CN113080840A - Visual acuity objective, rapid and accurate inspection system based on steady-state visual evoked potential - Google Patents
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Abstract
The visual acuity objective, rapid and accurate inspection system based on the steady-state visual evoked potential comprises a stimulation normal form design module, an SSVEP signal acquisition, processing and feature recognition module, a space frequency gradient presenting module based on maximum likelihood estimation and a visual acuity judging and feedback module, wherein a grating, a chessboard square grid or a concentric ring is used as a visual stimulation normal form, parameters such as time frequency and the like are preset, and the stimulation normal form space frequency parameter of each test is adaptively set through a maximum likelihood method according to a psychophysics visual acuity measurement function, so that the accurate assessment of the visual acuity is completed in a short test time, and objective, rapid and accurate inspection is provided for the visual acuity in ophthalmic inspection.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of brain-computer interfaces and eye vision optical inspection, in particular to a visual acuity objective, rapid and accurate inspection system based on steady-state visual evoked potentials.
Background
Data from the world health organization shows that 22 million people worldwide suffer from vision disorders, and this trend may increase due to population growth and aging. Visual acuity testing is one of the most basic research tasks in ophthalmology, and common visual acuity tests mainly depend on subjective feeling and cooperation of a tested object, such as an alphabetical visual acuity chart, a rolling E visual acuity chart and the like. For people with communication problems, such as pre-verbal children or infants, it is not appropriate to use such methods for visual acuity assessment; adults may also be affected by environmental factors to make false judgments; the lie and fraud of the authenticated person cannot be ruled out in forensic examinations.
Brain-computer interface (BCI) and electroencephalogram (EEG) provide a more objective, more direct new approach to assessment of visual function. In recent years, many scholars have completed objective examinations of visual acuity by methods such as scanning visual evoked potential (sVEP), Steady State Visual Evoked Potential (SSVEP), and Pattern Visual Evoked Potential (PVEP). However, current research is primarily directed to verifying the feasibility of visual acuity tests using visual evoked potentials by varying some relevant stimulation parameters to determine visual acuity thresholds, in combination with subjective psychophysical testing.
However, conventional assessment of visual evoked potential visual acuity takes a long time, and a monocular examination may take several minutes or even tens of minutes due to all spatial frequency gradients for which the visual stimulus paradigm is to be presented. The long-time visual fixation can cause visual fatigue and further influence the electroencephalogram response, so that the evaluation result of the visual acuity can be influenced, and the method is particularly suitable for the examination of infants.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to overcome the disadvantages of the prior art, the present invention provides an objective, fast and accurate inspection system for visual acuity based on steady-state visual evoked potential, which uses a grating, a checkerboard grid or a concentric ring as a visual stimulation normal form, presets parameters such as time frequency, and adaptively sets stimulation normal form spatial frequency parameters of each test through a maximum likelihood method according to a psychophysics visual acuity measurement function, so as to complete accurate assessment of visual acuity in a short test time and provide objective, fast and accurate inspection for visual acuity in ophthalmic inspection.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the technical scheme that:
visual acuity objective, rapid and accurate inspection system based on steady-state visual evoked potentials comprises the following modules:
1) a stimulation paradigm design module: using an SSVEP brain-computer interface method, taking a vertical sine overturning grating, a vertical square wave overturning grating, a horizontal sine overturning grating, a chessboard square or a movement contraction expansion concentric ring as a stimulation paradigm, and adjusting the spatial frequency of the stimulation paradigm by changing the black and white stripe intervals of the gratings, the chessboard squares and the concentric ring; the time frequency of each single stimulation is randomly set to be one of 7.5,8,8.57,9.23,10,10.91,12 and 13.33 Hz;
2) the SSVEP signal acquisition, processing and feature identification module comprises: placing measuring electrodes at the visual pillow areas PO3, PO4, POz, O1, O2 and Oz of the user's head, placing a reference electrode at the position A1 of the left earlobe thereof, placing a ground electrode at the position FPz of the forehead of the user's head, and injecting conductive paste into the electrodes; the electrode is connected with the input of the electroencephalogram acquisition equipment, and electroencephalogram signal data are output through amplification, filtering and digital-analog conversion processing; processing the electroencephalogram signal data by using a typical correlation analysis (CCA), extracting stimulation frequency characteristics, and if the extracted stimulation frequency characteristics are the same as the preset frequency of the stimulation paradigm, indicating that the stimulation induces significant SSVEP; otherwise, the SSVEP induction of the stimulation is not obvious;
