CN113087541A - Wave-transparent/wave-absorbing composite layered aerogel and preparation method and application thereof - Google Patents
Wave-transparent/wave-absorbing composite layered aerogel and preparation method and application thereof Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses wave-transparent/wave-absorbing composite layered aerogel and a preparation method and application thereof. The wave-transparent aerogel film is used as an electromagnetic wave transmission channel to enhance the impedance matching of the layered electromagnetic wave absorption aerogel; the wave-absorbing aerogel is used as an electromagnetic wave absorbent; the wave-transparent aerogel films and the wave-absorbing aerogel films are alternately arranged to form a multi-layer structure, so that electromagnetic waves can be continuously attenuated in a zigzag mode, namely the electromagnetic waves are limited in the layered electromagnetic wave-absorbing aerogel wave-absorbing layer to be dissipated. The preparation method is simple and easy to implement, has low requirements on equipment and can be used for mass production; the wave-absorbing aerogel prepared by the method has light weight and wide absorption frequency band, can be used at high temperature, is a high-performance wave-absorbing material with great potential and can be used in the technical field of high-temperature stealth, and is expected to realize industrial popularization and use.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of radar wave-absorbing material preparation, relates to wave-transmitting/wave-absorbing composite layered aerogel and a wave-absorbing performance strengthening method thereof, and particularly relates to wave-transmitting/wave-absorbing composite layered aerogel and a preparation method and application thereof.
Background
With the development of aerospace technologies, hypersonic aircrafts are faced with more complex and harsh electromagnetic wave environments, such as multi-band radar detection and high temperature environments. Stealth aircraft mainly relies on appearance structural design and absorbing material to reduce the detectivity of radar. Wherein, through various appearance structure design means, can make nearly 90% electromagnetic wave not reflected, but its effect efficiency has already approached "ceiling at present, is difficult to further promote. And the rest 10% of the materials need to be absorbed by the radar absorbing materials. Therefore, the novel wave-absorbing material technology becomes a breakthrough of stealth performance of the hypersonic aircraft, and particularly research and development of high-efficiency, high-temperature-resistant and broadband wave-absorbing materials.
The improvement of the wave absorption performance of the material can be mainly started from two aspects of impedance matching of the material and attenuation characteristics of electromagnetic waves. The attenuation properties emphasize the losses (absorption) of electromagnetic waves inside the material, mainly by having different loss mechanisms (electrical conduction losses, magnetic losses)Loss and dielectric loss) of a multi-component material composite, such as Ni/CNT/SiCf, Co/CNT, and Cf/MXene/MoS2Composite high-efficiency wave-absorbing material. However, these materials are not only complicated in preparation process, but also are hardly usable at high temperatures because the introduced metal and carbon materials are oxidized at high temperatures, lose wave-absorbing properties, and cause the integrity of the materials to be destroyed. In order to realize high-temperature wave absorption, the prior art starts from the angle of impedance matching so as to ensure that electromagnetic waves can enter the material as much as possible. Introduction of wave-transparent ceramics is an effective method for improving impedance matching, and various composite wave-absorbing materials capable of being used at high temperature, such as Si, have been reported3N4/SiCNW、SiC-SiO2、Si3N4-SiC/SiO2、SiCf/Si3N4And SiCN/PDC, etc., which can be used as high-temperature wave-absorbing materials to some extent, but the frequency width of the wave-absorbing materials is too narrow (less than 5GHz), mainly due to: the uniform material can only respond to the electromagnetic wave of a specific frequency band; meanwhile, the introduction of the wave-transparent material improves impedance matching, but also sacrifices the attenuation capability of electromagnetic waves. Therefore, the preparation of the wave-absorbing material with low impedance and high loss is the key to obtain the high-performance, high-temperature and broadband wave-absorbing material, but the problem still remains a technical difficulty in the field at present.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to overcome the defects of the prior art, the invention aims to provide a wave-transparent/wave-absorbing composite layered aerogel, and a preparation method and application thereof.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the following technical scheme to realize the purpose:
the invention discloses wave-transparent/wave-absorbing composite layered aerogel, which is a layered structure formed by alternately arranging wave-transparent aerogel films and wave-absorbing aerogel films;
the wave-transmitting aerogel film and the wave-absorbing aerogel film are assembled in the layered structure by utilizing the self-adhesiveness of the films, and the wave-transmitting aerogel film is positioned on the surface of the layered structure.
Preference is given toThe density of the wave-transparent/wave-absorbing composite layered aerogel is 8-40 mg/cm3。
Preferably, the volume ratio of the wave-transmitting aerogel film to the wave-absorbing aerogel film is 30-70%.
