CN113078337B - Fuel cell stack active temperature control device based on composite PID controller - Google Patents

Fuel cell stack active temperature control device based on composite PID controller Download PDF

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CN113078337B
CN113078337B CN202110324934.0A CN202110324934A CN113078337B CN 113078337 B CN113078337 B CN 113078337B CN 202110324934 A CN202110324934 A CN 202110324934A CN 113078337 B CN113078337 B CN 113078337B
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CN113078337A (en
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殷聪
唐棋霖
汤浩
李凯
鲁卫霞
陈晓芳
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University of Electronic Science and Technology of China
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G05—CONTROLLING; REGULATING
    • G05D—SYSTEMS FOR CONTROLLING OR REGULATING NON-ELECTRIC VARIABLES
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    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
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Abstract

The invention provides a fuel cell stack active temperature control device based on a composite PID controller, which comprises a double-sided monitoring device, a CPU, an analog-to-digital conversion module, a power supply module, a controller and an upper computer, wherein the double-sided monitoring device comprises a first monitoring device, a second monitoring device, a first control circuit, a second control circuit and a second control circuit; the double-sided monitoring device is arranged between any two adjacent fuel cell units and consists of a plurality of monitoring units, and line resistors, sampling resistors and heating resistors are respectively embedded in the monitoring units; when the deviation between the preset temperature and the temperature signal is larger than a deviation threshold value, the controller controls the resistance value of the corresponding adjustable resistor in the power supply module according to a coefficient preset in the traditional PID algorithm; when the deviation is less than or equal to the deviation threshold value, the controller adopts a fuzzy PID algorithm, and inquires each coefficient in the fuzzy control rule table provided by the invention according to the deviation and the deviation change rate to obtain an output quantity so as to control the resistance value of the corresponding adjustable resistor, so that the partial pressure on the corresponding heating resistor is changed, the zone heating is realized, and the method has the advantages of good adaptability, high control precision, high temperature rise speed and the like.

Description

Fuel cell stack active temperature control device based on composite PID controller
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of fuel cells, and particularly relates to a fuel cell stack active temperature control device based on a composite PID controller.
Background
Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs) are widely used in automobiles, unmanned aerial vehicle power supplies, and stationary power generation systems because of their characteristics of low pollution, low noise, high power density, and high energy conversion efficiency. However, the life attenuation and stability of the fuel cell stack limit the large-scale commercial application of the fuel cell, and the performance is affected by many factors, such as the temperature, humidity, flow field shape, etc., of the stack, which directly affect the temperature and current density distribution. The temperature of the fuel cell is related to the moisture content in the proton exchange membrane and catalyst layer ionomers, thereby affecting fuel cell performance. Therefore, the detection of the current density and the temperature of the inner subarea of the fuel cell by the subarea detection device has great significance for the research of the fuel cell.
The fuel cell stack is formed by stacking a plurality of single fuel cells. If the temperature difference in the single fuel cell is too large, the proton exchange membrane is heated unevenly, so that the service life of the membrane electrode is shortened; if the temperature difference between the single fuel cells in the stack is too large, the working temperature of the stack is difficult to control, which may cause the uniformity among the single fuel cells to be reduced and the stability of the stack to be reduced. Active temperature control of the interior of the fuel cell stack is therefore required to achieve the appropriate temperature. The existing methods for increasing the internal temperature of the fuel cell stack include variable resistance heating, hydrogen-oxygen reaction heating, gas purging and the like, which can heat the whole stack, but cannot effectively improve the temperature heterogeneity of the single fuel cell, and the temperature has the problems of large lag, nonlinearity and slower dynamic characteristics compared with other parameters (such as hydrogen-air inlet pressure, hydrogen-air flow, humidity and the like) of the fuel cell, and cannot rapidly and accurately improve the temperature distribution. Therefore, the online partition detection device with the active temperature control function has great significance in improving the performance of the fuel cell. Based on the design requirements, the online subarea detection device is additionally provided with a temperature acquisition resistor for detecting the temperature and a thermal resistor for heating on the basis of a single-side acquisition subarea current device, and adopts double-side acquisition and double-side heating, so that the online subarea detection device can be placed at any position in a galvanic pile to form a temperature control system.
In the prior art, most temperature control systems adopt a traditional PID control algorithm or a fuzzy PID control algorithm to adjust heating time so as to control heat generated by a thermal resistor. However, the temperature is controlled by adjusting the on-off time, which has the problem of dead zone setting, and hysteresis occurs, for example, when the set temperature gap is 2 ℃, the conductor is cut off the voltage when the temperature is changed from 60 ℃ to 62 ℃, so that the temperature adjustment is a control system with large lag. In addition, the control parameters of the traditional PID control algorithm cannot be adjusted on line, and the temperature has the phenomena of overshoot and hysteresis; the fuzzy PID control is an intelligent control based on language rules, does not depend on an accurate controlled object model, has the advantages of simple structure, good adaptability, strong robustness and the like, is applied to a fuel cell temperature control system in recent years, and has some defects in the existing fuzzy temperature control, such as long regulation time and poor accuracy when the error e (k) between the set temperature and the actual temperature is large (tref (k) -t (k)). Therefore, the design of the fuel cell temperature control system with the rapid and high-precision active temperature control function and the control method thereof has research and application values.
The patent provides a method for actively heating a fuel cell by adopting a double-sided partition online detection device, wherein a heating resistor and a variable resistor are connected on a voltage source in series, and a controller adjusts the partial pressure on the heating resistor by adjusting the resistance value of the variable resistor, so that the power of the heating resistor is adjusted. And the resistance value of the adjustable resistor is adjusted in real time according to the real-time temperature and the preset temperature by adopting a control algorithm combining PID and fuzzy PID so as to reach the required temperature value. The double-sided online partition detection device with the active temperature control function does not change the structure of a galvanic pile, can realize double-sided monitoring and multiple acquired performance parameters, and can realize rapid and accurate active temperature control according to the temperature requirement.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the problems in the prior art, the invention provides a fuel cell stack active temperature control device based on a composite PID controller, which adopts a control algorithm combining the traditional PID and the fuzzy PID and adjusts the resistance value of an adjustable resistor in real time according to the real-time temperature and the preset temperature so as to achieve the required temperature.