3) a spatial frequency gradient presentation module based on maximum likelihood estimation: corresponding to the standard logarithmic visual acuity checking table sighting marks, designing a series of SSVEP visual acuity checking sighting marks with different spatial frequencies; the first 6 SSVEP optotypes have spatial frequencies of 1.0, 0.8, 0.6, 0.4, 0.2, 0.0 logMAR; starting from the 7 th SSVEP visual target, according to the space frequency values of all the previous visual targets and the induced significance determined by the CCA method, the space frequency value required to be presented by the next visual target is adaptively calculated by using a maximum likelihood estimation method, and the formula is as follows:
in the formula:
Lv0-likelihood estimation;
i-number of tests before this time;
m-number of significance to induce SSVEP;
n-number of insubstantials of induced SSVEP;
vi-spatial frequency of ith optotype;
v 0-spatial frequency threshold, which is also the spatial frequency value that needs to be presented next time for the optotype;
Pv0-a psychophysical visual acuity measurement function, expressed as:
in the formula:
v-spatial frequency;
s-the slope of the function, set to 2;
Pg-the probability corresponding to the turning point is the average of the random probability of 12.5% and the maximum probability of 100%, i.e. 56.25%;
4) a visual acuity determination and feedback module: the computer by presenting a stimulus paradigm on a 240Hz high refresh rate display; in the checking process, a user needs to sit in front of the display, and watches the stimulation mode according to the screen prompt, and performs monocular test each time; selecting parameters of a stimulation normal form type and a stimulation frequency according to a stimulation normal form design module, determining the spatial frequency of the stimulation normal form according to a spatial frequency gradient presentation module based on maximum likelihood estimation, and performing signal processing through an SSVEP signal acquisition, processing and feature identification module; the presentation time of each stimulation paradigm is 4s, and the next stimulation is presented at an interval of 2 s; when the stimulation times reach 18 times, the presented spatial frequency gradient converges to a certain value, and the value is the final SSVEP visual acuity examination result; single eye testing for 2 minutes; and after the stimulation of all the stimulation paradigms is completed, the visual acuity value of the user is fed back and output through a screen.
In the stimulation paradigm design module, 5 types of vertical sine overturning gratings, vertical square wave overturning gratings, horizontal sine overturning gratings, overturning chessboard grids and motion contraction and expansion concentric rings are arranged in the stimulation paradigm, and in the inspection, the type of the stimulation paradigm is selected according to actual needs; the stimulation patterns are composed of black and white, and the brightness is 80cd/m2Black, blackThe white contrast is 50%; the preset 8 stimulation frequencies 7.5,8,8.57,9.23,10,10.91,12 and 13.33Hz can be evenly divided by the display refresh rate 240Hz to meet the accuracy of the stimulation paradigm display.
The stimulation paradigm design module is used for programming and drawing a stimulation paradigm pattern through a Psychophysics Toolbox tool box of MATLAB, and the stability of SSVEP induced by the stimulation paradigm is ensured.
The 2s time interval in the visual acuity judgment and feedback module is not only used for the transient rest of the tested person, but also is the longest calculation time required by the maximum likelihood estimation algorithm to determine the spatial frequency of the next stimulation presentation; at the 12 th and 18 th stimulus presentation, the visual target spatial frequency was set to 1/4 times the maximum likelihood estimate, ensuring that the user was adequately matched for examination.
The precision of the inspection result in the visual acuity judging and feedback module is 0.01 logMAR/decimal vision.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
the invention provides a visual acuity objective, rapid and accurate inspection system based on steady-state visual evoked potential, which combines SSVEP brain-computer interface technology, a maximum likelihood estimation machine learning method and a psychophysics visual acuity measurement function to provide objective, rapid and accurate inspection for the detection of visual acuity in ophthalmic inspection, and shows the following advantages:
(1) the visual acuity objective, rapid and accurate inspection system based on the steady-state visual evoked potential uses a psychophysics visual acuity measuring function in the ocular optics as a theoretical basis of the method, so that the theory is combined with the reality.