Preferably, the wave-transparent aerogel film is silicon oxide wave-transparent aerogel or silicon nitride wave-transparent aerogel; the wave-absorbing aerogel film is made of silicon carbide wave-absorbing aerogel.
Preferably, the wave-transparent aerogel film is a film constructed by a wave-transparent aerogel material nanowire three-dimensional network; the wave-absorbing aerogel film is a film constructed by a wave-absorbing aerogel material nanowire three-dimensional network.
Preferably, the wave-transparent/wave-absorbing composite layered aerogel has an effective absorption bandwidth of 4-8.9 GHz; the effective wave-absorbing bandwidth can cover the X wave band at 200-1000 ℃.
The invention also discloses a preparation method of the wave-transparent/wave-absorbing composite layered aerogel, which comprises the following steps: by utilizing the self-adhesion among the aerogel films, the wave-transmitting aerogel films and the wave-absorbing aerogel films are alternately arranged and stacked to form a multilayer structure, and the wave-transmitting aerogel film is arranged on the uppermost layer;
and then carrying out heat treatment to prepare the wave-transparent/wave-absorbing composite layered aerogel.
Preferably, the heat treatment is heat preservation treatment at 800 ℃ in an argon atmosphere for 2 hours to obtain the wave-transparent/wave-absorbing composite layered aerogel.
The invention also discloses the application of the wave-transparent/wave-absorbing composite layered aerogel as a wave-absorbing material, wherein a wave-transparent aerogel film in the wave-transparent/wave-absorbing composite layered aerogel is used as an electromagnetic wave transmission channel, and a wave-absorbing aerogel film is used as an electromagnetic wave absorbent; the electromagnetic wave is continuously attenuated in the layered structure formed by the composite aerogel film and is dissipated layer by layer in the layer where the wave-absorbing aerogel film is located.
Preferably, the applicable temperature range of the wave absorbing material is 200-1000 ℃.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following beneficial effects:
the wave-transmitting and wave-absorbing aerogel films are alternately stacked and arranged for assembly to obtain the wave-transmitting/wave-absorbing composite layered electromagnetic wave absorbing aerogel. The wave-transparent aerogel film is used as an electromagnetic wave transmission channel to enhance the impedance matching of the layered electromagnetic wave absorption aerogel; the wave-absorbing aerogel is used as an electromagnetic wave absorbent; the wave-transmitting aerogel films and the wave-absorbing aerogel films are alternately arranged to form a multilayer structure, so that electromagnetic waves can be continuously attenuated in a zigzag mode, namely the electromagnetic waves are limited in the layered aerogel wave-absorbing layer to be dissipated, and the electromagnetic wave absorption performance is improved.
The preparation method of the wave-transparent/wave-absorbing composite layered aerogel disclosed by the invention is simple and easy to implement, has low requirements on equipment and can be used for mass production; the wave-absorbing aerogel prepared by the method has light weight and wide absorption frequency band, can be used at high temperature, is a high-performance wave-absorbing material with great potential and can be used in the technical field of high-temperature stealth, and is expected to realize industrial popularization and use.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional microscopic scanning photograph of the wave-transparent/wave-absorbing composite layered aerogel prepared in example 1;
FIG. 2 is a room temperature wave-absorbing property curve of aerogel; wherein a is pure silicon carbide aerogel; b is the composite laminar aerogel prepared in example 1;
FIG. 3 is a 1000 ℃ wave-absorbing performance curve of the wave-transparent/wave-absorbing composite layered aerogel prepared in example 1;
FIG. 4 is a comparison result of the properties of the wave-transparent/wave-absorbing composite layered aerogel prepared in example 1 with other wave-absorbing materials; a is the comparison of the frequency width and the density of the wave-absorbing material, and b is the comparison of the use temperature and the frequency width of the wave-absorbing material;
FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional microscopic scanning photograph of the wave-transparent/wave-absorbing composite layered aerogel prepared in example 3.
Detailed Description
In order to make the technical solutions of the present invention better understood, the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the drawings in the embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all of the embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
It should be noted that the terms "first," "second," and the like in the description and claims of the present invention and in the drawings described above are used for distinguishing between similar elements and not necessarily for describing a particular sequential or chronological order. It is to be understood that the data so used is interchangeable under appropriate circumstances such that the embodiments of the invention described herein are capable of operation in sequences other than those illustrated or described herein. Furthermore, the terms "comprises," "comprising," and "having," and any variations thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion, such that a process, method, system, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of steps or elements is not necessarily limited to those steps or elements expressly listed, but may include other steps or elements not expressly listed or inherent to such process, method, article, or apparatus.