The specific technical scheme of the invention is as follows:
a fuel cell stack active temperature control device based on a composite PID controller is characterized by comprising a double-sided monitoring device, a microprocessor (CPU), an analog-to-digital conversion module, a power supply module, a controller and an upper computer, wherein the middle of the double-sided monitoring device and the area corresponding to the active area of the fuel cell stack are double-sided monitoring areas, one end of the double-sided monitoring device, which extends out of the fuel cell stack area, is provided with a temperature signal acquisition port and a current signal acquisition port, and the other end of the double-sided monitoring device is provided with a temperature control port; the double-sided monitoring device is a multilayer printed circuit board, is arranged between any two adjacent fuel cell units, and is used for detecting the zoning current density and temperature distribution in the fuel cell on line and heating in a zoning way;
the double-sided monitoring area consists of a plurality of monitoring units which are arranged in an array, and each monitoring unit comprises a top layer copper-clad and gold-plated partition, a top layer temperature signal acquisition layer, a top layer heating layer, a top layer current signal acquisition layer, an inner layer copper-clad partition, a bottom layer current signal acquisition layer, a bottom layer heating layer, a bottom layer temperature signal acquisition layer and a bottom layer copper-clad and gold-plated partition which are sequentially arranged from top to bottom; the top copper-clad and gold-plated subareas of the adjacent monitoring units are mutually and electrically isolated, and the bottom copper-clad and gold-plated subareas of the adjacent monitoring units are mutually and electrically isolated;
the top copper-clad plating gold-plating subarea and the bottom copper-clad plating gold-plating subarea are both provided with temperature collecting points and metalized through holes;
wire resistors and wires for monitoring the internal partition temperature of the fuel cell are embedded in the top temperature signal acquisition layer and the bottom temperature signal acquisition layer; the line resistor in the top temperature signal acquisition layer is positioned below the temperature acquisition point in the copper-coated gold-plated partition on the top, and temperature voltage signals of the kth sampling period at two ends of the line resistor are transmitted to the analog-to-digital conversion module through the wiring in the top temperature signal acquisition layer and the temperature signal acquisition port; the line resistor in the bottom temperature signal acquisition layer is positioned above the temperature acquisition point in the bottom copper-coated gold-plated subarea, and temperature voltage signals of the kth sampling period at two ends of the line resistor are transmitted to the analog-to-digital conversion module through the wiring in the bottom temperature signal acquisition layer and the temperature signal acquisition port;
the top layer current signal acquisition layer and the bottom layer current signal acquisition layer are internally embedded with sampling resistors and wiring for monitoring the current density of the inner subareas of the fuel cell; the sampling resistor in the top layer current signal acquisition layer is respectively connected with the metalized through hole of the top layer copper-coated gold-plated subarea and the inner layer copper-coated subarea through conducting wires, and current voltage signals of the kth sampling period at two ends of the sampling resistor are transmitted to the analog-to-digital conversion module through the wiring in the top layer current signal acquisition layer and the current signal acquisition port; the sampling resistor in the bottom layer current signal acquisition layer is respectively connected with the metalized through hole of the bottom layer copper-coated gold-plated subarea and the inner layer copper-coated subarea through a wire, and current voltage signals of the kth sampling period at two ends of the sampling resistor are transmitted to the analog-to-digital conversion module through the wiring in the bottom layer current signal acquisition layer and the current signal acquisition port;
the heating device comprises a top heating layer, a bottom heating layer, a power supply module and a monitoring unit, wherein heating resistors and wires are embedded in the top heating layer and the bottom heating layer;
the controller comprises a first PID controller, a second PID controller and a fuzzy controller;
the temperature voltage signal of the kth sampling period and the current voltage signal of the kth sampling period are processed into a temperature signal T (k) of the kth sampling period and a current signal of the kth sampling period through an analog-to-digital conversion module and then transmitted to a CPU for storage, and the temperature signal and the current signal are uploaded to an upper computer by the CPU for display and analysis, so that the zoning current density and temperature distribution in the fuel cell are detected on line; the upper computer sends the preset temperature T of the kth sampling periodset(k) To the CPU, the CPU calculates and stores the preset temperature T of the k sampling periodset(k) Deviation e (k) from temperature signal t (k) and deviation change rate ec (k):
e(k)＝Tset(k)-T(k)
Figure BDA0002994239400000031
wherein e (k-1) is the deviation of the k-1 sampling period; t issIs a sampling period;
the CPU compares the deviation e (k) of the k sampling period with a deviation threshold e0And (3) comparison:
if e (k) > e0And transmitting the stored deviation e (j), j 1,2,.. k and the deviation change rate ec (k) to a first PID controller in the controller for control processing, and obtaining an output quantity u (k) of the k-th sampling period:
Figure BDA0002994239400000041
wherein k ispIs a preset proportionality coefficient; k is a radical ofiIs a preset integral coefficient; k is a radical ofdIs a preset differential coefficient;
if e (k) is less than or equal to e0And transmitting the stored deviation e (j), j is 1,2, 1, k and the deviation change rate ec (k) to a second PID controller in the controller, transmitting the deviation e (k) and the deviation change rate ec (k) as input variables to a fuzzy controller, and respectively transmitting the deviation e (k) and the deviation change rate ec (k) to the fuzzy controller at kp'、ki'、kd' obtaining the output quantity k by looking up in the fuzzy control rule tablep'、ki' and kd'for controlling the second PID controller after defuzzification processing, and further obtaining the output u (k)' of the k-th sampling period:
Figure BDA0002994239400000042
wherein k isp' is a proportional coefficient after setting; k is a radical ofi' is integral coefficient after setting; k is a radical ofd' is differential coefficient after setting;
TABLE 1, kp' fuzzy control rule table
Figure BDA0002994239400000043
TABLE 2, ki' fuzzy control rule table
Figure BDA0002994239400000044
TABLE 3, kd' fuzzy control rule table
Figure BDA0002994239400000051
The output quantity u (k) or u (k) output by the controller controls the resistance value of the corresponding adjustable resistor in the power supply module, so that the partial pressure on the corresponding heating resistor is changed, and the zone heating is realized.
