained were collected by filtration, washed with cold ethyl acetate (2 × 10 ml) and dried under high vacuum to give (2R,3S) -2- (4-aminophenyl) -N- [ 4-methyl-3- (trifluoromethyl) phenyl]Piperidine-3-carboxamide is a 1:1 salt of L-DTTA (1.32G) in 43% yield with an enantiomeric ratio of 98:2 (chiral column: regions Cell, HPLC system: Agilent 1200 series model G1312A, solvent: 0.1% diethylamine in MeOH, isocratic, flow rate: 1 ml/min, ambient temperature, retention time of the major isomer: 6.86 min).¹H NMR(400MHz,CD₃OD)δ8.01(d,J＝6.6Hz,4H),7.88(d,J＝2.35Hz,1H),7.5(dd,J＝8.4,2.34Hz,1H),7.28(d,J＝7.8Hz,2H),7.26(d,J＝8.99Hz,2H),7.14(d,J＝8.6Hz,2H),6.68(d,J＝8.6Hz,2H),5.87(s,2H),4.35(d,J＝3.12Hz,1H),3.52-3.58(m,1H),3.06-3.23(m,2H),2.40(s,9H),2.18-2.12(m,2H),1.84(d,J＝14.46Hz,1H)；MS:(ES)m/z 378(M+H⁺)。

And 4, step 4: (2R,3S) -2- (4-aminophenyl) -N- [ 4-methyl-3- (trifluoromethyl) phenyl ] in dichloromethane (100 ml) at room temperature]To piperidine-3-carboxamide (-) -O, O' -di-p-toluoyl-L-tartrate (1:1) (15.17 g, 19.85 mmol) was added cyclopentanone (1.93 ml, 21.84 mmol), a 4N HCl solution of p-dioxane (6.31 ml, 25.24 mmol) and acetic acid (3.57 ml, 59.55 mmol)Mol), followed by addition of sodium triacetoxyborohydride (6.31 g, 29.78 mmol), and the resulting reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. Saturated sodium bicarbonate solution (100 ml) was added slowly and the organic layer was separated. The aqueous layer was further extracted with dichloromethane (2X 100 ml), and the combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated in vacuo to give crude (2R,3S) -2- [4- (cyclopentylamino) phenyl]-N- [ 4-methyl-3- (trifluoromethyl) phenyl]Piperidine-3-carboxamide (9.5 g), which was used in the next step without further purification.¹H NMR(400MHz,CD₃OD)δ7.71(d,J＝1.96Hz,1H),7.43(dd,J＝8.2,1.95Hz,1H),7.22(d,J＝8.6Hz,1H),7.08(d,J＝8.6Hz,2H),6.58(d,J＝8.6Hz,2H),3.88(d,J＝3.52Hz,1H),3.69(q,J＝12.1,6.3Hz,1H),3.33-3.35(m,1H),2.88-2.78(m,2H),2.39(s,3H),2.16-1.85(m,5H),1.75-1.5(m,5H),1.45-1.35(m,2H)；MS:(ES)m/z 446(M+H⁺)。