(2) The space frequency gradient presentation module based on the maximum likelihood estimation is combined with the SSVEP data processing and feature extraction method, and the prior knowledge is used for estimating the function parameters, so that the space frequency gradient is converged as soon as possible, and the result precision is higher.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a psychophysical visual acuity measurement function at a visual acuity threshold of 0.6.
FIG. 2 is a flow chart of the overall inspection using the system of the present invention.
Fig. 3 is a graph showing the spatial frequency of stimulation pattern as a function of stimulation times for a user (final visual acuity threshold of 0.33 decimal fraction of vision).
FIG. 4 is a graph of a linear regression of objective SSVEP visual acuity versus subjective visual acuity test results.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings.
Visual acuity objective, rapid and accurate inspection system based on steady-state visual evoked potentials comprises the following modules:
1) a stimulation paradigm design module: by using an SSVEP brain-computer interface method, a vertical sine overturning grating, a vertical square wave overturning grating, a horizontal sine overturning grating, an overturning chessboard grid or a motion contraction expansion concentric ring are used as stimulation normal forms, patterns are drawn by programming of a Psychophysics Toolbox of MATLAB, and the stability of SSVEP induced by the stimulation normal forms is ensured; in the inspection, a stimulation paradigm type is selected according to actual needs; the stimulation patterns are composed of black and white, and the brightness is 80cd/m2Black-white contrast is 50%; the space frequency of the stimulation mode can be adjusted by changing the interval of black and white stripes of the grating, the checkerboard and the concentric rings; the time frequency of each stimulation is randomly set to be one of 7.5,8,8.57,9.23,10,10.91,12 and 13.33Hz, and the 8 stimulation frequencies 7.5,8,8.57,9.23,10,10.91,12 and 13.33Hz can be evenly divided by the display refresh rate 240Hz so as to meet the accuracy of the stimulation paradigm display;
2) the SSVEP signal acquisition, processing and feature identification module comprises: placing measuring electrodes on the visual occipital region (PO3, PO4, POz, O1, O2 and Oz) of the head of a user, placing a reference electrode at the position of the left earlobe (A1) of the measuring electrodes, placing a ground electrode at the position (FPz) of the forehead of the head of the user, and injecting a conductive paste into the measuring electrodes; the electrode is connected with the input of the electroencephalogram acquisition equipment, and electroencephalogram signal data are output through amplification, filtering and digital-analog conversion processing; processing the electroencephalogram signal data by using a typical correlation analysis (CCA), extracting stimulation frequency characteristics, and if the extracted frequency characteristics are the same as the preset frequency of the stimulation paradigm, indicating that the stimulation induces significant SSVEP; otherwise, the SSVEP induction of the stimulation is not obvious;
3) a spatial frequency gradient presentation module based on maximum likelihood estimation: corresponding to the standard logarithmic visual acuity checking table sighting marks, designing a series of SSVEP visual acuity checking sighting marks with different spatial frequencies; the first 6 SSVEP optotypes have spatial frequencies of 1.0, 0.8, 0.6, 0.4, 0.2, 0.0 logMAR; starting from the 7 th SSVEP visual target, according to the space frequency values of all the previous visual targets and the induced significance determined by the CCA method, the space frequency value required to be presented by the visual target is adaptively calculated by using a maximum likelihood estimation method, and the formula is as follows:
in the formula:
Lv0-likelihood estimation;
i-number of tests before this time;
m-number of significance to induce SSVEP;
n-number of insubstantials of induced SSVEP;
vi-spatial frequency of ith optotype;
v 0-spatial frequency threshold, i.e., the value of the spatial frequency that needs to be presented next time for the optotype;