Further, k isp'、ki'、kdThe fuzzy control rule table of' is formulated as follows:
(1) determining the basic domains of the input variable deviation e (k) and the deviation change rate ec (k) as [ -e [ ], respectivelymax(k)，emax(k)]And [ -ec)max(k)，ecmax(k)]Output quantity kp'、ki' and kd' the basic discourse domain is [ -k respectivelyp,max'，kp,max']、[-ki,max'，ki,max']And [ -k ]d,max'，kd,max']；
(2) Fuzzifying the input variable and the output quantity through a membership function, and obtaining fuzzy subsets { E (K), EC (K), K) of the input variable and the output quantity when the quantization levels of the linguistic variables of the input variable and the output quantity are both 7p'，Ki'，Kd'}＝[NB、NM、NS、ZO、PS、PM、PB]Wherein NB, NM, NS, ZO, PS, PM, PB represent negative big, negative middle, negative small, zero, positive small, middle small, and positive big, respectively;
(3) according to different input variable deviations e (k) and deviation change rates ec (k), output k is output under different working conditions of the fuel cellp'、ki'、kd' requirement, make an output quantity kp'、ki′、kd' fuzzy control rules table.
Furthermore, the heating resistor in the top heating layer and the line resistor in the top temperature signal acquisition layer are arranged in a staggered manner, and the heating resistor in the bottom heating layer and the line resistor in the bottom temperature signal acquisition layer are arranged in a staggered manner.
Further, the resistance values of the heating resistors in the monitoring units are equal.
Further, the resistance values of the line resistances in the respective monitor units are equal.
Furthermore, the impedance of the lead used for connecting the sampling resistor with the top copper-clad gold-plated subarea and the inner copper-clad subarea in each monitoring unit is the same as that of the lead used for connecting the sampling resistor with the bottom copper-clad gold-plated subarea and the inner copper-clad subarea.
Furthermore, the resistance values of the sampling resistors in the monitoring units are equal and are all milliohm resistors with the accuracy of 0.5%.
Further, the areas of the top copper-clad gold-plated partition and the bottom copper-clad gold-plated partition of different monitoring units are the same.
Furthermore, the thickness of the top copper-clad plating gold-plating partition and the thickness of the bottom copper-clad plating gold-plating partition are both 140-175 mu m.
Further, the membership function is a triangular membership function.
Further, the defuzzification processing is performed by an area center of gravity method (centrood).
The fuel cell stack active temperature control device based on the composite PID controller is characterized by comprising a fuel cell stack, a water isolation plate, a plurality of double-sided monitoring devices, a CPU, an analog-to-digital conversion module, a power supply module, a controller and an upper computer; the fuel cell stack comprises a plurality of fuel cell units connected in series; the double-sided monitoring device is arranged between any two adjacent fuel cell units; a water isolation plate is arranged between the double-sided monitoring device and the bipolar plate which is provided with the cooling water flow channel and faces one side of the double-sided monitoring device, so that the problem of circuit short circuit caused by the contact of a copper-coated gold-plated partition (an electrical element) in the double-sided monitoring device and the cooling water flow channel is avoided.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
the invention provides a fuel cell stack active temperature control device based on a composite PID controller, which adjusts the resistance value of an adjustable resistor by adopting a mode of combining a traditional PID algorithm and a fuzzy PID algorithm according to a fuel cell partition temperature signal acquired in real time and a preset temperature so as to realize partition heating of a fuel cell.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a top view of a double-sided monitoring device in an active temperature control device of a fuel cell stack based on a composite PID controller according to embodiment 1 of the present invention;
fig. 2 is a perspective view of a double-sided monitoring device in the active temperature control device of a fuel cell stack based on a composite PID controller according to embodiment 1 of the present invention;
fig. 3 is a cross-sectional view of a monitoring unit in the active temperature control device of a fuel cell stack based on a composite PID controller according to embodiment 1 of the present invention;
fig. 4 is a heating schematic diagram of the active temperature control device of the fuel cell stack based on the composite PID controller according to embodiment 1 of the present invention;
fig. 5 is a schematic diagram of the operation of a controller in the active temperature control device for a fuel cell stack based on a composite PID controller according to embodiment 1 of the present invention;
fig. 6 is a fuzzy domain of input variable deviation e (k) and deviation change rate ec (k) in the active temperature control device of the fuel cell stack based on the composite PID controller according to embodiment 1 of the present invention;
FIG. 7 shows the output k of the active temperature control device of fuel cell stack based on composite PID controller in accordance with embodiment 1 of the present inventionp′、ki' and kdThe domain of ambiguity of';
fig. 8 is a schematic diagram illustrating the stack mounting and disassembly of the active temperature control device of a fuel cell stack based on a composite PID controller according to embodiment 2 of the present invention;
the reference numbers are as follows:
1: adjustable resistor
2: heating resistor
3: line resistor
4: sampling resistor
5: fastening bolt through hole
6: air channel
7: cooling liquid channel
8: hydrogen gas channel
9: temperature signal acquisition port
10: current signal acquisition port
11: temperature control port
12: metallized via
13: temperature collection point
14: top copper-clad and gold-plated subarea
15: top layer temperature signal acquisition layer
16: top layer heating layer
17: top layer current signal acquisition layer
18: inner copper-clad partition
19: bottom layer current signal acquisition layer
20: bottom heating layer
21: bottom layer temperature signal acquisition layer
22: partition coated with copper and gold on bottom layer
D: double-side monitoring device
G: water-isolated graphite plate
B1: anode bipolar plate
M: membrane electrode
B2: cathode bipolar plate
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more apparent, the present invention will be further described with reference to the following embodiments and the accompanying drawings.
