CN113076978A - Improved CSMR slope rock mass classification method for rock mass with multiple groups of structural planes - Google Patents
Improved CSMR slope rock mass classification method for rock mass with multiple groups of structural planes Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention provides an improved CSMR slope rock mass classification method for rock masses with multiple groups of structural planes. Firstly, acquiring characteristic data of a slope rock mass to be classified and evaluated through engineering geological investigation, wherein the characteristic data comprises the total group number and the occupied weight of a structural surface; then carrying out weighted average on the structural plane orientation correction coefficients of a plurality of groups of structural planes so as to carry out structural plane orientation correction coefficient F in the CSMR slope rock mass classification method1、F2And F3And improving, and finally substituting the improved azimuth correction coefficient into a CSMR expression to obtain a slope classification result. The method comprehensively considers the superposition effect of adverse effects of multiple groups of structural surfaces on slope stability, so thatAnd the classification result of the side slope is more consistent with the actual situation.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of rock engineering, in particular to an improved CSMR (Carrier sense multiple layer) slope rock mass classification method for rocks with multiple groups of structural planes.
Background
Strip mining is one of the important ways of metal ore production, with the largest Haizhou strip in Asia reaching as deep as 320 m. The stratum before mining is in a stress balance state, and degradation processes such as fracture, joint and fissure can be formed in the long geological structure evolution process, so that the originally finished rock body is crushed. During the mining process, five-surface constraint is generally formed, and one surface is in a free rock body form. The rock body is damaged or even rockburst because of the loss of constraint and the release of elastic potential energy. Therefore, the change of the lithology of the side slope and the quality of the rock mass in the mining process can be known in time so as to take measures in time to prevent accidents. The correctness of the slope safety and stability evaluation result is directly related to the success or failure of the slope engineering. Therefore, how to scientifically and reasonably evaluate the quality of the slope rock becomes a key problem.
At present, the research focus of slope stability can be summarized into two aspects, namely an index system (influencing factor) and an evaluation method. Because the stability of the side slope is influenced by various factors, and each factor has uncertainty and complexity, with the continuous deepening of theoretical research and practice, the influence factors considered from the engineering geological analysis have comprehensiveness, and generally, slope shape, rock strength, rock structure, geological structure, weathering, hydrogeology, climate, earthquake, human activities and the like are considered, but the influence degrees of the factors are greatly different, and key factors cannot be highlighted. In the evaluation method, no matter a deterministic analysis method is adopted, or an uncertain method such as fuzzy mathematics, a grey theory, a quantitative theory, an information model method and the like is adopted, the accuracy of the method for evaluating the slope stability is still different from the actual situation, and the uncertain analysis method is complex in calculation, difficult to implement and difficult to popularize.
For engineering side slopes, rock mass quality grading is the most important index and is the basis of macroscopic stability evaluation and empirical design, and the method is widely applied to engineering side slope stability research. The basic rock mass quality of the slope rock mass specifically refers to the rock mass quality determined by a BQ classification method in engineering rock mass classification standard (GB/T50218-2014). Although the methods for classifying the rock mass of the side slope, such as SMR, CSMR and BQ-Rslope methods, have been deeply researched and practiced in engineering for many years, the methods have certain limitations, and the SMR classification does not consider the influence of the height of the side slope on stability evaluation and distinguish the influence of a control structural plane on the stability of the side slope; in CSMR, the weight of the correction coefficient of the relationship between the inclination angle of the F3 side slope and the inclination angle of the structural plane is too large, that is, when the inclination angle of the side slope is 10 ° greater than the inclination angle of the structural plane, the rock mass is reduced by 60 points (three levels) no matter how strong the rock and the structural plane are, and the influence of the inclination of the structural plane on the stability of the side slope is not fully considered (CSMR method and application of a classification system of the quality of the rock mass of the side slope, libingwei, lithun and royal orchards). A BQ-Rslope method recommended by the engineering rock mass grading standard (GB/T50218-2014) mainly aims at rocky slopes with the slope height of 60m and below, and for rocky slopes with the height of more than 60m or special slope engineering rocks, special argumentation is carried out by combining engineering according to the slope height influence except that a corrected rock mass quality quantitative index [ BQ ] is determined according to a suggested slope engineering rock mass grading method, and the slope height of a high slope of hydraulic and hydroelectric engineering generally exceeds 60m (the rocky slope engineering rock mass grading method based on the rock mass quality index BQ, Wu Aiqing). At present, the application of the grading of the rock mass of the slope engineering in the actual engineering is not very common, on one hand, the rock slope engineering is more complex compared with the underground engineering, and the influence of the influence factors such as slope height, an empty face, the rock mass structure, the geological structure and the like on the stability of the slope is more prominent; on the other hand, different from the classification of surrounding rocks of the cavern, the classification of the slope rock mass does not form a consensus result closely related to classification and supporting systems, and the application has great limitation.
