CN113120883B - Doped porous carbon nano-roll electrode material and preparation method thereof - Google Patents

Doped porous carbon nano-roll electrode material and preparation method thereof Download PDF

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CN113120883B
CN113120883B CN202110428050.XA CN202110428050A CN113120883B CN 113120883 B CN113120883 B CN 113120883B CN 202110428050 A CN202110428050 A CN 202110428050A CN 113120883 B CN113120883 B CN 113120883B
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electrode material
porous carbon
doped porous
carbon nano
roll electrode
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CN113120883A (en
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张娜
周民杰
何斌鸿
刘宇
陈洋羊
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Hunan Institute of Science and Technology
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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    • C01B32/00—Carbon; Compounds thereof
    • C01B32/15—Nano-sized carbon materials
    • C01B32/18—Nanoonions; Nanoscrolls; Nanohorns; Nanocones; Nanowalls
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
    • H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
    • H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
    • H01M4/9075—Catalytic material supported on carriers, e.g. powder carriers
    • H01M4/9083—Catalytic material supported on carriers, e.g. powder carriers on carbon or graphite
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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    • Y02E60/50—Fuel cells

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Abstract

The invention provides a preparation method of a doped porous carbon nano-roll electrode material, which comprises the following steps of (1) placing a mixture of a pretreated nitrogen-rich precursor and a doping source in a muffle furnace for calcination reaction for a certain time; (2) Ultrasonically dispersing a calcined reaction product in deionized water, sequentially adding a monomer and a stabilizer into the deionized water, stirring to form a mixed solution, and then adding an initiator into the mixed solution under the ice bath condition, and stirring to react for a certain time; (3) Centrifugally separating the reaction product, and drying the centrifugally separated product; (4) And (3) performing high-temperature pyrolysis on the substance obtained in the step (3) to obtain the doped porous carbon nano-roll electrode material. The invention also provides the doped porous carbon nano-roll electrode material prepared by the method. The method has simple and feasible process, and the prepared material has the characteristics of high doping amount, high specific surface area and high active site, and can be applied to the fields of electrochemical energy storage and conversion devices.