The following non-limiting examples are presented to enable those of ordinary skill in the art to more fully understand the present invention and are not intended to limit the invention in any way.
Example 1
The embodiment provides a fuel cell stack active temperature control device based on a composite PID controller, which comprises a double-sided monitoring device D, a microprocessor (CPU), an analog-to-digital conversion module, a power supply module, a controller and an upper computer, wherein as shown in fig. 1 and 2, the middle of the double-sided monitoring device D and the area corresponding to the active area of the fuel cell stack are double-sided monitoring areas, one end of the double-sided monitoring device D, which extends out of the fuel cell stack area, is provided with a temperature signal acquisition port 9 and a current signal acquisition port 10, and the other end of the double-sided monitoring device D is provided with a temperature control port 11; the double-sided monitoring device D is a multilayer printed circuit board, is arranged between any two adjacent fuel cell units, and is used for detecting the zoning current density and temperature distribution in the fuel cell on line and heating in a zoning way;
the double-sided monitoring area consists of a plurality of monitoring units which are arranged in an array, and as shown in fig. 3, each monitoring unit comprises a top-layer copper-clad and gold-plated partition 14, a top-layer temperature signal acquisition layer 15, a top-layer heating layer 16, a top-layer current signal acquisition layer 17, an inner-layer copper-clad partition 18, a bottom-layer current signal acquisition layer 19, a bottom-layer heating layer 20, a bottom-layer temperature signal acquisition layer 21 and a bottom-layer copper-clad and gold-plated partition 22 which are sequentially arranged from top to bottom; the top copper-clad and gold-plated subareas 14 of the adjacent monitoring units are electrically isolated from each other, and the bottom copper-clad and gold-plated subareas 22 of the adjacent monitoring units are electrically isolated from each other;
the top copper-clad plating gold-plating subarea 14 and the bottom copper-clad plating gold-plating subarea 22 are both provided with a temperature collecting point 13 and a metalized through hole 12;
the top layer temperature signal acquisition layer 15 and the bottom layer temperature signal acquisition layer 21 are respectively embedded with a line resistor 3 and a wire for monitoring the internal partition temperature of the fuel cell; the line resistor 3 in the top temperature signal acquisition layer 15 is positioned below the temperature acquisition point 13 in the top copper-coated gold-plated subarea 14, and temperature voltage signals of the kth sampling period at two ends of the line resistor 3 are transmitted to the analog-to-digital conversion module through the wiring in the top temperature signal acquisition layer 15 and the temperature signal acquisition port 9; the line resistor 3 in the bottom temperature signal acquisition layer 21 is positioned above the temperature acquisition point 13 in the bottom copper-coated gold-plated subarea 22, and temperature voltage signals of the kth sampling period at two ends of the line resistor 3 are transmitted to the analog-to-digital conversion module through the wiring in the bottom temperature signal acquisition layer 21 and the temperature signal acquisition port 9;
the sampling resistor 4 and the wiring for monitoring the current density of the inner subareas of the fuel cell are embedded in the top current signal acquisition layer 17 and the bottom current signal acquisition layer 19; the sampling resistor 4 in the top layer current signal acquisition layer 17 is respectively connected with the metalized via hole 12 of the top layer copper-coated gold-plated subarea 14 and the inner layer copper-coated subarea 18 through wires, and current voltage signals of the kth sampling period at two ends of the sampling resistor 4 are transmitted to the analog-to-digital conversion module through the wiring in the top layer current signal acquisition layer 17 and the current signal acquisition port 10; the sampling resistor 4 in the bottom layer current signal acquisition layer 19 is respectively connected with the metalized via hole 12 of the bottom layer copper-coated gold-plated subarea 22 and the inner layer copper-coated subarea 18 through wires, and current voltage signals of the kth sampling period at two ends of the sampling resistor 4 are transmitted to the analog-to-digital conversion module through the wiring in the bottom layer current signal acquisition layer 19 and the current signal acquisition port 10;
the heating resistors 2 and the wiring are respectively embedded in the top heating layer 16 and the bottom heating layer 20, the heating resistors 2 in the top heating layer 16 and the line resistors 3 in the top temperature signal acquisition layer 15 are arranged in a staggered manner, and the heating resistors 2 in the bottom heating layer 20 and the line resistors 3 in the bottom temperature signal acquisition layer 21 are arranged in a staggered manner; the power supply module comprises a voltage source and adjustable resistors 1, the number of the adjustable resistors is twice that of the monitoring units, and the voltage source is connected to two ends of the heating resistor 2 of the corresponding monitoring unit through the adjustable resistors 1, the temperature control port 11 and the routing;
as shown in fig. 5, the controller includes a first PID controller, a second PID controller, and a fuzzy controller;
as shown in fig. 4, the temperature voltage signal of the kth sampling period and the current voltage signal of the kth sampling period are processed by the analog-to-digital conversion module into a temperature signal t (k) of the kth sampling period and a current signal of the kth sampling period, and then transmitted to the CPU for storage, and the CPU uploads the temperature signal and the current signal to the upper computer for display and analysis, so as to detect the zonal current density and the temperature distribution in the fuel cell on line; the upper computer sends the preset temperature T of the kth sampling periodset(k) To the CPU, the CPU calculates and stores the preset temperature T of the k sampling periodset(k) With temperature signal T (k)Deviation e (k) and deviation change rate ec (k):
