CN113098042A - 一种基于用户用电预测的基站分布式储能节电控制方法 - Google Patents

一种基于用户用电预测的基站分布式储能节电控制方法 Download PDF

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CN113098042A
CN113098042A CN202110408118.8A CN202110408118A CN113098042A CN 113098042 A CN113098042 A CN 113098042A CN 202110408118 A CN202110408118 A CN 202110408118A CN 113098042 A CN113098042 A CN 113098042A
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power
energy storage
base station
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storage battery
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王立国
韩亚凯
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Harbin Institute of Technology
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    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
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    • H02J3/28—Arrangements for balancing of the load in a network by storage of energy
    • H02J3/32—Arrangements for balancing of the load in a network by storage of energy using batteries with converting means
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
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    • H02J13/00006—Circuit arrangements for providing remote indication of network conditions, e.g. an instantaneous record of the open or closed condition of each circuitbreaker in the network; Circuit arrangements for providing remote control of switching means in a power distribution network, e.g. switching in and out of current consumers by using a pulse code signal carried by the network characterised by information or instructions transport means between the monitoring, controlling or managing units and monitored, controlled or operated power network element or electrical equipment
    • H02J13/00007—Circuit arrangements for providing remote indication of network conditions, e.g. an instantaneous record of the open or closed condition of each circuitbreaker in the network; Circuit arrangements for providing remote control of switching means in a power distribution network, e.g. switching in and out of current consumers by using a pulse code signal carried by the network characterised by information or instructions transport means between the monitoring, controlling or managing units and monitored, controlled or operated power network element or electrical equipment using the power network as support for the transmission
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Abstract

本发明公开了一种基于用户用电预测的基站分布式储能节电控制方法，所述方法包括以下步骤：步骤一、构建基站储能电池供电拓扑；步骤二、根据用户发送的电力线载波信息及智能电表mac物理地址信息辨识用户的ID，从纷繁冗杂的电网信号中提取用户用电申请信息。步骤三、通过对复杂原始载波信号HHT分解，得到只含有用户用电信息的IMF特征数据序列；步骤四、根据用户用电需求控制对应数量的储能电池逆变；步骤五、基于最小二乘思想进行小区用电预测，为储能电池逆变控制及电网配电调度潮流控制提供控制基础。本发明通过构建分布式小区供电储能电站，可有效提高基站储能电池的效能与使用寿命。

Description

一种基于用户用电预测的基站分布式储能节电控制方法
技术领域
本发明属于电力电子和智能电网控制领域，涉及一种基于用户用电预测的基站分布式储能节电控制方法。
背景技术
归纳近年来国内外大停电案例，其部分原因可总结为高峰期电网电能供应失调、备用电源不足或无备用电源，这些都为建立储能电站满足市电断电情况下用户不间断供电提出了迫切需求。我国城市小区供电一般都是在城市外围建设环网，环网的适当地点设立枢纽变电所，降压后送给小区供电。由于小区负荷很小，一般采用环网供电，而不是直供。目前小区的供电问题主要体现在如下三点：①自然灾害 (水灾、地震)导致的小区用电中断问题；②用电高峰(电力不足) 导致的小区用电中断问题；③如何降低用户的用电成本问题。上述三点表明，如能因地制宜地建立储能电站、充分考虑电网的削峰填谷，可为满足小区用户的上述供电问题提供求解思路。
考虑到通信基站储能电池功率一般为6.4～10kW(100～500Ah)左右，且大部分时间处于闲置状态，可以将多个通信基站的储能电池集中综合利用，建立广义概念下的储能电站，满足小区断电时供电的需求。储能电站的功能归结为四个字“削峰填谷”，改善电站运行曲线，可以将用电低谷期富余的电能用储能电池储存起来，在用电高峰的时候再根据用户用电需求控制储能电池馈能到电网，据此缓解用电高峰期用电压力，用电低谷时向电池组充电储能，对电网进行局部错峰调谷，均衡用电负荷。基于通信基站储能电池建立储能电站的优点：占地面积小(不需要额外占地)、效率高(就近放电)、建设周期短(只需对原有基站电池加控)、解决电池的自放电问题等。此技术对于满足小区市电中断情况下用户的供电需求尤其具有现实的应用价值。
发明内容
本发明提供了一种基于用户用电预测的基站分布式储能节电控制方法，该方法的目的在于基于通信基站储能电池建立具有小区用电特色的储能电站，实现以下指标：①满足灾害导致的配电网长时间中断情况下用户的及时供电需求；②解决配电网用电高峰期供电不足及用电低谷时的过裕问题；③利用电网的峰谷价差满足常态下用户的节能控制。
本发明的目的是通过以下技术方案实现的：
一种基于用户用电预测的基站分布式储能节电控制方法，包括以下步骤：
步骤一、构建基站储能电池供电拓扑：
根据实测、辨识及预测小区用电负荷需求，依据基站储能电池实际工况及物理位置设计环状储能电池拓扑，以到达小区的距离及基站储能电池容量为基准选择主控基站和供电基站，其中：