Description

Doped porous carbon nano-roll electrode material and preparation method thereof
Technical Field
The invention relates to a doped porous carbon nano-roll electrode material and a preparation method thereof.
Background
Energy shortage and environmental pollution are two major challenges facing mankind in the 21 st century, and the search for a new, green, sustainable energy is the key to solving these problems. The energy conversion and storage devices such as alkali metal batteries, fuel cells, metal-air batteries, lithium-sulfur batteries and the like are preferred as sustainable energy sources due to the characteristics of high energy density, long cycle life, small environmental pollution and the like. For high performance energy conversion and storage devices, the design of the excellent performance electrode materials is a critical factor.
The raw carbon material is regarded as a very promising electrode material due to the advantages of low cost, high stability, etc. However, the original carbon material is composed of sp 2 Carbon hybrid crosslinkingThe composition, surface is often chemically inert, resulting in limited exposed active sites, thus limiting the widespread development of raw carbon materials in the field of energy conversion and storage devices. In order to effectively improve the application of the carbon material in the electrochemical energy storage and conversion device, the carbon material needs to be modified, and how to modify the carbon material becomes a current research topic.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a preparation method of a doped porous carbon nano-roll electrode material with simple and feasible process, and also provides the doped porous carbon nano-roll electrode material prepared by the method, which has the characteristics of high doping amount, high specific surface area and high active site, and has good electrochemical performance.
The invention is realized by the following scheme:
the preparation method of the doped porous carbon nano-roll electrode material comprises the following steps:
(1) Placing the mixture of the pretreated nitrogen-rich precursor and the doping source in a muffle furnace for calcining reaction for a certain time; the pretreatment process of the mixture of the nitrogen-rich precursor and the doping source comprises the following steps: dissolving the nitrogen-rich precursor and the doping source in a proper amount of deionized water, uniformly mixing, and drying at 60-80 ℃ to obtain a mixture of the pretreated nitrogen-rich precursor and the doping source; the temperature of the muffle furnace is generally 500-600 ℃, and the calcination reaction time is generally controlled to be more than 1-4 hours;
(2) Ultrasonically dispersing the calcined reaction product obtained in the step (1) in deionized water, sequentially adding a monomer and a stabilizer into the deionized water, stirring to form a mixed solution, and then adding an initiator into the mixed solution under the ice bath condition, and stirring to react for a certain time; the stirring reaction time after the initiator is added is generally controlled to be 10-16 hours;
(3) Centrifugally separating the reaction product obtained in the step (2), and drying the centrifugally separated product; the drying temperature is generally controlled to be 60-80 ℃;
(4) And (3) performing high-temperature pyrolysis on the substance obtained in the step (3) to obtain the doped porous carbon nano-roll electrode material. The pyrolysis time is generally controlled to be 2-4 h.
Further, the dosage of the doping source is 0.4-1% of the dosage of the nitrogen-rich precursor.
Further, the mass-volume ratio of the calcined reaction product obtained in the step (1) to deionized water is 2mg:1 to 1.5ml, wherein the mass volume ratio of the calcined reaction product obtained in the step (1) to the monomer is 200mg: 0.2-1 ml, the volume ratio of the monomer to the stabilizer is 0.2-1: 5.
further, the mass ratio of the initiator to the calcined reaction product obtained in the step (1) is 1:10 to 25.
Further, the pyrolysis step in the step (4) is performed in an environment filled with a protective gas and having a temperature of 800-1000 ℃. The shielding gas is typically nitrogen or an inert gas, which is typically argon, helium, or the like.
Further, the nitrogen-rich precursor is one or more of melamine, urea and thiourea; the doping source is one of citric acid, boron oxide and diammonium hydrogen phosphate; the monomer is aniline or pyrrole; the stabilizer is one of concentrated hydrochloric acid, concentrated sulfuric acid and concentrated nitric acid; the initiator is ammonium persulfate or ferric chloride.
The doped porous carbon nano-roll electrode material is prepared by adopting the preparation method of the doped porous carbon nano-roll electrode material. The doped porous carbon nano-roll electrode material is applied to the fields of electrochemical energy storage and conversion devices, including the fields of alkali metal batteries, fuel cells, metal-air batteries, lithium-sulfur batteries and the like, and a doping source in the doped porous carbon nano-roll electrode material can be selected correspondingly according to the corresponding electrochemical energy storage and conversion devices.
The preparation method of the doped porous carbon nano-roll electrode material has simple and feasible process, and can effectively regulate and control the electronic structure and interface characteristic of the carbon material through doping of hetero atoms, thereby improving the electrochemical performance of the doped porous carbon nano-roll electrode material. By modifying g-C 3 N 4 (M-CN) is a sacrificial template, limits carbon material agglomeration, provides a larger specific surface area and more active sites, promotes reactant, ion and electron transfer fromThe electrochemical performance of the doped porous carbon nano-roll electrode material is improved, and the application field of the energy storage and conversion device is widened; in addition, at high temperature, g-C is modified 3 N 4 The decomposition can drive the carbon material to curl to form a carbon nano-coil, thereby providing reference for construction of special morphology. The doped porous carbon nano-roll electrode material prepared by the method has the characteristics of high doping amount, high specific surface area and high active site, and has good electrochemical performance.
Drawings