e(k)＝Tset(k)-T(k)
Figure BDA0002994239400000091
wherein e (k-1) is the deviation of the k-1 sampling period; t issIs a sampling period;
the CPU compares the deviation e (k) of the k sampling period with a deviation threshold e0And (3) comparison:
if e (k) > e0And transmitting the stored deviation e (j), j 1,2,.. k and the deviation change rate ec (k) to a first PID controller in the controller for control processing, and obtaining an output quantity u (k) of the k-th sampling period:
Figure BDA0002994239400000092
wherein k ispIs a preset proportionality coefficient; k is a radical ofiIs a preset integral coefficient; k is a radical ofdIs a preset differential coefficient;
if e (k) is less than or equal to e0Transmitting the stored deviation e (j), j 1,2,.. k and the deviation change rate ec (k) to a second PID controller in the controller, transmitting the deviation e (k) and the deviation change rate ec (k) to a fuzzy controller, and respectively transmitting the deviation e (k) and the deviation change rate ec (k) to the fuzzy controller at kp′、ki′、kd' obtaining the output quantity k by looking up in the fuzzy control rule tablep′、ki' and kd' after defuzzification processing is performed by an area barycenter method, the defuzzification processing is used for controlling a second PID controller, and further an output quantity u (k) of a k-th sampling period is obtained:
Figure BDA0002994239400000101
wherein k isp' is a proportional coefficient after setting; k is a radical ofi' is integral coefficient after setting; k is a radical ofd' is an integerDetermining a differential coefficient;
TABLE 1, kp' fuzzy control rule table
Figure BDA0002994239400000102
TABLE 2, ki' fuzzy control rule table
Figure BDA0002994239400000103
TABLE 3, kd' fuzzy control rule table
Figure BDA0002994239400000104
Figure BDA0002994239400000111
The output quantity u (k) or u (k) output by the controller controls the resistance value of the corresponding adjustable resistor 1 in the power supply module, so that the partial pressure on the corresponding heating resistor 2 is changed, and the zone heating is realized.
Wherein k isp′、ki′、kdThe fuzzy control rule table of' is formulated as follows:
(1) determining the basic domains of the input variable deviation e (k) and the deviation change rate ec (k) as [ -e [ ], respectivelymax(k)，emax(k)]And [ -ec)max(k)，ecmax(k)]Output quantity kp′、ki' and kd' the basic discourse domain is [ -k respectivelyp,max′，kp,max′]、[-ki,max′，ki,max′]And [ -k ]d,max′，kd,max′]；
(2) Fuzzifying the input variable and the output quantity through a triangular membership function, and obtaining fuzzy subsets { E (K), EC (K), K when the quantization levels of the linguistic variables of the input variable and the output quantity are both 7p′，Ki′，Kd′}＝[NB、NM、NS、ZO、PS、PM、PB]Wherein NB, NM, NS, ZO, PS, PM, PB denote negative big, negative middle, negative small, zero, positive small, middle and positive big, respectively, the fuzzy domain of the fuzzy subset { E (K), EC (K) } is shown in FIG. 6, and the fuzzy domain of the fuzzy subset { Kp′，Ki′，KdThe ambiguity field of' } is shown in FIG. 7;
(3) according to different input variable deviations e (k) and deviation change rates ec (k), output k is output under different working conditions of the fuel cellp′、ki′、kd' requirement, make an output quantity kp′、ki′、kd' fuzzy control rules table.
Wherein, the resistance values of the heating resistors in each monitoring unit are equal; the resistance values of the line resistors in the monitoring units are equal; the impedance of the wires used for connecting the sampling resistor with the copper-clad gold-plating subarea on the top layer and the copper-clad subarea on the inner layer in each monitoring unit is the same as that of the wires used for connecting the sampling resistor with the copper-clad gold-plating subarea on the bottom layer and the copper-clad subarea on the inner layer; the resistance values of the sampling resistors in the monitoring units are equal and are all milliohm resistors with the precision of 0.5%; the areas of the top copper-clad and gold-plated subareas and the bottom copper-clad and gold-plated subareas of different monitoring units are the same; the thickness of the top copper-clad plating gold-plating subarea and the thickness of the bottom copper-clad plating gold-plating subarea are both 140 mu m.
Example 2
The embodiment provides a fuel cell stack active temperature control device stack based on a composite PID controller, which is characterized by comprising a fuel cell stack, a water isolation plate G, a plurality of double-sided monitoring devices D, CPU, an analog-to-digital conversion module, a power supply module, a controller and an upper computer; the fuel cell stack comprises a plurality of fuel cell units connected in series; the fuel cell unit consists of an anode bipolar plate B1, a membrane electrode M and a cathode bipolar plate B2 which are sequentially superposed; the double-sided monitoring device D is a multilayer printed circuit board, is arranged between a cathode bipolar plate B2 of an upper fuel cell unit and an anode bipolar plate B1 of a lower fuel cell unit, is used for detecting the zonal current density and temperature distribution in the fuel cell on line and heating the inner zone as shown in figure 8; a water isolation plate G is arranged between the double-sided monitoring device D and the anode bipolar plate B1 with a cooling water flow channel arranged on one side facing the double-sided monitoring device, so that the problem of short circuit caused by the contact of a copper-coated gold-plated partition (electrical element) in the double-sided monitoring device and the cooling water flow channel is avoided.