In view of the above, there is a need to design an improved CSMR slope rock mass classification method for multi-group structural plane rock masses to solve the above problems.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to overcome the defects of the prior art, the invention aims to provide an improved CSMR slope rock mass classification method facing multiple groups of structural plane rock masses. The method comprehensively considers the superposition effect of adverse effects of a plurality of groups of structural surfaces on slope stability, and corrects the orientation coefficient of the structural surface by adopting a weighted average method and a comprehensive evaluation method, so that the slope classification result is more consistent with the actual situation.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention provides an improved CSMR slope rock mass classification method for multiple groups of structural plane rock masses, which comprises the following steps:
s1, obtaining characteristic data of the slope rock mass to be classified and evaluated through engineering geological investigation;
s2, carrying out weighted average on the structural plane azimuth correction coefficients of a plurality of groups of structural planes to carry out structural plane azimuth correction coefficient F in the CSMR slope rock mass classification method1、F2And F3The improvement is that the following formula is satisfied:
CSMR＝ξ·RMR′-λ·F1·F2·F3+F4 (1)
in the formula: ξ ═ 0.57+0.43 × (H)rH) is the height of the side slope, and the unit is m and Hr80m, when pouring damage, 1; according to Bieniwski (1989) classification method, RMR' is the RMR value without correction of the joint orientation; f1Is a coefficient reflecting the relation between the structural surface tendency and the slope tendency; f2Is a coefficient related to the structural plane inclination; f3Is a coefficient reflecting the relationship between the inclination angle of the structural plane and the inclination angle of the side slope; f4Excavating a method coefficient for the side slope;
wherein, F is improved1、F2And F3Calculated by the following formula:
Fm＝fm1·w1+fm2·wm2+...+fmn·wn (2)
in the formula: m is 1, 2, 3, FmCorrecting the coefficient for the orientation of the structural plane F1、F2Or F3A weighted average of (a); n is the total number of groups of structural surfaces, fmnThe m azimuth correction coefficient of the n group of structural planes of the slope rock mass is obtained according to the CSMR slope rock mass classification method; w is anThe weight of the nth group of structural surfaces, namely the proportion of the number of the nth group of structural surfaces to the total number of the structural surfaces.
As a further improvement of the invention, all the n groups of structural surfaces are dominant structural surfaces.
As a further improvement of the present invention, step S1 further includes partitioning the slope rock mass to obtain a slope attitude and a structural plane attitude of each partition.
As a further improvement of the present invention, in step S2, when the slope rock in-vivo development controlling structural plane or only one group of structural planes is developed, n is 1.
As a further improvement of the present invention, in step S2, when f is lower than fmnWhen the corresponding structural plane is a disordered structural plane, fmnAnd taking the structural plane azimuth correction coefficient corresponding to the 'general' grade in the CSMR slope rock mass classification method.
As a further improvement of the invention, when fmnWhen the corresponding structural surface is a disordered structural surface, f corresponding to the sliding failure mechanism1nIs 0.7, f2nIs 0.7, f3n10, pour failure mechanism corresponds to1nIs 0.7, f2nIs 1, f3nIs 10.
As a further improvement of the invention, the characteristic data of the slope rock mass comprises the height of the slope, the RMR value, the occurrence of the slope, the total group number of the structural planes, the occurrence of the structural planes and the weight of each group of the structural planes.