以具体小区满负荷用电需求为基准，以20～50个基站为一个储能电站单元设计环状储能电站拓扑，以离小区最近的基站为主控基站；
供电基站与小区用户间、主控基站与AC380V电网配电调度之间通过电力线载波通信(或配电通信网、工业以太网，由实际配置决定)，主控基站与供电基站之间通过已有通信介质(如光纤)进行通信。
步骤二、根据用户发送的电力线载波信息及智能电表mac物理地址信息辨识用户的ID，从纷繁冗杂的电网信号中提取用户用电申请信息。
步骤三、开发基于HHT(Hilbert Huang Transformation)的电力线载波特征信号提取方法，通过对复杂原始载波信号HHT分解，得到只含有用户用电信息的IMF(IntrinsicMode Functions)特征数据序列。
步骤四、根据用户用电需求控制对应数量的储能电池逆变，以具体小区满负荷用电需求为基准，以20～50个基站为一个储能电站单元轮流为小区用户供电，通过主控基站与AC380V电网配电调度协调，使得储能电池馈能潮流流向用电小区，满足用户高峰期及断电情况下的用电需求。
步骤五、基于最小二乘思想进行小区用电预测，为储能电池逆变控制及电网配电调度潮流控制提供控制基础。
一种实现上述基站分布式储能节电控制方法的储能电池并网逆变器，包括电力线载波信号接收模块、解调信号调理模块、用户电力需求特征信号辨识及预测模块、基站之间通信信息处理模块、储能电池状态监测信息分析模块、储能电池逆变控制模块、HMI信息显示模块、用电高峰期与低谷期信息判断模块、并网逆变器与电网配电调度中心通信功能模块、孤岛效应判断及保护模块，其中：
所述电力线载波信号接收模块用于接收耦合到电力线上的用户用电数据信号；
所述解调信号调理模块用于对接收到的信号进行处理，得到含有干扰较少的耦合信号；
所述用户电力需求特征信号辨识及预测模块用于对复杂原始采样信号进行分解，得到只含有用户用电信息的IMF数据序列集，并利用最小二乘法进行拟合预测用户电力需求；
所述基站之间通信信息处理模块用于根据用户发来的用电需求信息及当前基站状况规划及控制参与逆变供电的储能电池数量；
所述储能电池状态监测信息分析模块用于储能电池电量状态监测，根据各基站储能电池的现状控制逆变馈能，满足小区不同用电情况下的供电需求；
所述储能电池逆变控制模块用于将储能电池的直流电逆变为可供小区用户使用的交流电，并加以控制使逆变器的输出电压稳定；
所述HMI信息显示模块用于根据用电信息、用电峰谷期判断结果以及孤岛效应判断结果来显示相应的信息；
所述用电高峰期与低谷期信息判断模块用于判断在正常充放电频率范围内控制储能电池在用电高峰期放电、在用电低谷期充电；
所述并网逆变器与电网配电调度中心通信功能模块用于通过主控基站与AC380V电网配电调度协调，使得储能电池馈能潮流流向用电小区；
所述孤岛效应判断及保护模块用于监测电网故障信息，一旦发生故障立即将电网断开，使储能电池与小区用户两者孤岛运行。
本发明除重点解决由于地震、洪水等自然灾害导致长时间市电供电不足、中断情况下的小区用户的用电问题以外，借助市电峰谷价格差，实现用户用电的削峰填谷，最大程度地降低用户的用电成本。另一方面，本发明通过构建分布式小区供电储能电站，可有效提高基站储能电池的效能与使用寿命。具体优点总结如下：
1、节约储能电站投资：避免了通过建立专用的电池储能电站解决小区供电的难题，可从备用柴油机发电设备投入、储能电站占地及人工投入方面节省可观的经济投资。
2、保护储能电池：对小区及基站的原有配电情况几乎没有影响，通过储能电池状态监控电池适度放电，每次都留出50％的裕量作为基站自身的备用电源；在此基础上控制储能电池作为储能电站的一部分参加并网逆变。
3、节约用户电费：在用电低谷阶段为储能电池充电，在用电高峰阶段向电网逆向供电，充分利用峰谷电价差额，在有效降低电网供电压力的同时，最大程度地降低用户的用电成本，特别是可满足电网断电情况下用户的用电需求。
4、协调电网潮流：通过主控基站与AC380V电网配电调度协调，使得储能电池馈能潮流流向用电小区；控制每一个储能电站单元轮流为小区用户供电，使多个基站的储能电池综合调配，确保某一基站储能电池不会过度放电。
5、预测用户用电：基于最小二乘拟合的用户用电需求预测曲线，获取用户24小时内的用电规律，预测精度可以达到30分钟，此预测方法可为调用基站储能电池为高峰期及断电情况下用户的供电提供控制参考。
