CN113075058A - Underwater root soil complex in-situ shearing device - Google Patents
Underwater root soil complex in-situ shearing device Download PDFInfo
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- CN113075058A CN113075058A CN202110211668.0A CN202110211668A CN113075058A CN 113075058 A CN113075058 A CN 113075058A CN 202110211668 A CN202110211668 A CN 202110211668A CN 113075058 A CN113075058 A CN 113075058A
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N3/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
- G01N3/24—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress by applying steady shearing forces
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N3/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
- G01N3/02—Details
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2203/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
- G01N2203/0001—Type of application of the stress
- G01N2203/0003—Steady
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2203/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
- G01N2203/0014—Type of force applied
- G01N2203/0025—Shearing
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2203/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
- G01N2203/003—Generation of the force
- G01N2203/0042—Pneumatic or hydraulic means
- G01N2203/0048—Hydraulic means
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2203/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
- G01N2203/0058—Kind of property studied
- G01N2203/0069—Fatigue, creep, strain-stress relations or elastic constants
- G01N2203/0075—Strain-stress relations or elastic constants
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2203/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
- G01N2203/02—Details not specific for a particular testing method
- G01N2203/06—Indicating or recording means; Sensing means
- G01N2203/067—Parameter measured for estimating the property
- G01N2203/0676—Force, weight, load, energy, speed or acceleration
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2203/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
- G01N2203/02—Details not specific for a particular testing method
- G01N2203/06—Indicating or recording means; Sensing means
- G01N2203/067—Parameter measured for estimating the property
- G01N2203/0682—Spatial dimension, e.g. length, area, angle
Abstract
The invention discloses an in-situ shearing device for an underwater root-soil complex, which belongs to the technical field of water and soil conservation equipment and comprises a base, a shearing box, a hydraulic cylinder, a displacement sensor and a pressure sensor, wherein the shearing box is a square frame body with two through upper and lower surfaces, the shearing box is slidably arranged on the base, the rear side of the shearing box is provided with the pressure sensor, the hydraulic cylinder is arranged on the base, the telescopic end of the hydraulic cylinder is connected with the pressure sensor, the base is provided with the displacement sensor capable of detecting the displacement of the shearing box through a transverse plate, output signals of the displacement sensor and the pressure sensor are connected to an outside data acquisition system, the hydraulic pump is arranged outside the base, and the hydraulic cylinder provides power through the hydraulic pump. The invention can realize the underwater in-situ shear test of the plant root-soil complex and the soil body, ensures the feeding constant speed of the underwater shear test, ensures the accuracy of the test and has stronger adaptability to different environmental conditions.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of water and soil conservation equipment, in particular to an in-situ shearing device for an underwater root-soil complex, which is used for measuring the soil fixation capacity of an underwater root system.
Background
The water level of the submerged land around the reservoir, lake and river rises and falls due to seasonal or artificial factors, and periodically emerges on the water surface to form a hydro-fluctuation belt. The hydro-fluctuation belt is developed from an original terrestrial ecosystem to a seasonal wetland ecosystem, species, particularly plant species, originally adapting to terrestrial environment growth gradually die, and species adapting to aquatic environment growth are exposed out of the water surface seasonally to cause the hydro-fluctuation belt to be bare, cause serious water and soil loss, form an ecological fragile belt, and recover vegetation to become important content for ecological environment treatment of the hydro-fluctuation belt.
In China, many researches on vegetation recovery of hydro-fluctuation belts are made, the researches mainly focus on the aspects of plant flooding resistance, plant growth characters after flooding, physiological and biochemical aspects and the like, and the researches also have some researches on the soil-fixing and corrosion-resisting capability of plant roots. The research on the soil-fixing capacity of the root system mainly focuses on the exposed state of the root system soil, the underwater soil is in a saturated state, and the soil-fixing and corrosion-resisting capacity of the root system is the weakest, but the research on the soil-fixing capacity of the underwater root system is not reported yet.
The method for measuring the soil-fixing capacity of the root system mainly comprises a field land in-situ shear test, an indoor direct shear test and a triaxial shear test, and the soil-fixing capacity of the underwater root system is difficult to measure.