The middle of the double-sided monitoring device D and the area corresponding to the active area of the fuel cell stack are double-sided monitoring areas, one end of the double-sided monitoring device D, which extends out of the fuel cell stack area, is provided with a temperature signal acquisition port 9 and a current signal acquisition port 10, and the other end of the double-sided monitoring device D is provided with a temperature control port 11;
the double-sided monitoring area consists of a plurality of monitoring units which are arranged in an array, and each monitoring unit comprises a top layer copper-coated gold-plated subarea 14, a top layer temperature signal acquisition layer 15, a top layer heating layer 16, a top layer current signal acquisition layer 17, an inner layer copper-coated subarea 18, a bottom layer current signal acquisition layer 19, a bottom layer heating layer 20, a bottom layer temperature signal acquisition layer 21 and a bottom layer copper-coated gold-plated subarea 22 which are sequentially arranged from top to bottom; the top copper-clad and gold-plated subareas 14 of the adjacent monitoring units are electrically isolated from each other, and the bottom copper-clad and gold-plated subareas 22 of the adjacent monitoring units are electrically isolated from each other;
the top copper-clad plating gold-plating subarea 14 and the bottom copper-clad plating gold-plating subarea 22 are both provided with a temperature collecting point 13 and a metalized through hole 12;
the top layer temperature signal acquisition layer 15 and the bottom layer temperature signal acquisition layer 21 are respectively embedded with a line resistor 3 and a wire for monitoring the internal partition temperature of the fuel cell; the line resistor 3 in the top temperature signal acquisition layer 15 is positioned below the temperature acquisition point 13 in the top copper-coated gold-plated subarea 14, and temperature voltage signals of the kth sampling period at two ends of the line resistor 3 are transmitted to the analog-to-digital conversion module through the wiring in the top temperature signal acquisition layer 15 and the temperature signal acquisition port 9; the line resistor 3 in the bottom temperature signal acquisition layer 21 is positioned above the temperature acquisition point 13 in the bottom copper-coated gold-plated subarea 22, and temperature voltage signals of the kth sampling period at two ends of the line resistor 3 are transmitted to the analog-to-digital conversion module through the wiring in the bottom temperature signal acquisition layer 21 and the temperature signal acquisition port 9;
the sampling resistor 4 and the wiring for monitoring the current density of the inner subareas of the fuel cell are embedded in the top current signal acquisition layer 17 and the bottom current signal acquisition layer 19; the sampling resistor 4 in the top layer current signal acquisition layer 17 is respectively connected with the metalized via hole 12 of the top layer copper-coated gold-plated subarea 14 and the inner layer copper-coated subarea 18 through wires, and current voltage signals of the kth sampling period at two ends of the sampling resistor 4 are transmitted to the analog-to-digital conversion module through the wiring in the top layer current signal acquisition layer 17 and the current signal acquisition port 10; the sampling resistor 4 in the bottom layer current signal acquisition layer 19 is respectively connected with the metalized via hole 12 of the bottom layer copper-coated gold-plated subarea 22 and the inner layer copper-coated subarea 18 through wires, and current voltage signals of the kth sampling period at two ends of the sampling resistor 4 are transmitted to the analog-to-digital conversion module through the wiring in the bottom layer current signal acquisition layer 19 and the current signal acquisition port 10;
the heating resistors 2 and the wiring are respectively embedded in the top heating layer 16 and the bottom heating layer 20, the heating resistors 2 in the top heating layer 16 and the line resistors 3 in the top temperature signal acquisition layer 15 are arranged in a staggered manner, and the heating resistors 2 in the bottom heating layer 20 and the line resistors 3 in the bottom temperature signal acquisition layer 21 are arranged in a staggered manner; the power supply module comprises a voltage source and adjustable resistors 1, the number of the adjustable resistors is twice that of the monitoring units, and the voltage source is connected to two ends of the heating resistor 2 of the corresponding monitoring unit through the adjustable resistors 1, the temperature control port 11 and the routing;
the controller comprises a first PID controller, a second PID controller and a fuzzy controller;
the temperature voltage signal of the kth sampling period and the current voltage signal of the kth sampling period are processed into a temperature signal T (k) of the kth sampling period and a current signal of the kth sampling period through an analog-to-digital conversion module and then transmitted to a CPU for storage, and the temperature signal and the current signal are uploaded to an upper computer by the CPU for display and analysis, so that the zoning current density and temperature distribution in the fuel cell are detected on line; the upper computer sends the preset temperature T of the kth sampling periodset(k) To the CPU, the CPU calculates and stores the preset temperature T of the k sampling periodset(k) Deviation e (k) from temperature signal t (k) and deviation change rate ec (k):
e(k)＝Tset(k)-T(k)
Figure BDA0002994239400000131
wherein e (k-1) is the deviation of the k-1 sampling period; t issIs a sampling period;
the CPU compares the deviation e (k) of the k sampling period with a deviation threshold e0And (3) comparison:
if e (k) > e0And transmitting the stored deviation e (j), j 1,2,.. k and the deviation change rate ec (k) to a first PID controller in the controller for control processing, and obtaining an output quantity u (k) of the k-th sampling period:
Figure BDA0002994239400000132
wherein k ispIs a preset proportionality coefficient; k is a radical ofiIs a preset integral coefficient; k is a radical ofdIs a preset differential coefficient;
if e (k) is less than or equal to e0Transmitting the stored deviation e (j), j 1,2,.. k and the deviation change rate ec (k) to a second PID controller in the controller, transmitting the deviation e (k) and the deviation change rate ec (k) to a fuzzy controller, and respectively transmitting the deviation e (k) and the deviation change rate ec (k) to the fuzzy controller at kp′、ki′、kd' obtaining the output quantity k by looking up in the fuzzy control rule tablep′、ki' and kd' after defuzzification processing is performed by an area barycenter method, the defuzzification processing is used for controlling a second PID controller, and further an output quantity u (k) of a k-th sampling period is obtained:
Figure BDA0002994239400000141
wherein k isp' is a proportional coefficient after setting; k is a radical ofi' is integral coefficient after setting; k is a radical ofd' is differential coefficient after setting;
TABLE 1, kp' fuzzy control rule Table
Figure BDA0002994239400000142
TABLE 2, ki' fuzzy control rule table
Figure BDA0002994239400000143
TABLE 3, kd' fuzzy control rule table
Figure BDA0002994239400000144
The output quantity u (k) or u (k) output by the controller controls the resistance value of the corresponding adjustable resistor 1 in the power supply module, so that the partial pressure on the corresponding heating resistor 2 is changed, and the zone heating is realized.