As a further improvement of the invention, the characteristic data of the slope rock mass further comprises RQD value and fracture rate, the form and roughness of the joint fracture, the length of the trace, the type and thickness of the filling material and the weathering alteration degree.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
1. the improved CSMR slope rock mass classification method for the multiple groups of structural plane rock masses, provided by the invention, comprises the steps of firstly, obtaining characteristic data of the slope rock mass to be classified and evaluated, including the total group number and the occupied weight of the structural planes, through engineering geological investigation; then carrying out weighted average on the structural plane orientation correction coefficients of a plurality of groups of structural planes so as to carry out structural plane orientation correction coefficient F in the CSMR slope rock mass classification method1、F2And F3And improving, and finally substituting the improved azimuth correction coefficient into a CSMR expression to obtain a slope classification result. The method is obtained based on years of engineering practice and slope theoretical knowledge, and compared with the conventional method of only taking values of one of the most unfavorable structural surfaces in the multiple groups of structural surfaces, the method comprehensively considers the superposition effect of the adverse effects of the multiple groups of structural surfaces on slope stability, obtains more accurate and reasonable correction coefficients, and enables the slope classification result to be more consistent with the actual situation.
2. The improved CSMR slope rock mass classification method for the rock masses with the multiple groups of structural planes combines actual exploration with theoretical calculation, partitions the slope rock mass, and obtains the slope occurrence and the structural plane occurrence of each partition, so that the classification evaluation on the quality of ore bodies can be more reasonably and comprehensively carried out. When the development control structural plane in the side slope or only one group of structural planes is developed, n is 1, and the influence of a special structural plane on the direction correction coefficient of the improved structural plane is eliminated. Therefore, the classification method provided by the invention has stronger practicability, and improves the accuracy of the classification of the slope rock mass.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more apparent, the present invention is described in detail below with reference to specific embodiments.
It should be noted that, in order to avoid obscuring the present invention with unnecessary details, only the structures and/or processing steps closely related to the scheme of the present invention are shown in the specific embodiments, and other details not closely related to the present invention are omitted.
In addition, it is also to be noted that the terms "comprises," "comprising," or any other variation thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion, such that a process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of elements does not include only those elements but may include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such process, method, article, or apparatus.
The CSMR classification system is an application of an RMR-SMR system, and is a slope rock mass classification system developed by the Chinese water conservancy and hydropower slope engineering group in 1997 when executing a 'eighty-five' attack and customs project. The system comprehensively evaluates according to the basic quality of rock mass of the high rock slope and a plurality of factors influencing the stability of the slope, classifies the stability of the slope, and semi-quantitatively evaluates the stability of the slope.
The CSMR classification system is the basis for classifying and improving the slope rock mass according to the invention:
the CSMR classification factors are basically divided into two parts: the basic quality (RMR) of the slope rock mass proposed by Bieniawski is comprehensively determined by factors such as rock strength, RQD value, structural plane distance, structural plane condition, underground water and the like; secondly, the correction of various slope influence factors including a slope height correction coefficient (xi) and a structural surface orientation coefficient (F)1、F2、F3) Structural surface condition coefficient (lambda) and side slope excavation method coefficient (F)4). Adopting an integral difference scoring model, wherein the expression is as follows:
CSMR＝ξ·RMR′-λ·F1·F2·F3+F4 (1)
in the formula: ξ ═ 0.57+0.43 × (H)rH) is the height of side slope (m), Hr80m, when pouring damage, 1; according to Bieniwski (1989) classification method, RMR' is the RMR value without correction of the joint orientation; f1Is a coefficient reflecting the relation between the structural surface tendency and the slope tendency; f2Is a coefficient related to the structural plane inclination; f3Is a coefficient reflecting the relationship between the slope inclination and the structural plane inclination.
F1、F2、F3As determined from table 1:
TABLE 1 structural surface orientation correction factor
The structural surface condition coefficient λ is determined from table 2:
TABLE 2 structural surface Condition correction coefficients
Coefficient of side slope excavation method F4As determined from table 3:
TABLE 3 coefficient of slope excavation method (according to Romana)
The CSMR value calculated by the formula (1) is in the range of [0, 100], divided into 5 levels at 20 intervals (see Table 4). And according to the grade of the slope rock mass, evaluating the rock mass quality and the stability of the slope semi-quantitatively, and taking corresponding support measures.