6、高效控制逆变：在确保储能电池逆变效率达到95％以上的情况下，所开发储能电池逆变器兼顾电力线载波信号分析、电力需求特征信号辨识及预测、(储能电站)各基站之间的协调控制、配合电网配电调度中心的潮流控制及孤岛效应判断及保护等功能。
附图说明
图1为分布式基站储能架构与电网配电调度中心间拓扑示意图。
图2为分布式基站储能架构与小区用户之间载波通信理示意图。
图3为储能电池逆变器采样得到的电力线载波电压信号图。
图4为用户电力需求特征信号HHT辨识结果。
图5为主控基站、供电基站之间拓扑及逆变控制示意图。
图6为某小区24小时累计耗电功率实测曲线。
图7为某小区用户24小时内平均耗电功率实测曲线柱状图。
图8为某小区用户24小时内瞬时耗电功率实测曲线。
图9为某小区用户24小时内瞬时耗电功率最小二乘拟合曲线。
图10为基于最小二乘数据拟合的小区用户24小时耗电功率预测曲线。
图11为所开发储能电池逆变器(3kW)输出电压曲线(模拟小区断电情况)。
图12为所开发储能电池逆变器(3kW)跟踪用电高峰时输出电压曲线。
图13为储能电池并网逆变器程序各模块示意图。
具体实施方式
下面结合附图对本发明的技术方案作进一步的说明，但并不局限于此，凡是对本发明技术方案进行修改或者等同替换，而不脱离本发明技术方案的精神和范围，均应涵盖在本发明的保护范围中。
一种基于用户用电预测的基站分布式储能节电控制方法，包括 (1)基站储能电池拓扑结构设计、(2)完备的用户用电数据采集及监控系统、(3)电力线载波数据传输及载波特征信号辨识系统、(4) 储能电池逆变系统设计、(5)用户用电需求预测系统、(6)储能电池并网逆变器功能开发等6个主要部分，具体说明如下：
(1)基站储能电池拓扑结构设计
如图1所示，以具体小区满负荷用电需求为基准，以20～50个基站为一个储能电站单元，因地制宜设计环状储能电站拓扑，以某一离小区最近的基站为主控基站，负责接收用户发来的用电请求信息并进行信息辨识；据此根据基站电池的状况进行储能电池逆变馈能控制，将基站电池所存储的直流电能反馈到电网，满足用电高峰期及市电中断情况下小区的用电需求。特色在于：无需重新配置送电线路，利用小区原有配电线路实现基站至小区用户间的电能传输。
(2)完备的用户用电数据采集及监控系统
建立基于电力线载波通信的控制网络：如图2所示，基于小区用户已有的智能电表及数据采集器系统，建立供电基站(储能电站)与小区用户之间的电力线载波通信网络，实现小区用电需求信息的上传及监控。特色在于：无需重新建立专用通信电缆及其配套系统，利用配电网电力线实现用户至(主控)基站小区间的用电需求传输。
具体工作特点如下：①借用用户已有的智能电表数据采集系统；②对于普通电能表用户，装设数据采集器对用户用电信息进行采集。用户用电信息最终经过电力线载波模块传输到电网，由于小区用户电压等级多为380V/220V系统，不涉及到变压器环节，因此可保证载波信号的传输，难点在于用户用电信息的提取，本发明通过增设mac物理地址信息来解决用户的ID辨识问题。
(3)电力线载波数据传输及载波特征信号辨识系统
建立小区用户用电需求信号辨识功能模块：如图3和图4所示，鉴于耦合到电力线上的用户用电载波数据信号频带峰峰值电压不超过10V，建立基于HHT算法的用电特征信息提取分析算法。特色在于：基于所开发储能电池逆变器，从复杂载波采样信号中提取只含有用户用电信息的IMF数据序列，可有效抑制配电网中电压电流扰动冲击对载波信息的影响。
具体工作特点如下：①将用户用电数据与高频调制载波融合后进行功率放大，信号频带峰峰值电压不超过10V；②将用户用电数据通过耦合电路耦合到电力线上；③基于HHT(Hilbert Huang Transformation)分析对复杂原始采样信号进行分解，得到只含有用户用电信息的IMF(Intrinsic Mode Functions)数据序列集如图3所示，应用HHT所提取的载波特征数据如图4所示，以此作为对电力线载波数据传输及载波特征信号辨识的数据基础。
(4)储能电池逆变系统设计
建立用户、主控基站及供电基站之间闭环控制功能模块，如图5 所示，主控基站接收用户发来的用电需求信息后，根据当前储能电池状况规划参与逆变供电的基站数量，给这些基站储能电池逆变器发出逆变控制信息，实现DC48V至AC380V的逆变控制。特色在于：充分考虑网损及电网调配中心的潮流控制，确保储能电池逆变满足用户高峰期及断电情况下的用电需求。