Pv0the psychophysical visual acuity measuring function, referring to fig. 1, represents the functional relationship between the spatial frequency of the sighting target and the recognition accuracy, and is an S-shaped curve, and when the spatial frequency is small, the recognition accuracy is high; as the spatial frequency is increased, the identification accuracy rate of the spatial frequency is gradually reduced, and the spatial frequency is finally converged to the random probability of 12.5%; the expression is as follows:
in the formula:
v-spatial frequency;
s-the slope of the function, set to 2;
Pg-the probability of the turning point correspondence is a random probabilityThe average of the rate of 12.5% and the maximum probability of 100%, i.e., 56.25%;
4) a visual acuity determination and feedback module: the computer by presenting a stimulus paradigm on a 240Hz high refresh rate display; in the checking process, a user needs to sit in front of the display, and watches the stimulation mode according to the screen prompt, and performs monocular test each time; referring to fig. 2, parameters such as a stimulation paradigm type and a stimulation frequency are selected according to a stimulation paradigm design module, the spatial frequency of the stimulation paradigm is determined according to a spatial frequency gradient presentation module based on maximum likelihood estimation, and signal processing is performed through an SSVEP signal acquisition, processing and feature recognition module; the presentation time of each stimulation paradigm is 4s, and the next stimulation is presented at an interval of 2 s; the single stimulation duration is preset for 4s according to experiments, and the time interval of 2s can be used for short rest of a tested person and is the longest calculation time required for determining the spatial frequency presented by the next stimulation by using a maximum likelihood estimation algorithm; in addition, referring to fig. 3, at the time of the 12 th and 18 th stimulus display, the spatial frequency of the optotype is set to 1/4 times of the value obtained by the maximum likelihood estimation, ensuring that the subject is adequately matched with the examination; when the stimulation times reach 18 times, the presented spatial frequency gradient converges to a certain value, and the stimulation times are also obtained according to experiments; the precision is 0.01logMAR/0.01 decimal vision; this value is the final SSVEP visual acuity test result; single eye testing for about 2 minutes; and after the stimulation of all the stimulation paradigms is completed, the visual acuity value of the user is fed back and output through a screen.
The present invention will be described with reference to examples.
The experiment is carried out on a user (the subjective visual acuity of the user is 0.3 decimal vision), and stimulation pattern type selection and parameter setting are carried out according to the stimulation pattern design module; carrying out electrode placement, signal acquisition, processing and feature identification according to the SSVEP signal acquisition, processing and feature identification module; referring to fig. 3, according to the spatial frequency gradient presentation module and the visual acuity judgment and feedback module based on the maximum likelihood estimation, spatial frequency gradient design and paradigm presentation are performed, o in fig. 3 indicates that the SSVEP signal recognition result is significant, and gamma indicates that the SSVEP signal recognition result is not significant; and finally, feeding back and outputting the SSVEP visual acuity checking result.
The SSVEP visual acuity test is carried out on 17 users (34 eyes in total) by using the system, the SSVEP objective test results are compared with the subjective test results, referring to fig. 4, a linear regression relation graph of the objective SSVEP visual acuity and the subjective visual acuity is drawn, and the correlation coefficient r is 0.861, so that the objective visual acuity test results are obviously correlated with the subjective test results.
The invention can realize the objective examination of visual acuity rapidly, in real time and accurately, and establishes good correlation with subjective psychophysics examination; the SSVEP brain-computer interface technology, the maximum likelihood estimation machine learning method and the psychophysical visual acuity measurement function are combined, a fast and accurate objective inspection system is provided for the visual acuity inspection in the ophthalmic inspection, and the method has a good practical prospect.