And 5: to a flask containing a solution of sodium bicarbonate in 45 ml of water (1.9 g, 22.62 mmol) was added crude (2R,3S) -2- [4- (cyclopentylamino) phenyl ] in 90 ml of tetrahydrofuran over a period of 10 minutes]-N- [ 4-methyl-3- (trifluoromethyl) phenyl]Piperidine-3-carboxamide (5.0 g, 11.23 mmol) solution. The resulting mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 1 hour. A solution of 2-fluoro-6-methylbenzoyl chloride (1.73 g, 8.98 mmol) in 5 ml of tetrahydrofuran is added dropwise over 10 minutes. After completion of the reaction, undissolved solid was filtered off and the filtrate was concentrated in vacuo. Heptane (50 ml) was added to the remaining aqueous layer and the mixture was stirred vigorously at room temperature for 16 hours. The contents were filtered and the solid was washed with water (2 × 30 ml) then heptane (30 ml). The solid was dried under high vacuum to give the crude product (3.68 g), which was dissolved in ethanol (22 ml), gently heated, and then water (4 ml) was added. The resulting brown clear solution was cooled to room temperature and stirred overnight. The crystals were collected by filtration, washed with cold ethanol (5 ml) and dried under high vacuum to give (2R,3S) -2- [4- (cyclopentylamino) phenyl]-1- (2-fluoro-6-methyl-benzoyl) -N- [ 4-methyl-3- (trifluoromethyl) phenyl]Piperidine-3-carboxamide (1.66 g) in 28% yield and an enantiomeric ratio of 98:2 in both steps (chiral column: Burk Covalent, (S, S) Whelk)-O1,5/100,25cm x 4.6mm cromas (Kromasil), S/N50404, HPLC system: agilent 1200 series model G1312A, solvent: 15% hexane in isopropanol, isocratic, flow rate: 1 ml/min, column temperature: 75 ℃, retention time of the major isomer: 9.9 minutes).¹H NMR(400MHz,TFA-d)δ7.91(d,J＝8.6Hz,1H),7.84(d,J＝8.6Hz,1H),7.58-6.82(m,8H),6.75(t,J＝8.6Hz,1H),4.10-4.00(m,1H),3.60-3.47(m,1H),3.45-3.41(m,1H),3.33-3.25(m,1H),2.44-2.22(m,7H),2.04-1.92(m,4H),1.82-.169(m,7H),MS:(ES)m/z 582(M+H⁺)。

Example 4

This example illustrates the synthesis of (2R,3S) -2- [4- (cyclopentylamino) phenyl ] -1- (2-fluoro-6-methyl-benzoyl) -N- [ 4-methyl-3-chlorophenyl ] piperidine-3-carboxamide.

To a 100 ml flask containing (2R,3S) -2- [4- (cyclopentylamino) phenyl ] -1- (2-fluoro-6-methyl-benzoyl) piperidine-3-carboxylic acid (2.71 g, 6.38 mmol) in 20 ml dichloromethane was added 3-chloro-4-methylaniline (0.85 ml, 7.01 mmol, 1.1 eq), followed by N-methylmorpholine (1.05 ml, 968 mg, 9.57 mmol, 1.5 eq) and HATU (2.91 g, 7.66 mol, 1.2 eq). After stirring at ambient temperature for 24 hours, the reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo, diluted with 50 ml of isopropyl acetate and 20 ml of water and stirred for 15 minutes. Undissolved solid was filtered off and the aqueous layer was discarded. The organic phase was washed twice with 20 ml of water and then concentrated to dryness in vacuo. The solid was evaporated twice with 30 ml ethanol. The residue obtained is then dissolved in 22 ml of refluxing ethanol and 4 ml of water are added. The resulting solution was then refluxed for 15 minutes (until the initial seedbed was formed) and then slowly cooled to room temperature. The slurry was then stirred for 3 hours and the solid filtered off. The solid was then washed with 10 ml of 7:3 ethanol/water and dried in a vacuum oven at 50 ℃ for 24 hours to give 2.95 g of (2R,3S) -2- [4- (cyclopentylamino) phenyl ] -1- (2-fluoro-6-methyl-benzoyl) -N- [ 4-methyl-3-chlorophenyl ] piperidine-3-carboxamide as colorless crystals (84% yield).

It is understood that the examples and embodiments described herein are for illustrative purposes only and that various modifications or changes in light thereof will be suggested to persons skilled in the art and are to be included within the spirit and purview of this application and scope of the appended claims.

All publications, patents and patent applications cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety for all purposes.

Claims

1. A compound having the formula (i-3):

wherein R is selected from H, C_1-8Alkyl, aryl and aryl-C_1-4Alkyl, said compound being substantially free of enantiomeric or diastereomeric impurities.

2. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound is a salt form of a bis L-DTTA salt.

3. A process for the preparation of a compound having formula (I) or a salt thereof,

in the formula, R¹Is Cl or CF₃；

R²Is F or Cl; and

R³is H or CH₃；

And wherein said compound of formula (I) is substantially free of enantiomeric or diastereomeric impurities, said process comprising:

(a) (ii) subjecting a compound having the formula (i-3) or a salt thereof to conditions sufficient to form a compound of the formula (i-4):

wherein R is selected from H, C_1-8Alkyl, aryl and aryl-C_1-4Alkyl groups substantially free of enantiomeric or diastereomeric impurities,

with a compound having the formula,

wherein LG is a leaving group; r²Is F or Cl; and RR³Is H or CH₃，

And

(b) converting said compound of formula (I-4) to said compound of formula (I), wherein said compound of formula (I) is substantially free of enantiomeric or diastereomeric impurities.