In conclusion, an underwater in-situ shearing device capable of being applied to measuring the soil fixing force of underwater plant roots is urgently needed, and the technical blank is made up.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the problems in the background art, the invention provides an in-situ shearing device for an underwater root-soil complex, which can realize an in-situ shearing test for the underwater root-soil complex, and has stronger adaptability to different environmental conditions and higher accuracy of test data.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the following technical scheme: the underwater root-soil complex in-situ shearing device comprises a base, a shearing box, a hydraulic cylinder, a displacement sensor and a pressure sensor, wherein the shearing box is a square frame body with two penetrating upper and lower surfaces, the shearing box is slidably mounted on the base, the rear side of the shearing box is provided with the pressure sensor, the hydraulic cylinder is mounted on the base, the telescopic end of the hydraulic cylinder is connected with the pressure sensor, the displacement sensor capable of detecting the displacement of the shearing box is mounted on the base through a transverse plate, the displacement sensor and the pressure sensor output signal are connected to an outside data acquisition system, the hydraulic pump is arranged outside the base, and the hydraulic cylinder provides power through the hydraulic pump.
Preferably, the sampling box further comprises a sampling frame, the sampling frame is a square frame body matched with the shearing box in shape, a water-permeable opening is formed in the side wall of the sampling frame, and a water-permeable net piece is arranged in the water-permeable opening.
Preferably, the sampling frame can be split into two parts along the diagonal line, and the seam of the two parts is mutually clamped and connected through the clamping groove and the clamping block.
Preferably, the bottom surface of the sampling frame is arranged as a cutting edge.
Preferably, the lifting frame and the vertical supports are further included, four corners of the lifting frame are fixed on the base through the vertical supports respectively, the base and the lifting frame are provided with mounting holes which are coaxial with each other respectively, and the base and the lifting frame are provided with fixing anchor rods through the mounting holes.
As preferred, vertical braces includes end telescope tube, top telescopic link and retaining member, and top telescopic link top is connected with the frame of putting of carrying, and the bottom is inserted and is established in end telescope tube, is provided with the retaining member on the end telescope tube.
Preferably, the base is further provided with a guide plate, a support hole is formed in the middle of the guide plate, and the cylinder body of the hydraulic cylinder is fixed to the support hole.
Preferably, the data acquisition system comprises a data acquisition case and a data terminal upper computer, output signals of the displacement sensor and the pressure sensor are both connected to the data acquisition case, and the data acquisition case is connected with the data terminal upper computer.
Preferably, guide rails are respectively arranged on two sides of the base, sliding blocks are symmetrically arranged on two sides of the shearing box, and the sliding blocks are arranged on the guide rails.
Preferably, the displacement sensor is a waterproof pull rope displacement sensor, and the pressure sensor is a waterproof S-shaped high-precision tension-compression sensor.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
the method is suitable for measuring the in-situ soil-fixing force of the root system of herbs, shrubs, arbors and the like under water and on land, is also suitable for plain soil in-situ shear tests under water and on land, and is used for measuring the in-situ shear strength of soil bodies under water and on land. The underwater in-situ shear test of the plant root-soil complex and the soil body can be realized, the feeding of the underwater shear test is ensured to be uniform, the test accuracy is ensured, the adaptability to different environmental conditions is stronger, the soaking effect of the plant root-soil complex and the integrity of the soaked root-soil complex are ensured, the precision of test data is further improved, and the measured data can be automatically recorded and stored in real time and can automatically draw a displacement-pressure relation curve. In addition, the device is convenient to mount and fix, wading operation is basically not needed, the working strength of personnel is reduced, and the test accuracy is improved.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of the present invention.
Fig. 2 is a schematic diagram of the combination of the lifting frame, the vertical support and the base of the present invention.
Fig. 3 is a top view of the present invention.
Fig. 4 is a left side view of the present invention.
Fig. 5 is a perspective view of a sampling frame of the present invention.
Fig. 6 is a front view of fig. 5.
Fig. 7 is a top view of fig. 5.
Fig. 8 is an enlarged view of a portion a of fig. 7.
FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram of a data acquisition system.
In the figure: 1-base, 2-shear box, 3-transverse plate, 4-hydraulic pump, 5-hydraulic cylinder, 6-guide plate, 7-displacement sensor, 8-pressure sensor, 9-guide rail, 10-data acquisition case, 11-data terminal upper computer, 12-sampling frame, 13-slide block, 14-lifting frame, 15-mounting hole, 16-fixed anchor rod, 17-bottom telescopic sleeve, 18-top telescopic rod, 19-locking piece, 20-water permeable opening, 21-water permeable net piece, 22-cutting edge, 23-clamping groove, 24-clamping block, 25-supporting hole and 26-vertical support.
Detailed Description
In order to make the technical solution and advantages of the present invention more apparent, preferred embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings for the convenience of the skilled person.