TABLE 4 CSMR hierarchical description (according to Romana)
In the engineering example, the situation that the slope rock mass is of an integral structure or only develops one group of structural surface is rare, and generally, two or more groups of structural surfaces are developed. Under the condition that the overall stability of the slope is not influenced by the controlled structural surfaces such as faults, extrusion belts and the like, when the stability of the slope is evaluated by adopting a CSMR method, the processing modes of engineering technicians on the orientation coefficients of the structural surfaces are different, but the general principle is to select the most unfavorable structural surface or the most unfavorable structural surface combination to correct the orientation coefficient of the structural surface of the slope rock mass.
It can be seen that, the conventional value taking method for the orientation coefficient of the structural surface only takes the value of one of the most unfavorable structural surfaces in the multiple groups of structural surfaces, and the adverse effect of the multiple groups of structural surfaces on the stability of the side slope is not considered.
In view of the above, the research of the invention shows that the multiple groups of structural surfaces of the slope development destroy the integrity of the rock mass, and no matter which group of structural surfaces has different combination relationship with the slope surface in space position, the influence on the slope is very beneficial or very unfavorable, and the adverse effect on the slope cannot be ignored. Therefore, when the CSMR method is adopted to evaluate the slope stability, the superposition effect of the adverse effect of the multiple groups of structure surfaces on the slope stability is comprehensively considered. The invention combines years of engineering practice to find out that the improved CSMR method (weighted average method and comprehensive evaluation method) is adopted to correct the orientation coefficient of the structural surface, thereby obtaining good effect.
The improved CSMR slope rock mass classification method facing multiple groups of structural plane rock masses is specifically explained below.
The invention provides an improved CSMR slope rock mass classification method for multiple groups of structural plane rock masses, which comprises the following steps:
s1, obtaining characteristic data of the slope rock mass to be classified and evaluated through engineering geological investigation;
the method needs to collect complete structural surface characteristic data on site, wherein the characteristic data of the slope rock mass comprise characteristic data of slope height, RMR value, slope occurrence, total group number of structural surfaces, structural surface occurrence, weight occupied by each group of structural surfaces, RQD value and fracture rate, form and roughness of joint fracture, trace length, type and thickness of filling, weathering alteration degree and the like. When processing the structural plane data, firstly, whether the structural plane with development control is needed to be judged, and secondly, the occurrence of a plurality of groups of advantageous structural planes is counted.
Particularly, the slope rock mass is partitioned, and then the slope attitude and the structural plane attitude of each partition are obtained.
S2, correcting the orientation coefficient of the structural surface of a plurality of groups of structural surfacesPerforming weighted average to correct the orientation correction coefficient F of the structural plane in the CSMR slope rock mass classification method1、F2And F3And (5) carrying out improvement.
Specifically, each set of structural surfaces is referred to the corresponding orientation correction factor F in Table 11、F2、F3And multiplying the determined result by corresponding weight, and then summing to obtain a comprehensive structural plane correction coefficient of the rock mass of the inner slope of the section, wherein the expression is as follows:
Fm＝fm1·w1+fm2·wm2+...+fmn·wn (2)
in the formula: m is 1, 2, 3, FmCorrecting the coefficient for the orientation of the structural plane F1、F2Or F3A weighted average of (a); n is the total number of groups of structural surfaces, fmnFor the m-th orientation correction factor, e.g. f, of the n-th group of structural planes of the sloping rock mass obtained according to the CSMR method for classifying the sloping rock mass11Corresponding F representing a first set of structural faces1；wnThe weight of the nth group of structural surfaces, namely the proportion of the number of the nth group of structural surfaces to the total number of the structural surfaces. In particular, the structural planes in the n groups are all dominant structural planes, and when the structural planes in the side slope body are developed and controlled or only one group of structural planes is developed, n is 1.
In particular, when fmnWhen the corresponding structural plane is a disordered structural plane, fmnAnd according to the results in the table 1, taking the structural plane azimuth correction coefficient corresponding to the 'general' grade in the CSMR slope rock mass classification method.
Examples
Through detailed engineering geological survey in the early stage, a certain mine side slope is divided into 5 subareas, structural surface mapping statistical analysis is carried out on main lithology related to the side slope to obtain 4 groups of structural surfaces and some disordered structural surfaces of the rock mass, the result is shown in table 5, and the rock mass of each subarea is valued according to the data.