The invention is described in further detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings:
the wave-transparent aerogel film used in the following examples of the present invention is a silicon nitride aerogel prepared by the patent scheme of application No. 201810172223 and capable of compression recovery, and the wave-absorbing aerogel film is a self-supporting silicon carbide nanowire paper (film) disclosed in application No. 2016105664296.
Example 1
The method comprises the following steps: selecting 12 silicon nitride aerogel films and 12 silicon carbide aerogel films;
step two: the silicon nitride aerogel films and the silicon carbide aerogel films are alternately arranged, are assembled by means of self-adhesion of the aerogels, and are subjected to heat preservation for 2 hours at 800 ℃ in an argon atmosphere to obtain the composite layered aerogel with the density of 8mg/cm3。
FIG. 1 is a microscopic scanning photograph of the cross section of the prepared composite laminar aerogel, which illustrates the silicon nitride and silicon carbide are alternately arranged and assembled into a laminar structure, and the interlayer bonding is tight.
In order to compare the excellent performance of the wave-transparent/wave-absorbing composite layered aerogel, silicon carbide aerogel films are stacked and then subjected to heat treatment according to the same conditions to obtain aerogel with the same density, a graph a in figure 2 is a comparison result of wave-absorbing performance curves of pure silicon carbide and silicon nitride/silicon carbide composite layered aerogel in a graph b, and as can be seen from the graph, the wave-transparent/wave-absorbing composite layered aerogel prepared by the method has the wave-absorbing performance obviously higher than that of the pure silicon carbide aerogel, the frequency band absorption width at room temperature is 8.9GHz, and the absorption strength is-46 dB.
Fig. 3 shows that the effective wave-absorbing bandwidth of the wave-transmitting/wave-absorbing composite aerogel can cover an X wave band at a high temperature of 1000 ℃, which indicates that the wave-transmitting/wave-absorbing composite aerogel can be used as a high-temperature wave-absorbing material, and fig. 4 illustrates that the wave-transmitting/wave-absorbing composite layered aerogel has a low density, can absorb a wider frequency band, and has a far higher use temperature than that of the similar wave-absorbing materials compared with other wave-absorbing materials.
Example 2
The method comprises the following steps: oxidizing the silicon carbide aerogel film obtained in patent ZL2016105664296 for 1h at 1200 ℃ in air atmosphere to obtain the silicon oxide aerogel film. Utilizing 12 silicon oxide aerogel films and 6 silicon carbide aerogel films;
step two: the silicon oxide aerogel films and the silicon carbide aerogel films are alternately arranged, are assembled by means of self-adhesion of the aerogels, and are subjected to heat preservation for 2 hours at 800 ℃ in an argon atmosphere to obtain the composite layered aerogel with the density of 15mg/cm3. The absorption frequency bandwidth of the composite laminar aerogel is 6.5GHz, and the absorption intensity is-26 dB.
Example 3
The method comprises the following steps: preparing 12 silicon oxide aerogel films and 12 silicon carbide aerogel films;
step two: the silicon oxide aerogel films and the silicon carbide aerogel films are alternately arranged, are assembled by means of self-adhesion of the aerogels, and are subjected to heat preservation for 2 hours at 800 ℃ in an argon atmosphere to obtain the composite layered aerogel with the density of 30mg/cm3. The absorption frequency bandwidth of the composite laminar aerogel is 7.6GHz, and the absorption strength is-35 dB.
Example 4
The method comprises the following steps: preparing 6 silicon nitride aerogel films and 12 silicon carbide aerogel films;
step two: the silicon nitride aerogel films and the silicon carbide aerogel films are alternately arranged, are assembled by means of self-adhesion of the aerogels, and are subjected to heat preservation for 2 hours at 800 ℃ in an argon atmosphere to obtain the composite layered aerogel with the density of 25mg/cm3. FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional microscopic scanning photograph of the prepared composite laminar aerogel, illustrating the assembly of the layered structure by the alternating arrangement of silicon nitride and silicon carbide, and the close bonding between the layers. The absorption frequency bandwidth of the composite laminar aerogel is 4.5GHz, and the absorption strength is-14 dB.
Example 5
The method comprises the following steps: preparing 14 silicon nitride aerogel films and 6 silicon carbide aerogel films;
step two: the silicon nitride aerogel films and the silicon carbide aerogel films are alternately arranged, are assembled by means of self-adhesion of the aerogels, and are subjected to heat preservation for 2 hours at 800 ℃ in an argon atmosphere to obtain the composite layered aerogel with the density of 36mg/cm3. The absorption frequency bandwidth of the composite laminar aerogel is 5.2GHz, and the absorptivity is-23 dB.