具体工作特点如下：①主控基站根据用户发来的用电需求信息及当前基站状况规划参与逆变供电的储能电池数量，难点在于从高频调制载波中精确提取用户用电数据信息；②主控基站控制参与逆变供电的储能电池容量为用户需求的1.5倍进行逆变控制，保证用户有足够的电能供给用户(充分考虑网损)；③主控基站与电网调配中心协调合作，确保储能电池逆变满足用户高峰期及断电情况下的用电需求。
(5)用户用电需求预测系统
建立小区用户用电容量的预测功能模块，如图6～10所示，鉴于小区储能备用电站是建立在分布式基站储能电池控制的基础之上的，逆变供电时需要综合考虑各基站储能电池的充电状况信息，提前掌握每个时段用户的用电情况对合理调用储能基站十分重要，因此本发明基于最小二乘拟合的用户用电需求进行预测。特色在于：可实现小区每30分钟用电工况的预测，从而为调用基站储能电池为高峰期及断电情况下用户的供电提供控制参考。
具体工作过程如下：①应用HIOKO3198(电能测试仪)对小区用电进行24小时连续监测，获取如图6所示累积耗电曲线，可见其 24小时平均耗电功率约为120kW(见图7)；②用户24小时用电需求瞬时曲线如图8所示，为获取用户用电规律，应用最小二乘拟合进行数据拟合预测结果如图9所示；③图10为基于最小二乘拟合的用户用电需求预测曲线，可对小区每30分钟的用电工况进行预测，从而为调用基站储能电池为高峰期及断电情况下用户的供电提供控制参考。
(6)储能电池并网逆变器开发：
这是基于用户用电预测的基站分布式储能节电控制技术开发的核心所在，并网逆变器功能主要包括：①接收电力线载波信号，建立与小区智能电表或普通电能表采集器握手通信协议；②进行电力线载波数据传输及载波特征信号辨识及预测；③控制主控基站及供电基站储能电池逆变，响应时间控制在20ms以内；④兼顾储能电池状态监测，根据各基站储能电池的现状控制逆变馈能，满足小区不同用电情况下的供电需求(电压逆变波形如图11、图12所示)⑤在正常充放电频率范围内控制储能电池在用电高峰期放电、在用电低谷期充电。
作为实现上述3、4、5功能模块的控制载体，此逆变器可确保储能电池逆变效率达到95％以上，功率因数达到0.95以上；兼顾电力线载波信号接收、辨识及预测、参与逆变供电各基站之间的协调控制、配合电网配电调度中心的潮流控制及孤岛效应判断及保护等功能。特色在于并网电压畸变率小于4％、电流畸变率小于8％与响应时间小于 20ms。
本发明所述基于用户用电预测的基站分布储能节电控制方法的设计原理及工作方式分为以下步骤：
步骤一、构建基站储能电池供电拓扑：
根据实测、辨识及预测小区用电负荷需求，依据基站储能电池实际工况及物理位置设计环状储能电池拓扑，以到达小区的距离及基站储能电池容量为基准选择主控基站和供电基站，其中：
以具体小区满负荷用电需求为基准，以20～50个基站为一个储能电站单元设计环状储能电站拓扑，以离小区最近的基站为主控基站；
供电基站与小区用户间、主控基站与AC380V电网配电调度之间通过电力线载波通信(或配电通信网、工业以太网，由实际配置决定)，主控基站与供电基站之间通过已有通信介质(如光纤)进行通信。
步骤二、根据用户发送的电力线载波信息及智能电表mac物理地址信息辨识用户的ID，从纷繁冗杂的电网信号中提取用户用电申请信息。
由于电力线载波信号的频带峰值电压幅值一般不超过10V，而我国配电网允许电压幅值在正负10％之间波动、大功率负载投切瞬间会引起电网电压瞬间剧烈波动，本方法的特色之一就在于研究一种可以从冗杂的电力线载波信号中提取用户用电需求信息的信号提取方法。
步骤三、开发基于HHT(Hilbert Huang Transformation)的电力线载波特征信号提取方法，通过对复杂原始载波信号HHT分解，得到只含有用户用电信息的IMF(IntrinsicMode Functions)特征数据序列。具体过程如下：
在主控基站载波采样的每一个周期内，为了能有效地描述有用信号的特征，对于任一连续的时间信号X(t)，其Hilbert变换Y(t)可表示为：
Figure RE-GDA0003063801860000121
其中，P为Cauchy主值，Y(t)表示时域中的Hilbert变换。此变换对于所有的类函数LP均成立。定义X(t)与Y(t)描述一个复共轭对，则解析信号Z(t)可表述如下：
Z(t)＝X(t)+Y(t)＝a(t)ejθ(t) (2)；
其中，a(t)与θ(t)均是时间t的函数，分别为解析信号Z(t)的瞬时幅值和瞬时相位，可写为：