Wherein k isp′、ki′、kdThe fuzzy control rule table of' is formulated as follows:
(1) determining the basic domains of the input variable deviation e (k) and the deviation change rate ec (k) as [ -e [ ], respectivelymax(k)，emax(k)]And [ -ec)max(k)，ecmax(k)]Output quantity kp′、ki' and kd' the basic discourse domain is [ -k respectivelyp,max′，kp,max′]、[-ki,max′，ki,max′]And [ -k ]d,max′，kd,max′]；
(2) Fuzzifying the input variable and the output quantity through a triangular membership function, and obtaining fuzzy subsets { E (K), EC (K), K when the quantization levels of the linguistic variables of the input variable and the output quantity are both 7p′，Ki′，Kd′}＝[NB、NM、NS、ZO、PS、PM、PB]Wherein NB, NM, NS, ZO, PS, PM, PB represent negative big, negative middle, negative small, zero, positive small, middle small, and positive big, respectively;
(3) according to different input variable deviations e (k) and deviation change rates ec (k), output k is output under different working conditions of the fuel cellp′、ki′、kd' requirement, make an output quantity kp′、ki′、kd' fuzzy control rules table.
Wherein, the resistance values of the heating resistors in each monitoring unit are equal; the resistance values of the line resistors in the monitoring units are equal; the impedance of the wires used for connecting the sampling resistor with the copper-clad gold-plating subarea on the top layer and the copper-clad subarea on the inner layer in each monitoring unit is the same as that of the wires used for connecting the sampling resistor with the copper-clad gold-plating subarea on the bottom layer and the copper-clad subarea on the inner layer; the resistance values of the sampling resistors in the monitoring units are equal and are all milliohm resistors with the precision of 0.5%; the areas of the top copper-clad and gold-plated subareas and the bottom copper-clad and gold-plated subareas of different monitoring units are the same; the thickness of the top copper-clad plating gold-plating subarea and the thickness of the bottom copper-clad plating gold-plating subarea are both 140 mu m.

Claims (10)

1. A fuel cell stack active temperature control device based on a composite PID controller is characterized by comprising a double-sided monitoring device, a CPU, an analog-to-digital conversion module, a power supply module, a controller and an upper computer, wherein the middle of the double-sided monitoring device and the area corresponding to the active area of a fuel cell stack are double-sided monitoring areas, one end of the double-sided monitoring device, which extends out of the fuel cell stack area, is provided with a temperature signal acquisition port and a current signal acquisition port, and the other end of the double-sided monitoring device is provided with a temperature control port; the double-sided monitoring device is arranged between any two adjacent fuel cell units;
the double-sided monitoring area consists of a plurality of monitoring units which are arranged in an array, and each monitoring unit comprises a top layer copper-clad and gold-plated partition, a top layer temperature signal acquisition layer, a top layer heating layer, a top layer current signal acquisition layer, an inner layer copper-clad partition, a bottom layer current signal acquisition layer, a bottom layer heating layer, a bottom layer temperature signal acquisition layer and a bottom layer copper-clad and gold-plated partition which are sequentially arranged from top to bottom; the top copper-clad and gold-plated subareas of the adjacent monitoring units are mutually and electrically isolated, and the bottom copper-clad and gold-plated subareas of the adjacent monitoring units are mutually and electrically isolated;
the top copper-clad plating gold-plating subarea and the bottom copper-clad plating gold-plating subarea are both provided with temperature collecting points and metalized through holes;
wire resistors and wires are buried in the top temperature signal acquisition layer and the bottom temperature signal acquisition layer; the line resistor in the top temperature signal acquisition layer is positioned below the temperature acquisition point in the copper-coated gold-plated partition on the top, and temperature voltage signals of the kth sampling period at two ends of the line resistor are transmitted to the analog-to-digital conversion module through the wiring in the top temperature signal acquisition layer and the temperature signal acquisition port; the line resistor in the bottom temperature signal acquisition layer is positioned above the temperature acquisition point in the bottom copper-coated gold-plated subarea, and temperature voltage signals of the kth sampling period at two ends of the line resistor are transmitted to the analog-to-digital conversion module through the wiring in the bottom temperature signal acquisition layer and the temperature signal acquisition port;
sampling resistors and wiring are embedded in the top layer current signal acquisition layer and the bottom layer current signal acquisition layer; the sampling resistor in the top layer current signal acquisition layer is respectively connected with the metalized through hole of the top layer copper-coated gold-plated subarea and the inner layer copper-coated subarea through conducting wires, and current voltage signals of the kth sampling period at two ends of the sampling resistor are transmitted to the analog-to-digital conversion module through the wiring in the top layer current signal acquisition layer and the current signal acquisition port; the sampling resistor in the bottom layer current signal acquisition layer is respectively connected with the metalized through hole of the bottom layer copper-coated gold-plated subarea and the inner layer copper-coated subarea through a wire, and current voltage signals of the kth sampling period at two ends of the sampling resistor are transmitted to the analog-to-digital conversion module through the wiring in the bottom layer current signal acquisition layer and the current signal acquisition port;
the heating device comprises a top heating layer, a bottom heating layer, a power supply module and a monitoring unit, wherein heating resistors and wires are embedded in the top heating layer and the bottom heating layer;
the controller comprises a first PID controller, a second PID controller and a fuzzy controller;