Claims (5)
1. Visual acuity objective quick accurate inspection system based on steady state visual evoked potential, its characterized in that: the system comprises the following modules:
1) a stimulation paradigm design module: using an SSVEP brain-computer interface method, and taking a vertical sine overturning grating, a vertical square wave overturning grating, a horizontal sine overturning grating, a chessboard square overturning or a movement contraction expansion concentric ring as a stimulation paradigm; the space frequency of the stimulation mode can be adjusted by changing the interval of black and white stripes of the grating, the checkerboard and the concentric rings; the time frequency of each single stimulation is randomly set to be one of 7.5,8,8.57,9.23,10,10.91,12 and 13.33 Hz;
2) the SSVEP signal acquisition, processing and feature identification module comprises: placing measuring electrodes at the user's visual pillow areas PO3, PO4, POz, O1, O2 and Oz, a reference electrode at its left earlobe a1 position, a ground electrode at its head forehead position FPz, the electrodes being impregnated with a conductive paste; the electrode is connected with the input of the electroencephalogram acquisition equipment, and electroencephalogram signal data are output through amplification, filtering and digital-analog conversion processing; processing the electroencephalogram signal data by using a typical correlation analysis (CCA), extracting stimulation frequency characteristics, and if the extracted frequency characteristics are the same as the preset frequency of the stimulation paradigm, indicating that the stimulation induces significant SSVEP; otherwise, the SSVEP induction of the stimulation is not obvious;
3) a spatial frequency gradient presentation module based on maximum likelihood estimation: corresponding to the standard logarithmic visual acuity checking table sighting marks, designing a series of SSVEP visual acuity checking sighting marks with different spatial frequencies; the first 6 SSVEP optotypes have spatial frequencies of 1.0, 0.8, 0.6, 0.4, 0.2, 0.0 logMAR; starting from the 7 th SSVEP visual target, according to the space frequency values of all the previous visual targets and the induced significance determined by the CCA method, the space frequency value required to be presented by the next visual target is calculated in a self-adaptive manner by using a maximum likelihood estimation method, and the formula is as follows:
in the formula:
Lv0-likelihood estimation;
i-number of tests before this time;
m-number of significance to induce SSVEP;
n-number of insubstantials of induced SSVEP;
vi-spatial frequency of ith optotype;
v 0-spatial frequency threshold, which is also the spatial frequency value that needs to be presented next time for the optotype;
Pv0-a psychophysical visual acuity measurement function, expressed as:
in the formula:
v-spatial frequency;
s-the slope of the function, set to 2;
Pg-the probability corresponding to the turning point is the average of the random probability of 12.5% and the maximum probability of 100%, i.e. 56.25%;
4) a visual acuity determination and feedback module: the computer by presenting a stimulus paradigm on a 240Hz high refresh rate display; in the experimental process, a testee needs to sit in front of a display, and watches the stimulation mode according to the screen prompt to perform monocular test each time; selecting parameters such as stimulation paradigm types and stimulation frequencies according to a stimulation paradigm design module, determining the spatial frequency of the stimulation paradigm according to a spatial frequency gradient presentation module based on maximum likelihood estimation, and performing signal processing through an SSVEP signal acquisition, processing and feature recognition module; the presentation time of each stimulation paradigm is 4s, and the next stimulation is presented at an interval of 2 s; when the stimulation times reach 18 times, the presented spatial frequency gradient converges to a certain value, and the value is the final SSVEP visual acuity examination result; single eye testing for 2 minutes; and after the stimulation of all the stimulation paradigms is completed, the visual acuity value of the user is fed back and output through a screen.
2. The objective rapid precision inspection system of visual acuity based on steady-state visual evoked potentials according to claim 1, characterized by: in the stimulation paradigm design module, 5 types of vertical sine overturning gratings, vertical square wave overturning gratings, horizontal sine overturning gratings, overturning chessboard grids and motion contraction and expansion concentric rings are arranged in the stimulation paradigm, and in the inspection, the type of the stimulation paradigm is selected according to actual needs; the stimulation patterns are composed of black and white, and the brightness is 80cd/m2Black-white contrast is 50%; the preset 8 stimulation frequencies 7.5,8,8.57,9.23,10,10.91,12 and 13.33Hz can be evenly divided by the display refresh rate 240Hz to meet the accuracy of the stimulation paradigm display.
3. The objective rapid precision inspection system of visual acuity based on steady-state visual evoked potentials according to claim 1, characterized by: the stimulation paradigm design module is used for programming and drawing a stimulation paradigm pattern through a Psychophysics Toolbox tool box of MATLAB, and the stability of SSVEP induced by the stimulation paradigm is ensured.
4. The objective rapid precision inspection system of visual acuity based on steady-state visual evoked potentials according to claim 1, characterized by: the 2s time interval in the visual acuity judgment and feedback module is not only used for the transient rest of the testee, but also is the longest calculation time required by the maximum likelihood estimation algorithm to determine the spatial frequency presented by the next stimulation; at the 12 th and 18 th stimulus presentation, the optotype spatial frequency was set to 1/4 times the maximum likelihood estimate, ensuring that the user was adequately matched for examination.
5. The objective rapid precision inspection system of visual acuity based on steady-state visual evoked potentials according to claim 1, characterized by: the precision of the inspection result in the visual acuity judging and feedback module is 0.01 logMAR/decimal vision.
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