FIG. 1 (a) is an SEM image of the N-PCNS prepared in example 1;
FIG. 1 (b) is a TEM image of N-PCNS prepared in example 1;
FIG. 2 (a) is a graph showing a linear scan comparison of N-PCNS prepared in example 1 and a conventional commercial Pt/C catalyst at 1600 rpm;
FIG. 2 (b) is a K-L curve of the membrane electrode made of N-PCNS prepared in example 1 under the condition of a potential of 0.17V.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be further described with reference to examples and drawings, but the present invention is not limited to the description of the examples.
Example 1
The preparation method of the nitrogen-doped porous carbon nano-roll electrode material comprises the following steps:
(1) Dissolving 5g of urea and 20mg of citric acid in 10mL of deionized water, uniformly mixing, drying at 60 ℃ to obtain a urea/citric acid mixture, placing the urea/citric acid mixture in a crucible, and placing in a muffle furnace at 550 ℃ for calcination reaction for 2h to obtain nitrogen doped g-C 3 N 4 (NCN)；
(2) Dispersing 200mgNCN in 100mL deionized water by ultrasonic, firstly adding 0.2mL Pyrrole (PY) into the solution, then slowly and dropwise adding 5mL concentrated hydrochloric acid into the solution, uniformly stirring the solution to form a mixed solution, then slowly adding 20mg ammonium persulfate into the mixed solution under ice bath condition, and stirring the solution for reaction for 12 hours;
(3) Centrifugally separating the reaction product obtained in the step (2), and drying the centrifugally separated product at 60 ℃ to obtain a polypyrrole (PPY)/NCN mixture;
(4) Calcining the PPY/NCN mixture obtained in the step (3) for 2 hours in an environment filled with nitrogen and at the temperature of 800 ℃ to obtain the nitrogen-doped porous carbon nano-roll electrode material (N-PCNS).
SEM and TEM examination of the N-PCNS prepared in example 1, FIG. 1 (a) is an SEM image of the N-PCNS prepared in example 1, and FIG. 1 (b) is a TEM image of the N-PCNS prepared in example 1, and it is apparent from FIG. 1 (a) that the N-PCNS has a porous structure and is curled; FIG. 1 (b) further demonstrates that N-PCNS is in a coiled structure (region within the black dashed box). Obviously, the curled porous structure is beneficial to increasing the specific surface area of the carbon material, exposing more effective catalytic active sites and promoting ion and electron transfer, and the N-PCNS prepared in the embodiment 1 can be used as an oxygen reduction catalyst of a fuel cell.
FIG. 2 (a) is a linear scan comparison curve of the N-PCNS prepared in example 1 and the existing commercial Pt/C catalyst at 1600rpm, wherein the "+% line represents the existing commercial Pt/C catalyst and the" +% line represents the N-PCNS prepared in example 1; FIG. 2 (b) is a K-L curve of the membrane electrode made of N-PCNS prepared in example 1 under the condition that the potential is 0.17V (vs. RHE). As can be seen from FIG. 2 (a), the peak potential (1.02V) of the N-PCNS produced in example 1 was shifted forward from that of the existing commercial Pt/C catalyst (0.98V), and the limiting current density of the N-PCNS produced in example 1 was comparable to that of the existing commercial Pt/C catalyst. As can be seen from FIG. 2 (b), the membrane electrode made of N-PCNS prepared in example 1 has a number of transferred electrons of 3.82 measured at a potential of 0.17V, indicating that the oxygen reduction process occurring on the surface thereof is a four-electron process.
Example 2
The preparation method of the nitrogen-phosphorus co-doped porous carbon nano-roll electrode material comprises the following steps:
(1) Dissolving 5g of thiourea and 50mg of diammonium hydrogen phosphate in 10mL of deionized water, uniformly mixing, drying at 80 ℃ to obtain a melamine/diammonium hydrogen phosphate mixture, placing the melamine/diammonium hydrogen phosphate mixture in a crucible, and placing in a muffle furnace at 600 ℃ for calcination reaction for 4 hours to obtain phosphorus doped g-C 3 N 4 (PCN)；
(2) 200mg of PCN is ultrasonically dispersed in 150mL of deionized water, 0.5mL of Aniline (ANI) is firstly added, then 5mL of concentrated sulfuric acid is slowly added dropwise and stirred uniformly to form a mixed solution, and then 8mg of ferric chloride is slowly added into the mixed solution under the ice bath condition, and stirring is carried out for 10 hours;
(3) Centrifugally separating the reaction product obtained in the step (2), and drying the centrifugally separated product at 80 ℃ to obtain a Polyaniline (PANI)/PCN mixture;
(4) Calcining the PANI/PCN mixture obtained in the step (3) for 2 hours in an environment filled with argon and at the temperature of 1000 ℃ to obtain the nitrogen-phosphorus co-doped porous carbon nano-roll electrode material.
Example 3
The preparation method of the nitrogen-boron co-doped porous carbon nano-roll electrode material comprises the following steps:
(1) Dissolving 5g of melamine and 20mg of boron oxide in 10mL of deionized water, uniformly mixing, drying at 70 ℃ to obtain a melamine/boron oxide mixture, placing the melamine/boron oxide mixture in a crucible, and placing the crucible in a muffle furnace at 500 ℃ for calcination reaction for 1.5h to obtain boron doped g-C 3 N 4 (BCN)；
(2) Dispersing 200mgBCN in 120mL deionized water by ultrasonic, firstly adding 1mL Pyrrole (PY) into the solution, then slowly and dropwise adding 5mL concentrated nitric acid into the solution, uniformly stirring the solution to form a mixed solution, then slowly adding 12mg ammonium persulfate into the mixed solution under the ice bath condition, and stirring the solution for reaction for 16 hours;
(3) Centrifugally separating the reaction product obtained in the step (2), and drying the centrifugally separated product at 70 ℃ to obtain a polypyrrole (PPY)/BCN mixture;
(4) Calcining the PPY/BCN mixture obtained in the step (3) for 2 hours in an environment filled with helium and at the temperature of 900 ℃ to obtain the nitrogen-boron co-doped porous carbon nano-roll electrode material.
It should be noted that: the above embodiments are provided merely to embody the technical features of the present invention and are not intended to limit the scope of patent claims of the present invention. Although not shown in the examples, the present invention is capable of various embodiments. For example: the doped porous carbon nano-roll electrode material is applied to Zn-air batteries, sodium ion batteries or lithium-sulfur batteries and the like.