a(t)＝[X2(t)+Y2(t)]1/2 (3)；
θ(t)＝arctan(Y(t)/X(t)) (4)。
基于Hilbert变换，瞬时频率ω定义如下：
Figure RE-GDA0003063801860000122
其频带宽度V2等式如下：
Figure RE-GDA0003063801860000123
设频谱为S(ω)，则中间频率<ω>可表示为：
Figure RE-GDA0003063801860000124
对Z(t)作Fourier变换，得频域表示W(ω)，定义如下：
Figure RE-GDA0003063801860000131
通过稳相位法，W(ω)的最大边界效满足如下频率条件：
Figure RE-GDA0003063801860000132
步骤四、根据用户用电需求控制对应数量的储能电池逆变，如图 5所示，以具体小区满负荷用电需求为基准，以20～50个基站为一个储能电站单元轮流为小区用户供电，确保某一基站储能电池不会过度放电。侧重点在于通过主控基站与AC380V电网配电调度协调，使得储能电池馈能潮流流向用电小区，满足用户高峰期及断电情况下的用电需求。此过程需要供电基站储能电池逆变器协调逆变，实现DC48V 向AC220V的逆变控制。蓄电池容量计算公式如下：
Figure RE-GDA0003063801860000133
其中，Q为电池容量，Ah；K为安全系数，K＝1.25；I为用户负荷电流，A；t1为放电小时数，h；η为放电容量系数；T为电池环境温度；α为电池温度系数，α＝0.006。
步骤五、基于最小二乘思想进行小区用电预测，如图10所示，为储能电池逆变控制及电网配电调度潮流控制提供控制基础。鉴于最小二乘法有着许多优秀的统计学特性，可用其进行复杂系统的参数辨识，本发明应用最小二乘拟合进行用户用电信息预测，具体步骤如下：
对于大多数参数待辨识系统来说，用式(11)即可描述其实时的状态：
y(k)+a1y(k-1)+···+any(k-n)＝b1u(k-1)+b2u(k-2)+···+bnu(k-n)+e(k) (11)；
式中，{u(k),y(k)}为待辨识系统的输入和输出，k＝1,2,3...；{e(k)}为待辨识系统的扰动和误差，k＝1,2,3...；n为待辨识系统的阶数， n＝1,2,3...。将式(11)变换成y(k)的隐式形式，得到式(12)：
y(k)＝-a1y(k-1)-···-any(k-n)+b1u(k-1)+···+bnu(k-n)+e(k) (12)；
为辨识出系统参数，需要对a1···an，b1···bn这2n个未知数进行辨识。设y为用户用电量预测函数，t(t≤24)为对应于24小时内的时间，则依据最小二乘得到的用户用电量可描述如下：
y(t)＝0.002585t5-0.457925t4+27.216t3+741.17t2+9994.1t+717 08 (13)。
式中，y(t)为小区用户预测值，时刻t满足t≤24。
步骤六、开发储能电池并网逆变器程序，包括以下功能模块：①电力线载波信号接收模块；②解调信号调理模块；③用户电力需求特征信号辨识及预测模块；④基站之间通信信息处理模块；⑤储能电池状态监测信息分析模块；⑥储能电池逆变控制模块；⑦HMI信息显示模块；⑧用电高峰期与低谷期信息判断模块；⑨并网逆变器与电网配电调度中心通信功能模块；⑩孤岛效应判断及保护模块。具体功能与关系如图13所示，其中：
所述电力线载波信号接收模块用于接收耦合到电力线上的用户用电数据信号；
所述解调信号调理模块用于将接收到的信号进行处理，得到含有干扰较少的耦合信号；
所述用户电力需求特征信号辨识及预测模块用于对复杂原始采样信号进行分解，得到只含有用户用电信息的IMF数据序列集，并利用最小二乘法进行拟合预测用户电力需求；
所述基站之间通信信息处理模块用于根据用户发来的用电需求信息及当前基站状况规划及控制参与逆变供电的储能电池数量；
所述储能电池状态监测信息分析模块用于储能电池电量状态监测，根据各基站储能电池的现状控制逆变馈能，满足小区不同用电情况下的供电需求；
所述储能电池逆变控制模块用于将储能电池的直流电逆变为可供小区用户使用的交流电，并加以控制使逆变器的输出电压稳定；
所述HMI信息显示模块用于根据用电信息、用电峰谷期判断结果以及孤岛效应判断结果来显示相应的信息；
所述用电高峰期与低谷期信息判断模块用于判断在正常充放电频率范围内控制储能电池在用电高峰期放电、在用电低谷期充电；