4. The method of claim 3, wherein step (b) comprises contacting the compound of formula (i-4) with an aniline having the formula,

in the formula R¹Is Cl or CF₃。

5. The method of claim 3, wherein step (b) comprises hydrolyzing an ester present in said compound of formula (I-4) under conditions sufficient to provide said compound of formula (I), and contacting the resulting intermediate carboxylic acid compound with an aniline having the formula,

in the formula R¹Is Cl or CF₃。

6. The method of claim 3, 4 or 5, wherein R is¹Is CF₃，R²Is F, and R³Is CH₃。

7. The method of claim 3, 4 or 5, wherein R is¹Is CF₃，R²Is Cl, and R³Is H.

8. The method of claim 3, 4 or 5, wherein R is¹Is Cl, R²Is F, and R³Is CH₃。

9. A compound having the formula (ii-4):

in the formula R¹Is Cl or CF₃Said compound being substantially free of enantiomeric or diastereomeric impurities.

10. The compound of claim 9, wherein the compound is a salt form of the L-DTTA salt.

11. The compound of claim 9, wherein R is¹Is CF₃。

12. The compound of claim 9, wherein R is¹Is Cl.

13. The compound of claim 9, wherein the compound is a salt form of a bis L-DTTA salt.

14. A process for the preparation of a compound having formula (I) or a salt thereof,

in the formula, R¹Is Cl or CF₃；

R²Is F or Cl; and

R³is H or CH₃；

(a) (iii) contacting a compound having the formula (ii-4) or a salt thereof, under conditions sufficient to form a compound having the formula (ii-5):

in the formula R¹Is Cl or CF₃(ii) a Said compounds being substantially free of enantiomeric or diastereomeric impurities,

contacting with cyclopentanone and a reducing agent,

and

wherein LG is a leaving group; r²Is F or Cl; and R³Is H or CH₃。

15. The method of claim 14, wherein R is¹Is CF₃，R²Is F, and R³Is CH₃。

16. The method of claim 14, wherein R is¹Is CF₃，R²Is Cl, and R³Is H.

17. The method of claim 14, wherein R is¹Is Cl, R²Is F, and R³Is CH₃。

18. The method of claim 14, wherein LG is a halogen.

19. A process for the preparation of a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate or rotamer thereof, comprising steps (a), (b), (c) and (d), optionally any two, three or four of steps (d1) and (d2), which steps are consecutive or non-consecutive in the synthetic scheme:

(a) reacting an ester of 3- (4-nitrophenyl) -3-oxo-propionate (i-1) with (R) - (-) -2-phenylglycine and acrolein diethyl acetal, or an equivalent thereof, to form compound (i-2), wherein R is selected from the group consisting of: c_1-8Alkyl, aryl and aryl-C_1-4An alkyl group;

(d) (ii) reacting (I-4) with 3-chloro-4-methylaniline or 3-trifluoromethyl-4-methylaniline in admixture under conditions sufficient to provide a compound of formula (I);

(d) (1) converting the ester (i-4) into a carboxylic acid (i-5):

(d) (2) reacting (I-5) with 3-chloro-4-methylaniline or 3-trifluoromethyl-4-methylaniline in admixture under conditions sufficient to provide a compound of formula (I),

20. a process for the preparation of a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate or rotamer thereof, comprising any two, three or four of steps (a '), (b '), (c '), (d ') and (e '), which steps are consecutive or non-consecutive in the overall synthetic pathway:

(a') 3- (4-nitrophenyl) -3-oxo-propionate (i-1 or ii-1, wherein R is selected from C_1-8Alkyl, aryl or aryl-C_1-4Alkyl) with 3-chloro-4-methylaniline or 3-trifluoromethyl-4-methylaniline under conditions sufficient to provide a compound of formula (ii-2);

(d') converting (ii-4) to (ii-5) with cyclopentanone and a reducing agent; and

(e') reacting (ii-5) in admixture with 2-fluoro-6-methylbenzoyl chloride or 2-chlorobenzoyl chloride to provide (I);