As shown in fig. 1 to 8, the root soil complex body normal position shearing mechanism under water include base 1, cut box 2, pneumatic cylinder 5, displacement sensor 7, pressure sensor 8, cut box 2 is the penetrating square frame body in upper and lower two sides, cut 2 slidable mounting of box on base 1, cut 2 rear sides of box and be provided with pressure sensor 8, pneumatic cylinder 5 is installed on base 1, the flexible end of pneumatic cylinder 5 is connected with pressure sensor 8, install the displacement sensor 7 that can detect the 2 displacement volume of cutting box through horizontal plate 3 on the base 1, displacement sensor 7 and 8 output signal of pressure sensor are connected to outside data acquisition system, hydraulic pump 4 sets up in the base 1 outside, pneumatic cylinder 5 provides power through hydraulic pump 4. Still be provided with deflector 6 on the base 1, 6 middle parts trompils of deflector, 5 end fixing of pneumatic cylinder are on 6 middle part trompils of deflector. Play stable guide effect to pneumatic cylinder 5's flexible action, simultaneously, 2 bilateral symmetry of shearing box set up slider 13, and slider 13 slidable mounting plays location guide effect to shearing box 2 on guide rail 9, and is stronger to different environmental condition adaptability, guarantees that 2 shearing pull atress of shearing box are accurate, improves experimental accuracy nature. Wherein, slider 13 passes through demountable installation modes such as screw installation and installs in shearing box 2 both sides, and it has connecting hole 19 to open on the 2 trailing flank of shearing box, and pneumatic cylinder 5 is flexible to hold flange and is connected with connecting hole 19, can easy dismounting when guaranteeing to connect firmly, and it is more convenient to use. Meanwhile, the hydraulic pump 4 is a small-sized hydraulic pump, and the hydraulic pump 4 supplies oil to the hydraulic cylinder 5 through an oil pipe to realize driving.
As shown in fig. 9, the data acquisition system includes a data acquisition case 10 and a data terminal upper computer 11, signals output by the displacement sensor 7 and the pressure sensor 8 are both connected to the data acquisition case 10, and the data acquisition case 10 is connected to the data terminal upper computer 11. The data acquisition system comprises a data terminal upper computer 11, a 485 communication module, a pressure transmitter, a pressure sensor 8, a displacement transmitter and a displacement sensor 7, wherein output signals of the displacement sensor 7 and the pressure sensor 8 are connected to a data acquisition case 10, and the data acquisition case 10 is connected with the data terminal upper computer 11. The data terminal upper computer 11 is used for calculating and recording the collected pressure and displacement data and drawing a displacement-pressure curve, the pressure transmitter and the displacement transmitter are used for converting the data of the pressure sensor 8 and the displacement sensor 7, and the 485 communication module is used for sending the data converted by the pressure transmitter and the displacement transmitter to the data terminal upper computer 11. In the example, the displacement sensor adopts a displacement sensor of a waterproof pull rope with WFX model, 1000mm measuring range and 0.1mm precision; the pressure sensor adopts a customized waterproof S-shaped tension-compression sensor with a DYLY-103 model, a 0-3T range and a 2.0mV/V sensitivity, and has high precision, good stability and good output symmetry. The displacement transmitter adopts a displacement display table RS485 output by WF600 model and 220V-4-20 MA; the pressure transmitter adopts a transmitter with DY500 model, current of 4-20mA, voltage of 0-10V and 485 communication. A variable frequency motor is used as a driving motor of a hydraulic pump in the hydraulic system, and a gear pump with 220V voltage, 1.2ml/r discharge capacity and 8MPa pressure is adopted. The hydraulic cylinder adopts a V7GBlg model, a cylinder diameter of 50mm and a rear flange hydraulic cylinder with a stroke of 300 mm.
The invention also comprises a sampling frame 12, wherein the sampling frame 12 is a square frame body matched with the shape of the shear box 2, the side wall of the sampling frame 12 is provided with a water permeable opening 20, and a water permeable net piece 21 is arranged in the water permeable opening 20. Sample frame 12 can play protection and positioning action to the sample plant root soil complex body, and the opening 20 that permeates water can play the effect of permeating water at the root soil complex body in-process that soaks, improves the root soil complex body efficiency of soaking, improves experimental efficiency. Meanwhile, the water-permeable net piece 21 can ensure that the integrity of soil in the root-soil complex is kept on the premise of realizing water permeability, the soil loss in the soaking process is reduced, the actual state of the root-soil complex close to the root-soil complex of the underwater plant to the maximum extent is ensured, and the test precision is ensured. Further, sample frame 12 is for can prolonging the diagonal split and be two parts, and two parts seam crossing passes through draw-in groove 23 and the mutual card of fixture block 24 and inserts the connection for sample frame 12 operates more in a flexible way when the installation is taken a sample, and two parts form mutual location when sample frame 12 is beaten and is established the installation, and simple to operate is quick, has ensured sample frame 12's structural stability simultaneously, can not be guaranteeing the in-process or be convenient for shear box 2's cover and establish the installation and drop. Further, sample frame 12 bottom surface sets up to blade 22, does benefit to sample frame 12 and can squeeze into ground fast and form fixedly to sample trunk root soil complex.