所述并网逆变器与电网配电调度中心通信功能模块用于通过主控基站与AC380V电网配电调度协调，使得储能电池馈能潮流流向用电小区；
所述孤岛效应判断及保护模块用于监测电网故障信息，一旦发生故障立即将电网断开，使储能电池与小区用户两者孤岛运行。
本发明所提基于用户用电预测的基站分布式储能节电控制方法，不需要对原有小区用户及基站配电线路做出改动，目的在于满足小区断电情况下不间断供电的迫切需求(切换时间在10～20ms之间)。本发明的核心在于基于电价的峰谷调控(部分统计结果见表1)，利用通信基站的储能电池在用电高峰阶段向电网逆向供电，满足高峰期用户供电及电网断电情况下小区用户的用电需求。此技术最大优点在于无需占地、无需投资新的储能电池即可建立小区备用储能电站、且可有效降低用户的用电成本，难点在于小区电网与主控基站逆变器之间、主控基站与供电基站之间、主控基站与电网配电调度之间的信息传输、共享及逆变控制。
表1
Figure RE-GDA0003063801860000161
本发明的特色在于利用一定区域内通信基站储能电池模拟储能电站架构，如北京移动已建立8000多4G基站(一般2～3公里一个建站)，小区人口越密集的地方基站越多。在不改变原有基站电气配电拓扑的情况下，通过电力线载波将每50个通信基站储能电池控制为一个储能电站，按每个基站储能电池的容量为6.7～10kW估算，50个通信基站的电池整体电池容量达300～500kW左右，按最低容量300kW 计算，50个通信基站的电池储能可满足的小区平均供电面积如表2 所示。
表2
Figure RE-GDA0003063801860000162
本发明的核心在于通过对小区用户用电需求的实时预测，基于电价的峰谷调控，利用通信基站的储能电池在用电高峰阶段向电网逆向供电，满足高峰期用户供电及储能电池自身的放电需求。在用电低谷阶段为储能电池充电，充分利用峰谷电价差额，在有效降低电网供电压力的同时，最大程度地降低用户的用电成本；特别是在市电长时间中断的情况下，本发明的方法对于确保医院、小区等备用柴油发电机启动前重要设备(无影灯、安保系统、交通信号灯、电梯、空调及冰箱等)的不间断供电尤其具有实效。本发明的最大优点在于无需占地、无需投资新的储能电池建立小区备用储能电站，且可有效降低用户的成本。
作为本发明应用平台的小区智能电表普及率越来越高，这也表明本发明的应用领域越来越大，此技术适用于国内任一装有智能电表及采集器的小区。本发明还适用于海外任一装有智能电表的国家小区，具有广阔的应用空间。

Claims (8)

1.一种基于用户用电预测的基站分布式储能节电控制方法，其特征在于所述方法包括以下步骤：
步骤一、构建基站储能电池供电拓扑：
根据实测、辨识及预测小区用电负荷需求，依据基站储能电池实际工况及物理位置设计环状储能电池拓扑，以到达小区的距离及基站储能电池容量为基准选择主控基站和供电基站；
步骤二、根据用户发送的电力线载波信息及智能电表mac物理地址信息辨识用户的ID，从纷繁冗杂的电网信号中提取用户用电申请信息。
步骤三、开发基于HHT的电力线载波特征信号提取方法，通过对复杂原始载波信号HHT分解，得到只含有用户用电信息的IMF特征数据序列；
步骤四、根据用户用电需求控制对应数量的储能电池逆变，以具体小区满负荷用电需求为基准，以20～50个基站为一个储能电站单元轮流为小区用户供电，通过主控基站与AC380V电网配电调度协调，使得储能电池馈能潮流流向用电小区，满足用户高峰期及断电情况下的用电需求；
步骤五、基于最小二乘思想进行小区用电预测，为储能电池逆变控制及电网配电调度潮流控制提供控制基础。
2.根据权利要求1所述的基于用户用电预测的基站分布式储能节电控制方法，其特征在于所述步骤一中，以具体小区满负荷用电需求为基准，以20～50个基站为一个储能电站单元设计环状储能电站拓扑，以离小区最近的基站为主控基站。
3.根据权利要求1所述的基于用户用电预测的基站分布式储能节电控制方法，其特征在于所述步骤一中，供电基站与小区用户间、主控基站与AC380V电网配电调度之间通过电力线载波、配电通信网或工业以太网通信，主控基站与供电基站之间通过已有通信介质进行通信。
4.根据权利要求1所述的基于用户用电预测的基站分布式储能节电控制方法，其特征在于所述步骤三的具体过程如下：
在主控基站载波采样的每一个周期内，对于任一连续的时间信号X(t)，其Hilbert变换Y(t)表示为：