Example 6
The method comprises the following steps: preparing 6 silicon nitride aerogel films and 14 silicon carbide aerogel films;
step two: the silicon nitride aerogel films and the silicon carbide aerogel films are alternately arranged, are assembled by means of self-adhesion of the aerogels, and are subjected to heat preservation for 2 hours at 800 ℃ in an argon atmosphere to obtain the composite layered aerogel with the density of 36mg/cm3. The absorption frequency bandwidth of the composite layered electromagnetic wave absorption aerogel is 4.7GHz, and the absorption rate is-28 dB.
Example 7
The method comprises the following steps: preparing 15 silicon nitride aerogel films and 12 silicon carbide aerogel films;
step two: alternately arranging the silicon nitride aerogel film and the silicon carbide aerogel film, keeping the temperature for two hours at 800 ℃ under the argon atmosphere, and controlling the density of the composite layered aerogel to be 40mg/cm3. The absorption frequency bandwidth of the composite layered electromagnetic wave absorption aerogel is 4.7GHz, and the absorption rate is-28 dB.
The above-mentioned contents are only for illustrating the technical idea of the present invention, and the protection scope of the present invention is not limited thereby, and any modification made on the basis of the technical idea of the present invention falls within the protection scope of the claims of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. The wave-transparent/wave-absorbing composite layered aerogel is characterized in that the wave-transparent/wave-absorbing composite layered aerogel is a layered structure formed by alternately arranging wave-transparent aerogel films and wave-absorbing aerogel films;
the wave-transmitting aerogel film and the wave-absorbing aerogel film are assembled in the layered structure by utilizing the self-adhesiveness of the films, and the wave-transmitting aerogel film is positioned on the surface of the layered structure.
2. The wave-transparent/wave-absorbing composite layered aerogel according to claim 1, wherein the density of the wave-transparent/wave-absorbing composite layered aerogel is 8-40 mg/cm3。
3. The wave-transparent/wave-absorbing composite layered aerogel according to claim 1, wherein the volume ratio of the wave-transparent aerogel film to the wave-absorbing aerogel film is 30-70%.
4. The wave-transparent/wave-absorbing composite layered aerogel according to claim 1, wherein the wave-transparent aerogel film is silicon oxide wave-transparent aerogel or silicon nitride wave-transparent aerogel; the wave-absorbing aerogel film is made of silicon carbide wave-absorbing aerogel.
5. The wave-transparent/wave-absorbing composite layered aerogel according to claim 1, wherein the wave-transparent aerogel film is a film constructed by a wave-transparent aerogel material nanowire three-dimensional network; the wave-absorbing aerogel film is a film constructed by a wave-absorbing aerogel material nanowire three-dimensional network.
6. The wave-transparent/wave-absorbing composite layered aerogel according to claim 1, which has an effective absorption bandwidth of 4-8.9 GHz; the effective wave-absorbing bandwidth can cover the X wave band at 200-1000 ℃.
7. The preparation method of the wave-transparent/wave-absorbing composite layered aerogel according to any one of claims 1 to 6, characterized by comprising the following steps: by utilizing the self-adhesion among the aerogel films, the wave-transmitting aerogel films and the wave-absorbing aerogel films are alternately arranged and stacked to form a multilayer structure, and the wave-transmitting aerogel film is arranged on the uppermost layer;
and then carrying out heat treatment to prepare the wave-transparent/wave-absorbing composite layered aerogel.
8. The preparation method of the wave-transparent/wave-absorbing composite layered aerogel according to claim 7, wherein the heat treatment is heat preservation treatment at 800 ℃ in argon atmosphere for 2 hours to obtain the wave-transparent/wave-absorbing composite layered aerogel.
9. The application of the wave-transparent/wave-absorbing composite layered aerogel of any one of claims 1 to 6 as a wave-absorbing material, wherein a wave-transparent aerogel film in the wave-transparent/wave-absorbing composite layered aerogel is used as an electromagnetic wave transmission channel, and a wave-absorbing aerogel film is used as an electromagnetic wave absorbent; the electromagnetic wave is continuously attenuated in the layered structure formed by the composite aerogel film and is dissipated layer by layer in the layer where the wave-absorbing aerogel film is located.
10. The application of claim 9, wherein the applicable temperature range of the wave-absorbing material is 200-1000 ℃.
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