The invention also comprises a lifting frame 14 and vertical supports 26, wherein four corners of the lifting frame 14 are respectively fixed on the base 1 through the vertical supports 26, the base 1 and the lifting frame 14 are respectively provided with a mounting hole 15 which are coaxial with each other, and the mounting holes 15 on the base 1 and the lifting frame 14 are provided with a fixed anchor rod 16. After the soil pit excavation shaping around the sample, top support frame 14 is fixed in the soil pit top outside, soaks at the sample trunk and reaches the requirement after, can be fast accurate through putting frame 14 and establish 2 covers with the shearing box on the sample trunk root soil complex body, and will put frame 14 and base 1 through fixed stock 16 and fix, convenient operation is swift, need not personnel and wade and install and experimental operation, reduces working strength, promotes test efficiency. Wherein, vertical braces 26 include end telescope tube 17, top telescopic link 18 and retaining member 19, and top telescopic link 18 top is connected with putting frame 14, and the bottom is inserted and is established in end telescope tube 17, is provided with retaining member 19 on the end telescope tube 17. The height of relative flexible adjustment can be carried out to top telescopic link 18 and end telescopic sleeve 17 promptly, is convenient for adjust the height of transferring of shearing box 2 according to experimental actual conditions.
The main technical indexes of the shearing device are as follows: the base has the overall dimension of length multiplied by width multiplied by height of 1300 multiplied by 590 multiplied by 100mm, the cutting box has the dimension of length multiplied by width multiplied by height of 300 multiplied by 100mm, the pressure range is 0-15000N, the pressure precision is +/-0.03% N, the displacement range is 0-300mm, the displacement precision is 0.1mm, the feeding speed is 2-10mm/s, the weight of the whole machine is 32kg, and the length of the fixed anchor rod is 1.2 meters and the diameter is 20 mm.
The working process of the invention is as follows: a plant with good growth vigor is selected as a plant for a test sample in a test field, a sampling frame 12 is driven into the ground to surround a root soil complex of the plant for the test sample, and a soil body outside the sampling frame 12 is dug into a rectangular pit. Then, water is pumped into the pit by a water pump to submerge the root-soil complex in the sampling frame 12, water in the soil pit rapidly enters the root-soil complex through the water permeable opening 20 to rapidly soak the root-soil complex, and meanwhile, the water permeable net piece 21 keeps the integrity of the root-soil complex. After soaking for 24 hours, the installation of each part on the base 1 is finished, the hydraulic cylinder 5 is connected with the hydraulic pump 4, and the displacement sensor 7 and the pressure sensor 8 are connected with the outer data acquisition case 10 and the data terminal upper computer 11. And then the shearing box 2 is sleeved outside the sampling frame 12 through the lifting frame 14, and the lifting frame 14 and the base 1 are fixed in the soil in the pit through the fixing anchor rods 16. And then, the power supply of the data acquisition case 10 and the data terminal upper computer 11 is connected, software is started, the switch of the hydraulic pump 4 is turned on, and parameters are set. And then the sampling frame 12 is drawn out, the shearing box 2 is driven by a piston rod of the hydraulic cylinder 5 to carry out shearing action on the root soil complex of the test specimen, and a loading test is started, the shearing box 2 is driven by a hydraulic system to feed at a constant speed, the feeding speed is 2-10mm/s, and the feeding speed can be adjusted by a frequency converter according to actual requirements. In the process, the displacement sensor 7 and the pressure sensor 8 collect data of the displacement amount and the applied shearing force of the shearing box 2 until the root system of the test specimen plant is damaged. After the test is finished, the switch of the hydraulic pump 4 is closed, and the upper computer 11 of the data terminal directly presents a displacement-pressure relation curve in the test on a panel of the upper computer through software.