the temperature voltage signal of the kth sampling period and the current voltage signal of the kth sampling period are processed into a temperature signal T (k) of the kth sampling period and a current signal of the kth sampling period through an analog-to-digital conversion module and then transmitted to a CPU for storage, and the CPU transmits the temperature signal T (k) and the current signal of the kth sampling period to the CPUThe signal and the current signal are uploaded to an upper computer for displaying and analyzing; the upper computer sends the preset temperature T of the kth sampling periodset(k) To the CPU, the CPU calculates and stores the preset temperature T of the k sampling periodset(k) Deviation e (k) from temperature signal t (k) and deviation change rate ec (k):
e(k)＝Tset(k)-T(k)
Figure FDA0003461807590000021
wherein e (k-1) is the deviation of the k-1 sampling period; t issIs a sampling period;
the CPU compares the deviation e (k) of the k sampling period with a deviation threshold e0And (3) comparison:
if e (k) > e0And transmitting the stored deviation e (j), j 1,2,.. k and the deviation change rate ec (k) to a first PID controller in the controller for control processing, and obtaining an output quantity u (k) of the k-th sampling period:
Figure FDA0003461807590000022
wherein k ispIs a preset proportionality coefficient; k is a radical ofiIs a preset integral coefficient; k is a radical ofdIs a preset differential coefficient;
if e (k) is less than or equal to e0And transmitting the stored deviation e (j), j is 1,2, 1, k and the deviation change rate ec (k) to a second PID controller in the controller, transmitting the deviation e (k) and the deviation change rate ec (k) as input variables to a fuzzy controller, and respectively transmitting the deviation e (k) and the deviation change rate ec (k) to the fuzzy controller at kp'、ki'、kd' obtaining the output quantity k by looking up in the fuzzy control rule tablep'、ki' and kd' after defuzzification processing, controlling a second PID controller to further obtain an output u (k) of a k-th sampling period:
Figure FDA0003461807590000023
wherein k isp' is a proportional coefficient after setting; k is a radical ofi' is integral coefficient after setting; k is a radical ofd' is differential coefficient after setting; NB, NM, NS, ZO, PS, PM, PB represent negative big, negative middle, negative small, zero, positive small, middle and positive big respectively;
kp' fuzzy control rule table
Figure FDA0003461807590000031
ki' fuzzy control rule table
Figure FDA0003461807590000032
kd' fuzzy control rule table
Figure FDA0003461807590000033
The output quantity u (k) or u (k) output by the controller controls the resistance value of the corresponding adjustable resistor in the power supply module.
2. The active temperature control device of fuel cell stack based on composite PID controller of claim 1, wherein k isp'、ki'、kdThe fuzzy control rule table of' is formulated as follows:
(1) determining the basic domains of the input variable deviation e (k) and the deviation change rate ec (k) as [ -e [ ], respectivelymax(k)，emax(k)]And [ -ec)max(k)，ecmax(k)]Output quantity kp'、ki' and kd' the basic discourse domain is [ -k respectivelyp,max'，kp,max']、[-ki,max'，ki,max']And [ -k ]d,max'，kd,max']；
(2) Fuzzifying the input variable and the output quantity through a membership function, and obtaining fuzzy subsets { E (K), EC (K), K when the quantization levels of the linguistic variables of the input variable and the output quantity are both 7p'，Ki'，Kd'}＝[NB、NM、NS、ZO、PS、PM、PB]；
(3) According to different input variable deviations e (k) and deviation change rates ec (k), output k is output under different working conditions of the fuel cellp'、ki'、kd' requirement, make an output quantity kp'、ki'、kd' fuzzy control rules table.
3. The active temperature control device for fuel cell stacks based on composite PID controller as claimed in claim 2, wherein the membership function is a triangular membership function.
4. The active temperature control device of the fuel cell stack based on the composite PID controller of claim 2, wherein the defuzzification is performed by an area center of gravity method.
5. The active temperature control device of fuel cell stack based on composite PID controller of claim 1, wherein the heating resistance in the top heating layer is staggered with the line resistance in the top temperature signal collecting layer, and the heating resistance in the bottom heating layer is staggered with the line resistance in the bottom temperature signal collecting layer.
6. The active temperature control device of the fuel cell stack based on the composite PID controller according to claim 1, wherein the resistance values of the heating resistors in each monitoring unit are equal; the resistance values of the line resistors in the monitoring units are equal; the resistance values of the sampling resistors in the monitoring units are equal and are all milliohm resistors with the precision of 0.5%.
7. The active temperature control device of fuel cell stack based on composite PID controller of claim 1, wherein the impedance of the wires connecting the sampling resistor with the copper-clad area on the top layer and the copper-clad area on the inner layer, and the impedance of the wires connecting the sampling resistor with the copper-clad area on the bottom layer and the copper-clad area on the inner layer are the same.
8. The active temperature control device of fuel cell stack based on composite PID controller of claim 1, wherein the areas of the top copper plating gold plating section and the bottom copper plating gold plating section of different monitoring units are the same.
9. The active temperature control device of a fuel cell stack based on a composite PID controller of claim 1, wherein the thickness of the top copper-clad area and the bottom copper-clad area is 140-175 μm.
10. The fuel cell stack active temperature control device based on the composite PID controller is applied to a stack according to claims 1-9, and comprises a fuel cell stack, a water isolation plate, a plurality of double-sided monitoring devices, a CPU, an analog-to-digital conversion module, a power supply module, a controller and an upper computer; the fuel cell stack comprises a plurality of fuel cell units connected in series; the double-sided monitoring device is arranged between any two adjacent fuel cell units; a water isolation plate is arranged between the double-sided monitoring device and the bipolar plate which is provided with a cooling water flow channel on one side facing the double-sided monitoring device.
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