Figure FDA0003023089310000021
其中，P为Cauchy主值，Y(t)表示时域中的Hilbert变换；
定义X(t)与Y(t)描述一个复共轭对，则解析信号Z(t)表述如下：
Z(t)＝X(t)+Y(t)＝a(t)ejθ(t)；
其中，a(t)与θ(t)分别为解析信号Z(t)的瞬时幅值和瞬时相位；
基于Hilbert变换，瞬时频率ω定义如下：
Figure FDA0003023089310000022
其频带宽度V2等式如下：
Figure FDA0003023089310000023
设频谱为S(ω)，则中间频率<ω>表示为：
Figure FDA0003023089310000031
对Z(t)作Fourier变换，得频域表示W(ω)，定义如下：
Figure FDA0003023089310000032
通过稳相位法，W(ω)的最大边界效满足如下频率条件：
Figure FDA0003023089310000033
5.根据权利要求4所述的基于用户用电预测的基站分布式储能节电控制方法，其特征在于所述a(t)与θ(t)写为：
a(t)＝[X2(t)+Y2(t)]1/2；
θ(t)＝arctan(Y(t)/X(t))。
6.根据权利要求1所述的基于用户用电预测的基站分布式储能节电控制方法，其特征在于所述步骤四中，蓄电池容量计算公式如下：
Figure FDA0003023089310000034
其中，Q为电池容量；K为安全系数；I为用户负荷电流；t1为放电小时数；η为放电容量系数；T为电池环境温度；α为电池温度系数。
7.根据权利要求1所述的基于用户用电预测的基站分布式储能节电控制方法，其特征在于所述步骤五的具体步骤如下：
用下式描述参数待辨识系统实时的状态：
y(k)+a1y(k-1)+···+any(k-n)＝b1u(k-1)+b2u(k-2)+···+bnu(k-n)+e(k)；
式中，{u(k),y(k)}为待辨识系统的输入和输出；{e(k)}为待辨识系统的扰动和误差；n为待辨识系统的阶数；
将上式变换成y(k)的隐式形式，得到：
y(k)＝-a1y(k-1)-···-any(k-n)+b1u(k-1)+···+bnu(k-n)+e(k)；
设y为用户用电量预测函数，t为对应于24小时内的时间，则依据最小二乘得到的用户用电量描述如下：
y(t)＝0.002585t5-0.457925t4+27.216t3+741.17t2+9994.1t+71708；
式中，y(t)为小区用户预测值。
8.一种实现权利要求1-7任一项所述基站分布式储能节电控制方法的储能电池并网逆变器，其特征在于所述储能电池并网逆变器包括电力线载波信号接收模块、解调信号调理模块、用户电力需求特征信号辨识及预测模块、基站之间通信信息处理模块、储能电池状态监测信息分析模块、储能电池逆变控制模块、HMI信息显示模块、用电高峰期与低谷期信息判断模块、并网逆变器与电网配电调度中心通信功能模块、孤岛效应判断及保护模块，其中：
所述电力线载波信号接收模块用于接收耦合到电力线上的用户用电数据信号；
所述解调信号调理模块用于对接收到的信号进行处理，得到含有干扰较少的耦合信号；
所述用户电力需求特征信号辨识及预测模块用于对复杂原始采样信号进行分解，得到只含有用户用电信息的IMF数据序列集，并利用最小二乘法进行拟合预测用户电力需求；
所述基站之间通信信息处理模块用于根据用户发来的用电需求信息及当前基站状况规划及控制参与逆变供电的储能电池数量；
所述储能电池状态监测信息分析模块用于储能电池电量状态监测，根据各基站储能电池的现状控制逆变馈能，满足小区不同用电情况下的供电需求；
所述储能电池逆变控制模块用于将储能电池的直流电逆变为可供小区用户使用的交流电，并加以控制使逆变器的输出电压稳定；
所述HMI信息显示模块用于根据用电信息、用电峰谷期判断结果以及孤岛效应判断结果来显示相应的信息；
所述用电高峰期与低谷期信息判断模块用于判断在正常充放电频率范围内控制储能电池在用电高峰期放电、在用电低谷期充电；
所述并网逆变器与电网配电调度中心通信功能模块用于通过主控基站与AC380V电网配电调度协调，使得储能电池馈能潮流流向用电小区；
所述孤岛效应判断及保护模块用于监测电网故障信息，一旦发生故障立即将电网断开，使储能电池与小区用户两者孤岛运行。
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