TABLE 5 characteristic data of slope rock mass of certain mine
Taking the area 1 in the table 5 as an example for value taking, the main parameters comprise a slope height correction coefficient (xi) and a structural surface orientation coefficient (F)1、F2、F3) Structural surface condition coefficient (lambda) and side slope excavation method coefficient (F)4)
1) The height of the 1-zone slope is 445m, and the height is substituted into the formula xi to be 0.57+0.43 (H)rH) to obtain xi value, which is 0.65.
2)F1Value taking
According to the site investigation condition, the side slope mainly adopts a sliding failure mechanism, and the F of 4 groups of structural surfaces and disordered structural surfaces are respectively determined according to the structural surface azimuth correction coefficient determination formula in the table 11：
First set of structural planes gamma1＝|αj-αs125 ° > 30 °, so f11Taking 0.15;
second set of structural planes gamma1＝|αj-αs74 ° > 30 °, so f12Taking 0.15;
third group of structural planes gamma1＝|αj-αsI 225-232-7, so f13Taking 0.85;
fourth group structural plane gamma1＝|αj-αs78 ° > 30 °, so f14Taking 0.15;
the surface of the disordered structure is taken as "normal", so that f15Taking 0.7;
so F1＝0.15×10.43％+0.15×19.08％+0.85×32.06％+0.15×24.94％+0.7×13.49％＝0.45
It can be seen that after each group of structural planes are comprehensively considered and weighted and averaged, F1The value of the single structural surface is greatly different from that of any single structural surface.
3)F2Value of
According to the site investigation condition, the side slope is mainly based on a sliding damage mechanism, and 4 groups of the side slopes are respectively determined according to the structural surface azimuth correction coefficient determination formula in the table 1F of structural and disorganized surfaces2：
First set of structural planes gamma2＝βj80 °, so f21Taking 1.00;
second set of structural planes gamma2＝βj80 °, so f22Taking 1.00;
third group of structural planes gamma2＝βj85 °, so f23Taking 1.00;
fourth group structural plane gamma2＝βj67 °, so f24Taking 1.00;
the surface of the disordered structure is taken as "normal", so that f25Taking 0.7;
so F2＝1.00×10.43％+1.00×19.08％+1.00×32.06％+1.00×24.94％+0.70×13.49％＝0.95
It can be seen that after each group of structural planes are comprehensively considered and weighted and averaged, F2The value of the single structural surface is greatly different from that of any single structural surface.
4)F3Value of
According to the site investigation condition, the side slope mainly adopts a sliding failure mechanism, and the F of 4 groups of structural surfaces and disordered structural surfaces are respectively determined according to the structural surface azimuth correction coefficient determination formula in the table 13：
First set of structural planes gamma3＝βj-βs80 ° -46 ° -34 °, so f31Taking 0;
second set of structural planes gamma3＝βj-βs80 ° -46 ° -34 °, so f32Taking 0;
third group of structural planes gamma3＝βj-βs85 ° -46 ° -39 °, so that f33Taking 0;
fourth group structural plane gamma3＝βj-βs67 ° -46 ° -21 °, so f34Taking 0;
the surface of the disordered structure is taken as "normal", so that f35Taking 10;
so F3＝0×10.43％+0×19.08％+0×32.06％+0×24.94％+10×13.49％＝1.35
It can be seen that after each group of structural planes are comprehensively considered and weighted and averaged, F3The value of the single structural surface is greatly different from that of any single structural surface. Therefore, after weighted averaging, the structural plane orientation correction coefficient is greatly different from the original value, and the CSMR value obtained finally is also greatly influenced.
5)λ
The structural surface condition correction factor in table 2 was compared with the field structural surface condition, and λ was 0.8.
6)F4
F4Is a coefficient selected according to the method of side slope excavation, the mine is mainly based on presplitting blasting, as can be derived from Table 3, F4The value is 10.
All parameters are subjected to value taking, and the value of the CSMR is calculated according to the formula (1) to obtain the final value of the CSMR.
CSMR＝ξ·RMR′-λ·F1·F2·F3+F4＝0.65×36.98-0.8×0.45×0.95×1.35+10＝33.58
As can be seen from table 4, a CSMR value of 33.58 corresponds to a rating iv. The data obtained by calculation comprehensively considers the influence of a plurality of groups of structures on the rock mass, and the result is more consistent with the actual condition.