Claims (8)

1. A preparation method of a doped porous carbon nano-roll electrode material is characterized by comprising the following steps: the method comprises the following steps:
(1) Placing the mixture of the pretreated nitrogen-rich precursor and the doping source in a muffle furnace for calcining reaction for a certain time; the nitrogen-rich precursor is one or more of melamine, urea and thiourea; the doping source is one of citric acid, boron oxide and diammonium hydrogen phosphate;
(2) Ultrasonically dispersing the calcined reaction product obtained in the step (1) in deionized water, sequentially adding a monomer and a stabilizer into the deionized water, stirring to form a mixed solution, and then adding an initiator into the mixed solution under the ice bath condition, and stirring to react for a certain time; the monomer is aniline or pyrrole;
(3) Centrifugally separating the reaction product obtained in the step (2), and drying the centrifugally separated product;
(4) And (3) performing high-temperature pyrolysis on the substance obtained in the step (3) to obtain the doped porous carbon nano-roll electrode material.
2. The method for preparing the doped porous carbon nano-roll electrode material according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: the dosage of the doping source is 0.4-1% of the dosage of the nitrogen-rich precursor.
3. The method for preparing the doped porous carbon nano-roll electrode material according to claim 2, wherein the method comprises the following steps: the mass volume ratio of the calcined reaction product obtained in the step (1) to deionized water is 2mg:1 to 1.5ml, wherein the mass volume ratio of the calcined reaction product obtained in the step (1) to the monomer is 200mg: 0.2-1 ml, the volume ratio of the monomer to the stabilizer is 0.2-1: 5.
4. the method for preparing a doped porous carbon nano-roll electrode material according to claim 3, wherein: the mass ratio of the initiator to the calcined reaction product obtained in the step (1) is 1:10 to 25.
5. The method for preparing the doped porous carbon nano-roll electrode material according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: the high-temperature pyrolysis step in the step (4) is performed in an environment filled with a protective gas and having a temperature of 800-1000 ℃.
6. The method for preparing the doped porous carbon nano-roll electrode material according to any one of claims 1 to 5, which is characterized in that: the stabilizer is one of concentrated hydrochloric acid, concentrated sulfuric acid and concentrated nitric acid; the initiator is ammonium persulfate or ferric chloride.
7. A doped porous carbon nano-roll electrode material is characterized in that: a method for producing a doped porous carbon nanoroll electrode material according to any one of claims 1 to 6.
8. The doped porous carbon nanoroll electrode material of claim 7, wherein: the electrode material is applied to the field of electrochemical energy storage and conversion devices.
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