Finally, it is noted that the above-mentioned preferred embodiments illustrate rather than limit the invention, and that, although the invention has been described in detail with reference to the above-mentioned preferred embodiments, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and detail may be made therein without departing from the scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
Claims (10)
1. The utility model provides an underwater root soil complex body normal position shearing mechanism which characterized in that: including base (1), cut box (2), pneumatic cylinder (5), displacement sensor (7), pressure sensor (8), cut box (2) for the penetrating square frame body in upper and lower two sides, cut box (2) slidable mounting on base (1), it is provided with pressure sensor (8) to cut box (2) rear side, pneumatic cylinder (5) are installed on base (1), pneumatic cylinder (5) flexible end is connected with pressure sensor (8), install displacement sensor (7) that can detect cut box (2) displacement volume through horizontal board (3) on base (1), displacement sensor (7) and pressure sensor (8) output signal are connected to outside data acquisition system, hydraulic pump (4) set up in base (1) outside, pneumatic cylinder (5) provide power through hydraulic pump (4).
2. The in-situ shearing device for the underwater root-soil composite body as claimed in claim 1, wherein: still include sample frame (12), sample frame (12) are the square frame body that matches with shear box (2) shape, open on sample frame (12) lateral wall and have the opening (20) that permeates water, are provided with the net piece (21) that permeates water in the opening (20) that permeates water.
3. The in-situ shearing device for the underwater root-soil composite body as claimed in claim 2, wherein: the sampling frame (12) can be split into two parts along the diagonal line, and the seam of the two parts is mutually inserted and connected through a clamping groove (23) and a clamping block (24).
4. The in-situ shearing device for the underwater root-soil composite body as claimed in claim 3, wherein:
the bottom surface of the sampling frame (12) is provided with a cutting edge (22).
5. The in-situ shearing device for the underwater root-soil composite body as claimed in claim 1 or 4, wherein: the lifting and placing device is characterized by further comprising a lifting and placing frame (14) and vertical supports (26), four corners of the lifting and placing frame (14) are fixed on the base (1) through the vertical supports (26), the base (1) and the lifting and placing frame (14) are provided with mounting holes (15) which are coaxial with each other, and the mounting holes (15) in the base (1) and the lifting and placing frame (14) are provided with fixing anchor rods (16).
6. The in-situ shearing device for the underwater root-soil composite body as claimed in claim 5, wherein: vertical support (26) are including end telescope tube (17), top telescopic link (18) and retaining member (19), and top telescopic link (18) top is connected with putting frame (14) by lifting, and the bottom is inserted and is established in end telescope tube (17), is provided with retaining member (19) on end telescope tube (17).
7. The in-situ shearing device for the underwater root-soil composite body as claimed in claim 1, 4 or 6, wherein: the base (1) is further provided with a guide plate (6), a support hole (25) is formed in the middle of the guide plate (6), and the cylinder body of the hydraulic cylinder (5) is fixed on the support hole (25).
8. The in-situ shearing device for the underwater root-soil composite body as claimed in claim 7, wherein: the data acquisition system comprises a data acquisition case (10) and a data terminal upper computer (11), output signals of the displacement sensor (7) and the pressure sensor (8) are connected to the data acquisition case (10), and the data acquisition case (10) is connected with the data terminal upper computer (11).
9. The in-situ shearing device for underwater root-soil composite bodies as claimed in claim 1, 4, 7 or 8, wherein: guide rails (9) are respectively arranged on two sides of the base (1), sliding blocks (13) are symmetrically arranged on two sides of the shearing box (2), and the sliding blocks (13) are installed on the guide rails (9).
10. The in-situ shearing device for the underwater root-soil composite body as claimed in claim 9, wherein: the displacement sensor (7) adopts a waterproof stay cord displacement sensor, and the pressure sensor (8) adopts a waterproof S-shaped high-precision tension-compression sensor.
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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| CN202110211668.0A CN113075058A (en) | 2021-02-25 | 2021-02-25 | Underwater root soil complex in-situ shearing device |
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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| CN202110211668.0A CN113075058A (en) | 2021-02-25 | 2021-02-25 | Underwater root soil complex in-situ shearing device |
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| CN113075058A true CN113075058A (en) | 2021-07-06 |
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| CN214584610U (en) * | 2021-02-25 | 2021-11-02 | 云南农业大学 | Underwater root soil complex in-situ shearing device |
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2021
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN102944475A (en) * | 2012-11-29 | 2013-02-27 | 云南农业大学 | Soil-fixation mechanical in-situ determinator for crop root-soil complexes and applications thereof |
| CN103115830A (en) * | 2013-01-23 | 2013-05-22 | 北京林业大学 | Test device for simulating influence of whole root system on shearing strength of soil |
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| CN204389316U (en) * | 2015-02-06 | 2015-06-10 | 海南大学 | Stacked radical operators large direct shear apparatus |
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Application publication date: 20210706 |