In conclusion, the improved CSMR slope rock mass classification method for rock masses with multiple groups of structural planes is obtained based on years of engineering practice and slope theory knowledge, and compared with the conventional method of only taking values of one group of the most unfavorable structural planes in the multiple groups of structural planes, the method comprehensively considers the superposition effect of the adverse effects of the multiple groups of structural planes on slope stability, obtains more accurate and reasonable correction coefficients, enables the slope classification result to be more consistent with the actual situation, and has stronger practicability.
Although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the preferred embodiments, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes may be made and equivalents may be substituted for elements thereof without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention.
Claims (8)
1. An improved CSMR slope rock mass classification method facing multiple groups of structural plane rock masses is characterized by comprising the following steps:
s1, obtaining characteristic data of the slope rock mass to be classified and evaluated through engineering geological investigation;
s2, carrying out weighted average on the structural plane azimuth correction coefficients of a plurality of groups of structural planes to carry out structural plane azimuth correction coefficient F in the CSMR slope rock mass classification method1、F2And F3The improvement is that the following formula is satisfied:
CSMR＝ξ·RMR′-λ·F1·F2·F3+F4 (1)
in the formula: ξ ═ 0.57+0.43 × (H)rH) is the height of the side slope, and the unit is m and Hr80m, when pouring damage, 1; RMR' is the RMR value without the correction of the joint azimuth; f1Is a coefficient reflecting the relation between the structural surface tendency and the slope tendency; f2Is a coefficient related to the structural plane inclination; f3Is a coefficient reflecting the relationship between the inclination angle of the structural plane and the inclination angle of the side slope; f4Excavating a method coefficient for the side slope;
wherein, F is improved1、F2And F3Calculated by the following formula:
Fm＝fm1·w1+fm2·wm2+...+fmn·wn (2)
in the formula: m is 1, 2, 3, FmCorrecting the coefficient for the orientation of the structural plane F1、F2Or F3A weighted average of (a); n is the total number of groups of structural surfaces, fmnThe m azimuth correction coefficient of the n group of structural planes of the slope rock mass is obtained according to the CSMR slope rock mass classification method; w is anThe weight of the nth group of structural surfaces, namely the proportion of the number of the nth group of structural surfaces to the total number of the structural surfaces.
2. The improved CSMR slope rock mass classification method for the rock mass with multiple groups of structural planes as claimed in claim 1, wherein n groups of structural planes are all dominant structural planes.
3. The improved CSMR side slope rock mass classification method facing multiple groups of structural plane rock masses according to claim 1, wherein step S1 further comprises partitioning the side slope rock mass to obtain side slope occurrence and structural plane occurrence of each partition.
4. The improved CSMR method for classifying rock masses facing multiple groups of structural planes according to claim 1, wherein in step S2, when the structural planes with development control in the slope rock mass or only one group of structural planes are developed, n is 1.
5. The improved CSMR method for classifying rock masses facing multiple structural planes according to claim 1, wherein in step S2, when f ismnWhen the corresponding structural plane is a disordered structural plane, fmnAnd taking the structural plane azimuth correction coefficient corresponding to the 'general' grade in the CSMR slope rock mass classification method.
6. The improved CSMR method for classifying rock masses facing multiple groups of structural planes as claimed in claim 5, wherein f ismnWhen the corresponding structural surface is a disordered structural surface, f corresponding to the sliding failure mechanism1nIs 0.7, f2nIs 0.7, f3n10, pour failure mechanism corresponds to1nIs 0.7, f2nIs 1, f3nIs 10.
7. The improved CSMR method for classifying rock masses facing multiple groups of structural planes according to claim 1 or 2, wherein in step S1, the characteristic data of the rock mass includes height of slope, RMR value, attitude of slope, total number of structural planes, attitude of structural planes, and weight of each structural plane.
8. The improved CSMR method for classifying sloping rocks based on multiple groups of structural planes of rocks as claimed in claim 1 or 7, wherein the characteristic data of the sloping rocks further comprises RQD value and fracture rate, form and roughness of joint fracture, length of trace, type and thickness of filling material, and weathering alteration degree.
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2021
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